异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

12
异异异异 异异异异—异异异异 异异异 异 体( 体): Allopolyploids allopolyploid are f ormed from hybrids between closely r elated species. The different sets o f chromosomes are sufficiently diffe rent in DNA sequence not to pair bet ween sets in meiosis. The chromosome number doubles accidentally by faile d mitosis so that each cell has two complete sets of chromosomes from ea ch parent , and these pair like with like, restoring fertility.

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异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍): - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

异源多倍体(种间杂交—杂种染色体加倍):

Allopolyploids : allopolyploid are formed from h

ybrids between closely related species. The differen

t sets of chromosomes are sufficiently different in

DNA sequence not to pair between sets in meiosis.

The chromosome number doubles accidentally by f

ailed mitosis so that each cell has two complete sets

of chromosomes from each parent , and these pair

like with like, restoring fertility.

Page 2: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

e.g. 萝卜甘蓝 萝卜 (2x=18) × 甘蓝 (2x=18)

F1 杂种 (2n=2x=18=9+9)

9 条来自萝卜— R; 9 条来自甘蓝— B. F1 - RB

无对应同源染色体,减Ⅰ不配对,形成 18 个单价体,随机分离不均衡,配子几乎全部不育 偶尔可育 (18 个单价体在一个配子中)

自交

F2 株型大,根像萝卜,叶像甘蓝,且可育

2n=4x=36=(9+9)x2

F2 (RRBB) (36) 可育配子( 18=9R+9B )

Page 3: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):
Page 4: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

异源六倍体小麦的形成:

AA x BB

(2n=2x=14) (2n=2x=14)

AB 不育配子,加倍

AABB x DD

( 2n=4x=28) (2n=2x=14)

ABD (2n=3x=21) 不育配子,加倍

AABBDD ( 2n=6x=42) 可育异源六倍体小麦

Page 5: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

e.g. 小黑麦(异源八倍体)

普通六倍体小麦 AABBDD × RR 二倍体黑麦

6x=42 2x=14

配子 ABD R

F1 ABDR 28 ( 21+7 )

染色体加倍

AABBDDRR (8x=56)

Page 6: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

e.g. 无籽西瓜 ( 同源三倍体 ) :

西瓜苗期( 2x=22 )秋水仙素处理 ( 4x=44 )

     母本 4x × 2x 父本

F1 3x=33 二倍体花粉刺激

无籽果实发育

多倍体的诱发: 物理

化学

0.01%~1.0% 的秋水仙素诱导

Page 7: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

6.2.2 Aneuploidy 非整倍体

Aneuploidy refers to small deviations from the chromosome numbers of the series.

染色体非整倍数改变:核内染色体数通常以二倍体 (2x) 染色体数作为标准,在此基础上增减个别几条染色体

非整倍体

Monosome( 单体 ) 2x-1 (ABCD)(ABC) 缺一条

Trisomy( 三体 ) 2x+1 (ABCD)(ABCD)(A) 多一条

Tetrasomy( 四体 ) 2x+2 (ABCD)(ABCD)(AA) 多相同 2 条

Ditrisomy( 双三体 ) 2x+1+1 (ABCD)(ABCD)(AB) 各多一条

Nullisomic( 缺体 ) 2x-2 (ABC)(ABC) 缺相同两条

Page 8: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):
Page 9: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):
Page 10: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

Aneuploid aberrance : infertile

* 大多数动植物单体都不能存活

黑腹果蝇 (2x=8)

X , Y 染色体 ( I ) : 多 / 少 1 条 影响生育

V 形染色体( II 、 III ) : 多 / 少 1 条 致死

点状染色体 ( IV ) : 多(三体 2x+1=9 ) / 少 1 条(单体 2x-1=7 )

可以存活、繁殖

Page 11: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

人 (2n=46)

常染色体三体 (2n+1=47) 胚胎期致死—自发性流产

21 三体先天愚型( Down’s syndrome – 唐氏综合症, 1/750 )

常染色体单体 (2n-1=45) 致死

性染色体 单体 XO ( Turner’s syndrome - 特纳氏综合症,

1/10000 )

YO 不能存活

三体 XXX ( 1/2000 )、 XXY ( 1/2000 )

四体 XXXX 、 XXYY 可存活但表型异常

Page 12: 异源多倍体(种间杂交 — 杂种染色体加倍):

Aneuploid gametes arise from errors at bo

th first and second division of meiosis through

a process known as nondisjunction.

This is where either two homologous chro

mosomes fail to separate at meiosis I or a centr

omere fails to split at metaphase of meiosis II.