解析高考英语阅读中的长难句

在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

1 、带有较多成分的简单句。Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines ， the toothpaste marketer ， for instance ， must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used.

一、长难句的分类

2 、含有多个简单句的并列句。

In the 1970s, he was a surgeon at Yale ， and had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children ， but he was terribly unhappy.

I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable( 不能再生的 ) resources ， our children may have to lead poorer lives.

3 、含有多个从句的复合句。

4 、含有多个插入成分的句子。 His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently （无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International ， a software company ，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.

5 、并列复合句。

I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse ， but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not ， change was unavoidable.

Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.

6 、 倒装句。

　 1 、 复合从句　　 句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。　　 我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。

二、长难句的归纳

2 、 分隔结构　　为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。

　 3 、 成分省略　　

在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。

　 4 、 改变语序　　改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。

　　 (1) 结构分析法　　 所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子附属成分。

三、分析长难句的方法策略

句 子判 断

简单句 并列句 复合句

主 干 并列连词 从属连词

However, who specialize in ageing the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.　　

方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主、 谓语，即找主干成分

many scientists are doubtful about it and say

方法二：并列句的处理方法——

找并列连词

Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.　　

and

方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——

找从属连词 a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage ， it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble he appeared one night asking he could sleep on the sofa.

Whereas

thatthat

untilif

方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法

——先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句 you ask people to name one person had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.

but

Ifwho

who

(2) 意群阅读法

　 意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。

　　分析：①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with 引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为 3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。

When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other ， an unbelted

driver would meet the windshieldwith a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.

1. 句子信息量大，结构复杂，附加成 分多（几种从句同时出现）2. 分隔现象普遍（主谓分隔、同位语 分隔、定语分隔等）3. 省略现象

四、长难句的几个特点

这些都增加了阅读的难度。因此在回归语篇复习时，要运用所学知识去突破英语阅读中的长难句。

五、分析长难句的注意事项1 、是否有同位语和插入语。2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3、替代词的所指对象。4、判断并列成分的层次。5、句首的并列连词 and、 or、 but、 for通常起承上启下的 作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时 又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语 从句时的结构分析。8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、 短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词 语的修饰语。

六、长难句的分析实例

经典高考真题（ NMET2003.A篇）实例分析，分析下面这篇文章共有 194个单词，却只有 9个句子，平均每个句子大约有 22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。

Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将 ) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土 ). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.

1. What’s the name of the Portuguese admiral?

2. What’s the Easter Island well-known for?

A. Easter B. St. Helena

C. Tristan da Cunha D. Pitcairn

A. the most distant island B. Moai

C. one street D. Easter Sunday

a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土 ). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.

Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将 ) of the same name in 1506,

Tristan da Cunha,

to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called Moai, for which the island is most famous.

Tristan da Cunha, is the farthest inhabited island in the world,

a 38-square-mile island, according to the Guinness Book of Records.

It is 1,510 miles southwest of its

nearest neighbor St. Helena,

1,950 miles west of Africa.and

Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海军上将 ) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, Great Britain a population of a few hundred.

the island belongs toand has

——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island—— , which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.

Easter Islandis

Coming in a close second

The mountainous 64-square-mile around the 5th century, supposedly

who were lost at sea.

island was settled

by people

They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,

, called moai,

giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures for which the island is most famous.

On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name.

Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利领土 ).

They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.