07 高考阅读理解之 主旨大意篇

陕西省神木六中高永强

qq.329642920

e-mail:robert_187@163.com

主旨大意题设问方式 这类题主要是测试学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：

1) Which of the following best describes the main point

of the passage?

2) What is the writer trying to tell us?

3) Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

4) The purpose of the passage is.

5) The main (general) idea of the passage is.

6) The passage is mainly about.

7) What is mainly discussed in the passage?

这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，一些文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头 , 首先点明本段大意 ; 有时在结尾 , 总结本段大意。

做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。

主题句在整个语段中起着通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的，其位置一般位于段首，也见于段尾或段中。

另外在许多文段中，设有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

Eg.1(05全国 I) MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border（边界） to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen ＄ 10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security（安全） rules.The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US-which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.As a result, Albert says he did not expect any problems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual.

The US customs（海关） station in thisarea is closed on Sundays, so be just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the gate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later. Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him be had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally（非法） .Ottawa has given out special passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hilly roads to get home through another border checkpoint.Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like I’m living in a prison,” he said.

Details for the “expensive tour”

62．What would be the best title for the text?A． A Cross-country Trip

B． A Special Border PassC． An Unguarded Border

D． An Expensive Church Visit

Eg.2 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills( 读写能力 ). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence ( 自信心 ), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.

What is mainly discussed in the text?

eg.3 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve th

eir literacy skills( 读写能力 ). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence ( 自信心 ), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).

　　 The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.

　　 Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.

　　

Example and success of the program

eg.4 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literac

y skills( 读写能力 ). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence ( 自信心 ), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).

　　 The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the children’s department.

　　 Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the children’s department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.

　　

Example and success of the program

59. What is mainly discussed in the text?

　　 A. Children’s reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs.

C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.

Eg.5 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and

terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For

example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette

smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking

is harmful. Is it worth it?

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.

Eg.6

Often no one looks more guilty than t

he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi-

-onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to

hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to

try to judge a person only by his appearance

So, it is foolish to

try to judge a person only by his appearance

文章中出现 so,thus,therefore,as a result,I think,prove,show, 等词，要注意看看后面的从句是否表示一种作者

的观点或者文章要提出的观点

eg.7 If you were planning to buy a television set, the foll

owing advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only ＄ 79. Two days sale. Hu-

-rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄ 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.

The paragraph could be entitled _________. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale

This sales method is called “bait and switch”.

(detail)

(detail)(detail)

eg.8 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.

detail

detail

detail

eg.9 06 湖南 The coyote( 丛林狼 ).that eleven animal of wide-open space .has come to the nation’s captial.In fact ,coyotes have spread to every comer of the United States, changing their behaviors to fit new environments and causing researchers to deal with a troublesome new kind of creature: the city coyote.The coyote originally lived in the middle of the continent. One of its most obvious characters is its smartness, which has made the animal a notorious （臭名昭著的） pest. Hunters trapped, shot and poisoned more than a million coyotes in the 1900s.It’s still one of America’s most hunted animals. Yet the coyote has survived. How has the coyote shown this extraordinary ability?” I guess if you wanted to use one wordlist’s be ‘plasticity’.” says Erie Gese,an expert at Utah State University. Coyotes can live along, in pairs, or in large packs like wolves, hunt at night or during the day , occupy a small region or an area up to 40 square miles, and live on all sorts of f

ood, from lizards （蜥蜴） and shoes, to ants and melons.

detail

detail

detail

Unbelievably people helped coyotes increase when they kilted most of the wolves in the United States. The shredding of coyotes into city areas,though.is rccent.They travel at night,crossing sidewalks and bridges. running along roads and ducking into coiners ( 钻入 洞 and underpasses .No one knows why coyotes are moving into cities. but expertsexplaih that clevcter,more human-tolerant( 不怕人的 )coyotes are teaching urban survivalskills to new generations. Occasionally. coyotes might attack human beings. There have been about 160 attacks on people in recent years Therefore, people have bacon consistently told not feed coyotes or leave pct food unseeurcd.That ,plus a large trapping program in the neighborhood. has cur down on the coyote population.

detail

detail

64.The aim of the passage is to_____________.A.tell pcople how to fight against coyotesB.tell us why the coyote is the most hunted animalC.supply the reason why the coyote is a kind of motorious pestD.explain how the coyote has spread to and survived in cities

Eg.10 Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around

the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King

of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.

Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.

Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world .

Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.

1. time

2. ships and

people3. route

4. Sufferings

and difficultiesa. Lack of

food and

freshwaterb. Hunger

and diseases

c. Deaths

The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage

5. success

Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

Magellan’s voyaged proved the earth is round.

Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship.

Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Goed Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.

Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

Paragraph 1:

Magellan’s voyage was the first trip around the world .

Paragraph 2: The process of Magellan’s long difficult voyage

Paragraph 3:

Magellan’s voyaged proved the earth is round.

Magellan’s

voyage

10 Magellan’s men were the first to make the trip around the world. It

took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed for the King of Spain. On

September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the trip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died.

Magellan’s voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball.

Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Magellan’s death B. Going Around The World C. The World Is Round D. Magellan’s Voyage

(too narrow)

(too narrow)(too broad)

(proper)

eg.11. 06 江苏 A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.

In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining.

Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.

75. The passage is mainly about _____.

A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road

C. the construction of two tunnels D.the design of two tunnels

so, therefore, thus,in conclusion, in short,clearly, plainly,……

1) for example,2) first, to begin with,3) second, next, then, 4) also, besides that, 5) finally……