მოაზროვნის სახელმძღვანელო -...

moazrovnis

saxelmZRvanelo

ideis warmomSobi Zalisa (SemoqmedebiToba) da goniv-rulobis (kritikuli azrovneba) erTmaneTisgan gacal-keveba mxolod xelovnurad SeiZleba moxdes. azrovnebis procesSi isini erTiania.

riCard polikritikuli azrovnebis centri

linda elderikritikuli azrovnebis fondi

rogorc adamianma, romelic momavlis sakiTxebis ganxilvas mTel msoflioSi Seswrebia, SemiZlia davadas-turo, rom ganaTlebis Zalis (kargia es Tu cudi) rwmena sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. Cven ganaTlebas ubralod im sawarmod miviCnevT, romelmac momavlis az-rovneba unda Camoayalibos.

hovard gardneriganaTlebis umaRlesi skola,

harvardis universiteti

moazrovnis saxelmZRvanelo

mTargmneli: Tamar janaSia

Tbilisi 2013

redaqtorebi: ia anTaZe, Tamar mosiaSvilidizainer-damkabadonebeli: ekaterine wiqariSvili

sakonsultacio jgufi:anTaZe iagorgoZe sofiomosiaSvili Tamarsimon janaSia

daibeWda gamomcemloba mwignobariTbilisi, 2013

ISBN 978-9941-0-5317-7© samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2013

3

werili mkiTxvels

gauTviTcnobierebeli adamianebi SemoqmedebiT da kritikul azrovne-bas xSirad azrovnebis dapirispirebul formebad aRiqvamen. maTi azriT, erTi iracionalur an qvecnobier Zalebs eyrdnoba, meore ki racionalur da Segnebul procesebs. SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis marTva, misi swavla SeuZlebelia, xolo kritikuli azrovnebisTvis mimarTulebis micema da misi swavleba raime problemas ar warmoadgens. am SexedulebaSi aris si-marTlis marcvali. simarTle ki isaa, rom SemoqmedebiTi geniosebis Seqm-nis an moswavleebisTvis axali, inovaciuri ideebis generirebis swavlebis cnobili gza ar arsebobs. Cven vxvdebiT SemoqmedebiTobis iseT gamov-linebebs, romlebic bolomde ar gvesmis. igive exeba kritikuli azrovne-bis formebsac. magram arsebobs SemoqmedebiTi da kritikuli azrovnebis erTdrouli swavlebis saSualebebi. amisTvis maTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis gonebaSi CabeWdva, maTi urTiermimarTebisa da msgavsebis Seswavlaa saWi-ro. rodesac kritikul da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas Rrmad gaviazrebT, mivxvdebiT maT erTianobas. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba erT-maneTisgan ganuyofeli, erTmaneTTan integrirebuli da erTiania.

Cveni azriT, saWiroa dedamiwaze daveSvaT da SemoqmedebiTi azrov-nebis demistifikacia movaxdinoT. am saxelmZRvaneloSi SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas ganvixilavT rogorc geniosebis, aseve, yvelaze mokrZalebu-li gamoxatvis formebis (yoveldRiuri aRqma da azrovneba) konteqstSi.

rodesac axal koncefciebs vecnobiT, Cvens gamocdilebaze dayrd-nobiT daskvnebi gamogvaqvs, axal sagans an enas vswavlobT, vkiTxulobT, vwerT, vsaubrobT da vismenT, Cveni goneba srulfasovan SemoqmedebiT qmedebebSi erTveba. amgvari qmedebebis gasagebad ar gvWirdeba ezoTe-rul, brZnul an idumalebiT mocul sferoebTan kavSiri.

imisTvis, rom Sedegianad vicxovroT, Cveni azrovnebis (kritikuli analizis) inteleqtualuri standartebis gaTaviseba da gamoyeneba gv-Wirdeba. Gonebis SemoqmedebiTobis saSualebiT unda SevqmnaT produ-qtebi, romlebsac mogvianebiT SevafasebT. is, rom goneba mniSvnelovan produqtebs qmnis, sruliad cxadia. magram naTeli araa, aris Tu ara gonebis produqti sasargeblo. warmosaxva da msjeloba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. warmosaxva da msjeloba efeqturia maSin, rodesac maTi qmedeba hgavs siarulisa da sirbilis dros erTad moqmedi marjvena da marcxena fexis moZraobas. Tu mxolod erT maTgans calke SeviswavliT, maSin orive saidumloebiT moculi da damabneveli gaxdeba, an stereo-tipisa da karikaturis formas SeiZens.



5

Sinaarsi

kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis buneba da funqciebi

nawili 1: kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ideakritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganuyofelobakritikuloba afasebs, SemoqmedebiToba warmoSobs ....................... 7-13

azrovneba, romelic sagnebis logikas swvdebayvelanairi azri moicavs mniSvnelobebis sistemas. azrovnebam unda moaxdinos imis Sefaseba, rasac is qmnis. ...................................... 13-14

msjeloba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi aqtinebismieri ramis gaazrebis Cveulebrivi aqti axlis Seqmnaa, Semoqmede-biTi aqtebis axali seria ................................................................ 14-15

kreatiuli geniosi – gamonaklisi? istoria gvaswavlis, rom did moazrovneebs ideebis damuSaveba da Ta-vdadebuli inteleqtualuri Sroma sWirdebaT ................................ 16

ena, rogorc gzamkvlevigeniosebs niWis, damokidebulebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Wkuis aspeqt-Si ukeT aRiqvamen ............................................................................ 16-18

gonebaSezRuduli geniosigeniosi xSirad romelime viwro konkretul inteleqtualur sfero-Sia specializebuli da mis farglebSi moqmedebs ........................ 18-20

damokidebuleba Tandayolil niWs, garemosa da TviTmotivacias So-risaristotele, beThoveni, kiuri, da vinCi, galileo, miqelanjelo20-26niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis kritikuli gonebaniutoni, darvini da ainStaini geniosis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro kri-tikuli damokidebulebisa da Tavdadebis mniSvnelobis magaliTs war-moadgenen .......................................................................................... 26-29

SemoqmedebiToba mistifikaciis gareSeSemoqmedebiTobis aRqma yvelaze ufro advili, martivi - yoveldRiu-ri azrebis konteqstSia .................................................................. 29-30

azrovnebis elementebiazrovnebis gageba da misi Sefaseba yvelaze ufro ukeT misi elemen-tebis identificirebisa da analizis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli ............................................................................................................ 30-33

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inteleqtualuri standartebiazrovnebis efeqturad Sefaseba mxolod inteleqtualuri standar-tebis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli ............. 33-36

kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba xelovnebaSiSemoqmedebiTi produqcia kritikulad unda Sefasdes ............. 36-41

nawili 2: kritikuli/SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba da mniSvnelobebis sa-fuZvlebi

sagnebis logikis garkvevakritikuli azrovnebis dros Cven vakontrolebT im mniSvnelobebs, romlebsac vqmniT .......................................................................... 41-44

saswavlo koncefciebi da enaimisTvis, rom koncefciebi viswavloT da ena gamoviyenoT, isini gone-brivi aqtis gziT unda SevqmnaT ..................................................... 44-46

adamianuri azrovnebis kritikaimisTvis, rom kargad viazrovnoT, mudmivad unda vakritikoT Cveni egocentruli tendenciebi da iracionaluri azrovneba racionalu-rad gardavqmnaT .............................................................................. 46-48

akademiuri disciplinebis Seswavladisciplinis Sesaswavlad gonebaSi misi sistema unda SeviqmnaT da Se-qmnili sistemebi kritikulad SevafasoT ...................................... 48-50

kritikuli damokidebulebanayofieri kiTxvebis CamoyalibebisaTvis unda movuxmoT rogorc Se-moqmedebiTobas, ise kritikulobas ................................................ 50-52

kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmenakiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena dialogikuri qmedebebia, romlebic Sefasebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis mravaljerad aqtebs moiTxovs ............................................................................................................ 52-60

daskvna ................................................................................................... 60

momavlis azrovnebis xuTi tipi ...............................................................60-72

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nawili 1:

kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis idea

kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis

ganuyofeloba

gonebis kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi funqciebi isea erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli, rom maTi gancalkeveba TiToeuli maTganisTvis mniSvnelovani zianis miyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. – anonimi avtori

kritikulobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis urTierTdamokidebu-leba, ramdenime mizezis gamo, arasworad aris xolme aRqmuli. erT-erTi mizezi kulturul aspeqts ukavSirdeba da mniSvnelovanwiladaa ganpirobebuli masmediis mier kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi adamianebis sazogadoebisT-vis wardgeniT. media SemoqmedebiT adamians xSirad giJi profesoris biZaSvilis msgavsad warmoaCens. mas mdidari warmosaxva aqvs, spontanuria, emociuri, araordinaruli ideebi awuxebs, magram xSirad sruliad aris mowyvetili yoveldRiur realobas. kri-tikulad moazrovne adamians media gvixatavs, rogorc pirov-nebas, romelic mudmivad Secdomebs eZebs, zedmetad aris gata-cebuli detalebiT, an misi gulis mogeba Zalian Znelia. mas ar axasiaTebs spontanuri qceva, ar aris emociuri da warmosaxvis unari ar gaaCnia.

amgvari kulturuli stereotipi ar efuZneba sityvebis „kritikuli“ da „SemoqmedebiTi“ zust gamoyenebas. magaliTad, vebsteris sinonimebis leqsikoni (Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms) sityva “kritikuls” Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:

kritikuloba afasebs; Semoqmede-biToba ki warmoSobs.

riCard poli, linda elderi

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rodesac es sityva adamianis mimarT gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba Seicavdes mcdelobas, rom adamiani sagnebs mkafiod da WeSma-ritad xedavs, SeuZlia erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaos aramarto kar-gi da cudi, srulyofili da arasrulyofili, aramed samarT-lianad afasebs da kritikulad ganixilavs maT mTlianobaSi.

vebsteris axal msoflios leqsikonSi (Webster’s New World Dic-tionary) sityva “SemoqmedebiTs” sami erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mniSvneloba aqvs:

1. Seqmna an Seqmnis SesaZleblobis qona, 2. warmosaxvisa da artistuli an inteleqtualuri gamomgoneblobis SesaZleblo-bis (kreatiuli mwerloba) qona an Cveneba, da 3. warmosaxvisa da gamomgoneblobiTi Zalebis stimulireba.

Sesabamisad, orive: kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrebic az-rovnebis miRwevebs warmoadgens. kreatiuloba Seqmnisa da ke-Tebis, kritikuloba ki Sefasebisa da ganxilvis process ufro srulyofils xdis. sityva “kreatiulis” gansazRvreba ukve Sei-cavs kritikul komponents (mag. warmosaxvisa da artistuli an inteleqtualuri gamomgoneblobis SesaZleblobis qona an Cveneba). maRali donis azrovnebis dros goneba erTdroulad unda axdendes warmoebasac da Sefasebasac, qmnides da kriti-kulad ganixilavdes azrovnebis produqtebs. mokled, jansaR azrovnebas sWirdeba rogorc warmosaxva, ise inteleqtualuri standartebi.

am saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi ideaa inteleqtualuri dis-ciplinisa da Sromismoyvareobis mWidro kavSiri originalu-robasa da produqtiulobasTan. kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba - azrovnebis es savaraudo polusebi - misi xarisxis ganuyofeli aspeqtebia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ras ganvixilavT: inteleqtualis banalur azrsa Tu yvelaze didi warmosaxvis mqone xelovanis an moazrovnis ideebs. kreatiuli da kritiku-li aspeqtebi erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli. goneba qmnis azrebs. gonebis mier Seqmnili azrebis xarisxi gansxvavdeba erTmane-Tisgan. xarisxis miRweva garkveul standartebs - da amgvarad, kritikul damokidebulebas - iTxovs.

am saxelmZRvaneloSi Cven gamovikvlevT kritikuli azrovne-bisa da SemoqmedebiTobis urTierTdamokidebulebas da moviy-vanT am damokidebulebis yvelaze ufro kompleqsur (geniosebi)


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da martiv (yoveldRiuri Cveulebrivi azri) doneebze arsebul magaliTebs.

Cven aseve gamovikvlevT Semdeg Temas: yovelgvari mniSvne-lobis Camoyalibeba mniSvnelobebis sistemebiskenaa midrekili, da ara erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli nawilakebis msgavsi ar-sebobisken. es Tavad azrovnebis bunebis ganuyofeli nawilia. nebismieri mniSvnelobis agebuleba TavisTavad gulisxmobs sxva mniSvnelobebs da maTac moicavs. isini, Tavis mxriv, kidev sxva mniSvnelobebsac aerTianebs. nebismieri mniSvnelobis gagebis mcdelobisas adamianebi bunebrivad cdiloben mis mniSvnelobe-bis jgufSi moTavsebas, miuxedavad imisa, maTi gageba ramdenad mikerZoebuli SeiZleba iyos. roca adamianebi ideis gaazrebas cdiloben, is gonebaSi fesvebs ver gaidgams da ar ukavSirdeba gonebaSi arsebul mniSvnelobebis sistemebs. mokled, imis gasa-gebad, rom adamianis kargad azrovneba sistemis SigniT azrov-nebas niSnavs, Cven unda SevqmnaT mniSvnelobis mqone sistemebi da Cveni qmnilebebi sizustis, marTebulobisa da Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT unda SevafasoT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT.

modiT, ramdenime ZiriTadi sakiTxis ganxilviT daviwyoT. upirveles yovlisa, unda vTqvaT, rom yvelanairi azrovneba erTi da imave xarisxis araa. maRali donis azrovnebis dros sa-muSao kargad sruldeba. es is azrovnebaa, romelic azrovnebis miznebs axorcielebs. Tuki azrovneba romelime miznisken araa mimarTuli, is ubralod analizs moklebuli warsulis gauana-lizebeli asociaciebis usasrulo nakadSi moZraobs: „sosisebi burTiT TamaSs magonebs, burTiT TamaSi Cikagos, Cikago Cems Zvel samezoblos, Cemi Zveli samezoblo bebias, mis mier ga-momcxvar blinebs, imis Wamas, rac ar miyvars. es magonebs... es magonebs... es magonebs...“ SesaZloa, zogjer moazrovne raime Rirebuls gadaawydes. Tumca, es xSirad ar xdeba. cotaa is-eTi adamiani, romelsac amgvari umizno azrovnebis, ocnebisa da fantaziorobis swavla sWirdeba. Cvens umetesobas amgvari oc-neba da fantaziebis ganviTareba bunebrivad kargad gamosdis.

magram CvenTvis xSirad rTulia romelime azrisken mimar-Tuli azrovneba. gansakuTrebiT, Tu azrovneba problemebze koncentrirebasa da CaxlarTul labirinTebSi garkvevas moiT-


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xovs. mizanmimarTuli azrovneba kritikul da SemoqmedebiT az-rovnebas saWiroebs. orive erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSire-buli. saukeTeso da SesaniSnavi azrovneba am or ganzomilebas Tavis TavSi aerTianebs. Cveni azrovneba SesaniSnavia, Tu gvaqvs unari, warmatebiT CamovayaliboT Sedegebi, movaxdinoT maTi formireba, Seqmna da warmoeba. erTi sityviT, mas aqvs Semoqme-debiTi ganzomileba.

raime mastimulirebeli dasasrulis miRwevis mizniT, Cven unda gvqondes kriteriumebi: sazomebi, modelebi, principebi, standartebi an testi, romelic dasasrulis miaxloebis Sesa-faseblad gamodgeba. metic, es kriteriumebi gonivrulad unda gamoviyenoT. Cven, kriteriumebis saSualebiT, mudmivad unda SevafasoT azrovnebis procesis mimdinareoba, raTa vicodeT, mihyveba Tu ara is swor gzas; sakmarisad naTeli, mkafio, zusti, Tanmimdevrulia Tu ara da Seesabameba Tu ara Cvens miznebs.

saboloo Sedegis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, azrovnebaSi war-matebas ver mivaRwevT. Cven yvelafers garkveuli mizniT va-gebT. rodesac raimes vqmniT da vayalibebT, viciT, ris Seqmnasa da Camoyalibebas vcdilobT, amas ase ratom vakeTebT. SemTxve-viTi azrovneba, romelic naxevrad Camoyalibebul saxeebs So-ris umiznod daexeteba, yovelgvari miznis gareSe miiklakneba, arc SemoqmedebiTia da arc kritikuli.

es simarTlea, radgan roca goneba umiznod fiqrobs, mas mcire energia da stimuli aqvs, modunebulia, am gziT miRweuli Sedegebi ki, rogorc wesi, uSinaarsoa. is, rac umiznoa -uaz-roa da sizarmacesTan, uqmad yofnasTan da umoqmedobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram rodesac azrovnebas saintereso amoca-na gamouCndeba, goneba unda gamococxldes, inteleqtualuri muSaobisTvis moemzados, inteleqti inteleqtualur saganTan dakavSirebul raime saxis muSaobaSi CarTos. es ,,muSaoba“ manam unda gaagrZelos, vidre mizans ar miaRwevs, konkretuli Sedegi Sesabamis formas ar miiRebs. inteleqtis muSaoba sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania inteleqtualuri produqtis SeqmnisaTvis. es produqcia da samuSao ki inteleqtualuri standartebis goniv-rul gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi xdeba Semoqmedebi-Ti da kritikuli azrovnebis erTmaneTTan Serwyma.


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gonebas, iseve, rogorc sxeuls, Tavisi upiratesobis an si-jansaRis sakuTari forma aqvs. iseve, rogorc sxeulis SemTx-vevaSi, gonebis sijansaRe fasdeba standartebis (kritikulo-ba) Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT. jansaRi goneba warmatebiT erTveba Rirebuli inteleqtualuri produqte-bis SeqmnaSi, Camoyalibebasa da warmoebaSi. amgvari sijansaRis misaRwevad gonebam unda iswavlos Tavisi Tavis movla, energiis mozidva, siZnelebis gadalaxva, Tu saWiroa, Cakirkiteba, nela da meTodurad muSaoba, amocanaSi CaRrmaveba, yuradRebis kon-centrireba, analizi, azrovnebis jaWvSi ukan dabruneba, azre-bis gadamowmeba, raTa is ufro srulyofili, zusti da Rrma gaxdes.

ideis warmomSobi Zalisa (SemoqmedebiToba) da gonivrulo-bis (kritikuli azrovneba) erTmaneTisgan gacalkeveba mxolod xelovnurad SeiZleba moxdes. azrovnebis procesSi isini er-Tiania. amgvarad, azrovneba sistematuria da is saboloo Se-degisken aris mimarTuli. mkafio moqmedebis, gegmis, strate-giis an taqtikis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas aseve SeuZlia gverdze gadados sistema da gzamkvlevad Tavisi intuicia gamoiyenos. raimes warmoSobisa da warmoebis SemZle kreatiul gonebas aqvs standartebi, romlebsac is Tavisi produqtis SeqmnisTvis da warmoebisaTvis iyenebs. mas ar aklia goniereba, amocnobis an kritikuli Sefasebis unari; SeuZlia iyos zusti da SorsmWv-reteli; ar axasiaTebs bundovaneba, uzustoba, Seuferebloba, banaluroba, araTanmimdevruloba, zedapiruloba da azris si-viwrove. jansaRi goneba swored imitom warmoSobs da awarmoebs produqts, rom mas TavisTvisve aqvs dawesebuli maRali stan-dartebi da aRelvebs is, rogor da ras qmnis.

mxolod WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis valdebulebis, sagnis ars-Si Rrma wvdomis, saazrovno masalis gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi war-moiSoba seriozuli azrovneba. seriozuli azrovneba ar SeiZ-leba iyos dausabuTeblad raimes Seqmna an warmoeba. misTvis aucilebelia konkretuli SezRudvebisa da moTxovnebis dak-mayofileba, nebis gareT moqceuli movlenebis masTan dakav-Sireba, gardauvali obieqturobis gaTvaliswineba. swored es mZime, mouqneli da mkacri realoba iZulebis wesiT amTlianebs inteleqtualur SemoqmedebiTobasa da produqtiulobas. rai-


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me sakiTxis garkvevis procesis miRma rom obieqturoba ar ar-sebobdes, araferi gveqneboda gasarkvevi. Tu yvelafris, rac gvinda an razec vocnebobT, garkveva SesaZlebeli iqneba, maSin Tavad sityva „garkveva“ logikas moklebuli xdeba.

ra Tqma unda, yvela goneba misi sijansaRis Sesabamis pro-duqts qmnis da awarmoebs. goneba, romelic standartebisa da disciplinirebuli kritikuli midgomis mimarT gulgrilia, Sefasebisas arazustia, Seuferebeli da winaswari ganwyobiT sazrdoobs. crurwmena, siZulvili, iracionaluri eWvianoba da SiSi, stereotipebi da mcdari Sexedulebebi aseve gonebis mier iqmneba. Tumca, isini ar warmoadgens SemoqmedebiTi gone-bis produqts. isini aradisciplinirebuli, arakritikuli az-rovnebis stils asaxaven, amitom, kreatiulobis produqtebad ar aRiqmebian. garda iSviaTi gamonaklisisa, kreatiuloba kri-tikul damokidebulebas, kritikuli damokidebuleba ki kre-atiulobas gulisxmobs. es Zalian mniSvnelovani azri xSirad uyuradRebod rCeba, an bundovania xolme.

axla ki koncentrirebas azrovnebis SemoqmedebiTobis yve-laze mniSvnelovan sakiTxze - azris ganxilvaze - movaxdenT; vimsjelebT azrovnebis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesis, az-rebis organizebis, maTTvis formis micemis Taobaze. ganvi-xilavT ganviTarebul azrovnebas, romelic miznis miRwevis, problemebis gadaWris, adamianis winaSe mdgari mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis mogvarebis saSualebas gvaZlevs im samyaroSi, sadac swrafi clilebebi erT-erTi mudmivi sidide xdeba.

goneba, romelic inteleqtualur kriteriumebsa da stan-dartebs sistematurad da efeqturad ar iyenebs, ver axerxebs sagnebis disciplinirebul gaazrebas. amgvari goneba Semoqmede-biTi araa. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cndeba inteleqtualur qmnilebasa da kritikul SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli ormxri-vi logika. arsebobs Zalian mWidro urTierTkavSiri intele-qtualuri produqtis Seqmnasa da Seqmnis procesis mimdinare kritikas Soris. modiT, ormxrivi logika sxvadasxva magaliTis saSualebiT ufro detalurad ganvixiloT.

mxatvrebs tiloze saRebavis mcire raodenoba daaqvT, Sem-deg ukan ixeven da namuSevrs afaseben, isini am qmedebis mo-nacvleobiT muSaoben. asobiT funjis mosmas asobiT Sefasebis


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aqti mosdevs. mxatvrebis msgavsad, mocekvaveebi cekvis pro-cesze dakvirvebisTvis studiaSi damonataJebul sarkeebs iye-neben. isini sarkeSi xedaven sakuTar moZraobebs da CarTulni arian Sefasebis asobiT aqtSi. mocekvaveebi varjiSoben da, amave dros, gonebaSi amuSaveben im koncefcias, risi Seqmnac surT. maT SeuZliaT im gansxvavebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier miz-nad dasaxul koncefciasa da danaxul qmedebas Sorisaa moqceu-li. isini cekvas erTdroulad qmnian da afaseben kidec. modiT, es principi azrovnebis yvela tipze ganvazogadoT.

azrovneba, romelic sagnebis logikas swvdeba

Sefasebisa da aRiarebisTvis yvela inteleqtualur pro-duqts garkveuli logika, Tanmimdevruloba, gasagebi da raci-onaluri argumentebiT gamyarebuli struqtura sWirdeba. es exeba rogorc leqsebsa da eseebs, naxatebsa da qoreografias, istorias an anTropologiur angariSs, eqsperimentebsa da mec-

nierul Teoriebs, filosofiasa da fsiqolo-gias, ise konkretuli movlenebis angariSs, zogad fenomenebsa da kanonebs.

inteleqtualuri namuSevari, romelic gaugebaria, romlis racionaluri analizi, Sefaseba da gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, ver xe-rxdeba misi integrireba sxva inteleqtualur namuSevarTan, verc erT akademiur tradicia-sa an disciplinaSi mniSvnelovan rols ver Seasrulebs. Cveni ideebi Tanmimdevruli lo-gikis mqone mniSvnelobebis im sistemaSi unda davalagoT, romelic CvenTvis gasagebi da

logikuria (da mas Cvenve vqmniT da vafasebT), imis miuxedavad, WanWikebis axal mosaWers vqmniT, Cveni bavSvis cudi saqcielis aRkveTas vcdilobT, Tu religiis perspeqtivaze vmuSaobT.

yvelanairi azrovneba mniSvnelobe-bis sistemas gulisxmobs. azrovnebam unda Seafasos is, rasac qmnis.


14

msjeloba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi aqti

farTo gagebiT yovelgvari azrovneba garkveul sistemaSi azrovnebaa. Tu Cven mocemul sistemas ar vicnobT, magaliTad, ar vicnobT Sidawvis Zravis muSaobis, marTkuTxa samkuTxedis an delfinis qcevis logikas, Cvenma gonebam es sistema Tavad unda Seqmnas, mas xorci Seasxas da misces im struqturis saxe, romelic azrovnebis Cveneul gzas Seesabameba. amgvarad, roca raimes Sesaxeb fiqrs viwyebT, vqmniT CvenTvis advilad gamoye-nebad da Cveul logikas, vayalibebT axal kavSirebs miznebsa da argumentebs Soris, vayalibebT axal varaudebs da koncef-ciebs, vsvamT axal kiTxvebs, vakeTebT axal daskvnebs da raime saganze sruliad axali mimarTulebis warmodgenas gamovimuSa-vebT.

ra Tqma unda, arsebobs azri, rom motivirebuli azrovneba raimes (Tundac, adre ukve dadgenilis) garkvevis, axlis Seqmnis procesis da SemoqmedebiTi aqtebis axali seriaa. Cven xom Cve-ni wina azrebis mTel qargas iSviaTad vixsenebT xolme. xSirad mxolod is gvaxsovs, rac adre davaskveniT da danarCens ki isev Tavidan vaskvniT (imaze dayrdnobiT, romeli nawilis logika

an sxva logikuri struqturaa im wuTas Cvens xelT). SesaZloa, vcvliT arsebul ideebs, vcdilobT, movargoT axal informacias, Tan-daTanobiT xelaxla viazrebT da Zvel naaz-revs xelaxla gadavamuSavebT.

ifiqreT im procesze, romlis Sedegadac anTropologs cxovelis mxolod erTi Zvlis aRmoCenis safuZvelze SeuZlia misi warmo-Sobis, sxva Zvlebisa da cxovelis sxeulis da-narCeni nawilebis aRdgena. adamianis goneba mudmivad iyenebs garkveul mniSvnelobas sxva mniSvnelobebis Sesaqmnelad. mniSvnelobebi, cocxali arsebebis msgavsad, sistemaSia mo-

qceuli. isini gonebaSi ganyenebulad ar arsebobs da tomara-Si Cayril erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel SuSis burTulebs ar hgavs. mniSvnelobebi saWmlis momnelebeli, nervuli, sasunTqi da a. S. sistemebis msgavsad, erTad da SeTanxmebulad muSaobs.

gaazrebis yoveli WeS-mariti aqti axlis Seqm-nasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli da SemoqmedebiTi aqtebis axal serias warmo-Sobs.


15

rogor qmnis goneba mniSvnelobas? es rom gavigoT, auci-lebelia SevafasoT SemoqmedebiTi da kritikuli azrovneba, romelic qmnis logikurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mniSv-nelobis jgufs, gaviazroT azrovnebis Semqmnisa da Seqmnilis logikis Sefasebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, gavigoT, rogor qmnis goneba mniSvnelobas.

raimes garkvevis procesSi sul mcire sami sistemaa CarTuli: 1. logika, romelic unda gavigoT (sistema, romlis gagebas

an Semqnasac vcdilobT gonebaSi);

2. logika, romelsac arsis gasagebad viyenebT (virCevT mas im sistemebidan, romlebsac ukve vicnobT an romlebic ukve Seqmnili gvaqvs gonebaSi);

3. logika, romelic sabolood Cveni msjelobidan gamom-dinareobs da romlis sijansaRec unda Sefasdes; unda gairkves, ramdenad moculi sistema aqvs.

SesaZloa, vinmem d. h. lourensis romanSi (mag. “vaJebi da sayvarlebi”, D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers) mocemuli mTavari Temebis gaazrebis mizniT Seqmnili CarCo, misi meore romanis (mag. “ledi Caterlis sayvareli”, Lady Chatterley’s Lover) Temebis gasaazrebel sawyis CarCod gamoiyenos. SeiZleba ase ufro gas-agebi gaxdes Tavad ambavi. SeiZleba ase arc moxdes. SesaZloa, adamianis mier Camoyalibebuli logika araadekvaturi aR-moCndes. Tu vinme 1990-iani wlebis aSS-s ekonomikuri krizisis gasagebad adrindeli ekonomikuri krizisis logikas gamoiy-enebs, magaliTad 1930-iani wlebis aSS-s kriziss, adamianis mier Seqmnili gonebrivi rekonstruqcia SesaZloa sakmarisi ar iyos 1990-ian wlebSi ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebis gasagebad. Cven gonebaSi vqmniT pirobiT modelebs (mcire masStabis logi-kur sistemebs), raTa gavigoT is, ris swavlasac vcdilobT (sistema, romlis Cawvdomasac vcdilobT). am process ki az-rovnebis produqtiT, Cven mier Seqmnili sistemiT vasrulebT, romelic realobas an Seesabameba, an - ara.


16

SemoqmedebiTi geniosi – gamonaklisi?

SesaZloa, vinme ewinaaRmdegeba aqamde Cven mier Camoyalibe-bul msjelobas. SeiZleba, maT Tqvan, rom kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mWidro urTierTkavSiri WeSmaritad Semo-qmedebiTi geniosebis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba; ikamaTon imis Sesaxeb, rom Semoqmedebi-Ti geniosebi spontanurad ibadebian, ge-nialuri ideebis warmoSoba idumalebiTaa moculi da qvecnobier procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. geniosebis azrovneba racionalur axsnas ar eqvemdebareba, kritikuli azrovnebisa da racionaluri

azris miRma warmarTuli procesebia. maT SeuZliaT, magali-Tad moiyvanon didi xelovanebis, gamomgoneblebisa da moaz-rovneebis naSromebi, Tundac, leonardo da vinCi, rembranti, miqelanjelo, mocarti, beThoveni, vagneri, edisoni, Seqspiri, ainStaini, niutori da darvini.

imisTvis, rom geniosis SemoqmedebiT da kritikul azrovne-bas Soris arsebuli kavSiri kargad gaviazroT da argumentebze pasuxis gacema SevZloT, modiT, Semdegi sakiTxebi ganvixiloT:

• ra masStabiTaa SesaZlebeli geniosis SemoqmedebiToba swavlis gareSe?

• ramdenad aqvs ganviTarebuli genioss kritikuli azrovne-ba?

am sakiTxebs mokled mimovixilavT jer konceptualuri, Sem-deg ki istoriuli TvalsazrisiT.

ena, rogorc gzamkvlevi

jer vnaxoT, ras gveubneba ena geniosebisa da maTTan dakav-Sirebuli koncefciebis SemTxvevaSi.

oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikoni (Oxford English Dictionary) ge-nioss orgvarad gansazRvravs:

istoria gvas-wavlis, rom did moazrovneebsac

ki ideebis damuS-aveba da Tavdade-

buli inteleq-tualuri Sroma

sWirdebaT.


17

1. adamiani, romelsac aqvs “bunebrivi unari, codna da kom-petencia; samuSaos Sesaferisi azrovnebis unari, SesaZlebloba da gansakuTrebuli niWi.”

2. “bunebrivad maRali inteleqtualuri Zala, romelic da-kavSirebulia xelovnebasTan, azrTan, moqmedebasTan, Semoq-medebasTan, originalur azrTan, gamogonebasTan, aRmoCenasTan da fasdeba, rogorc udidesi.”

pirveli gansazRvreba axlosaa imasTan, rasac sityva “niWi-eri” gulisxmobs. niWi gansazRvravs romelime sferoSi winas-war midrekilebas da maRali xarisxis azrovnebas. meore gansaz-Rvreba ki inteleqtualur procesebs da, upirveles yovlisa, SemoqmedebiTi warmoebis warmatebul gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, rac Tandayolil niWs ar saWiroebs.

geniosis koncefciis ukeT gasagebad, modiT, gavixsenoT misi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi: talanti, niWiT dajildoebuli, unari, goniereba, brwyinvaleba, ganaTleba, daxelovnebuloba, virtuozuloba. gaiTvaliswineT vebsteris axal msoflio le-qsikonSi (Webster’s New Worl Dictionary) mocemuli Semdegi gansaz-Rvrebebi (da gansxvavebebi):talanti: gulisxmobs naTlad gamoxatul bunebriv SesaZle-

blobas konkretuli saqmianobis mimarT da damatebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs imas, Tu talantis mqone adamiani mis ganviTarebas axdens, an misi ganuviTarebel mdgo-mareobaSi datoveba SeuZlia.

niWiT dajildoebuli: gansakuTrebuli bunebrivi da ara Zal-isxmevis Sedegad miRweuli SesaZleblobebiT dajil-doebuli adamiani.

unari: konkretuli samuSaosadmi bunebrivi midrekileba, rac gulisxmobs konkretul sferoSi gansakuTrebulad SesaZlebel miR-wevebsa da warmatebas.

geniosi: gulisxmobs umeteswilad Semoq-medebiTi an gamomgoneblobiTi ti-pis Tandayolil gansakuTrebul an fenomenalur gonebriv SesaZle-blobebs xelovnebis an mecnierebis sferoSi.

geniosebs ukeT aRiqvamen talan-

tis, niWis, da-mokidebulebis, SesaZleblobe-

bisa da Wkuis aspeqtSi.


18

goniereba: gulisxmobs gamocdilebidan gamomdinare raimes swavlas an gagebas; axal gamocdilebaze pasuxis warmate-bulad gacemas.

brwyinvaleba: gulisxmobs gonierebis araCveulebrivad maRal xarisxs.

ganaTleba: unarebis mqone, daxelovnebuli. daxelovnebuli: Zalian kompetenturi, unarebis mqone, mcodne. virtuozi: pirovneba, romelic xelovnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki,

musikaluri nawarmoebis SesrulebaSi Zalian maRali donis teqnikur unars flobs.

miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom talanti, niWi, geniosoba da unari azrovnebis romelime sferoSi warmatebisadmi Tandayo-lil midrekilebas gulisxmobs. magram goniereba, brwyinva-leba, ganaTleba, daxelovneba da virtuozuloba ar saWiroebs Tandayolil Tvisebebs. Tu vivaraudebT, rom es gansxvavebebi adamianis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs asaxavs da re-alur SesaZleblobas warmoaCens, Tandayolili didi niWis ar-qonis miuxedavad, adamiani SeiZleba iyos Zalian kreatiuli da brwyinvalec ki. es SesaZlebloba empiriuli faqtidan gamom-dinareobs. bevrma Zalian warmatebulma moazrovnem, romelic samarTlianad iTvleba geniosad, Tavisi brwyinvaleba mxolod mas Semdeg gamoavlina, rac Tavisi Cveulebrivi potencialis daxvewas wlebi moandoma.

gonebaSezRuduli geniosi

sakiTxis gulmodgined damuSavebamde SevTanxmdeT, rom ge-nialuroba garkveul sazRvrebSia moqceuli. erTsa da imave dros adamiani SeiZleba Tavis TavSi aer-Tianebdes “geniossa” (cxovrebis erT sferoSi) da viwro da SezRudul adamians (yvela sxva sferoSi). magaliTad, bevri brwyinvale moazrovne enTuziazmiT emsax-ureboda nacistur reJims. erT-erTi maT-gani araCveulebrivi inJineri verner fon brauni (Werner von Braun) iyo. mis msgavsad iqceodnen germaneli generlebi rommeli

geniosi xSirad romelime viw-ro konkretul

inteleqtualur sferoSia spe-

cializebuli da mis farglebSi

moqmedebs.


19

(Rommel) da guderiani (Guderian). isini Zalian maRali donis spe-cialistebi iyvnen, magram maTi eTikuri azrovnebis SesaZle-blobebi da samyaros aRqmis perspeqtiva, samwuxarod, sakmaod susti iyo. geniosis cxovreba, sxva adamianis cxovrebis ms-gavsad, SeiZleba erTganzomilebiani iyos. individebs SeuZliaT erT sferoSi geniosis doneze azrovnebdnen, cxovrebis danar-Ceni sferoebis umetesobaSi ki sakmaod zedapirulebi iyvnen.

gaixseneT maikl kernis1 (Michael Kearney) magaliTi. man skola eqvsi, koleji ki rva wlis asakSi daamTavra. bakalavris xarisxi aTi wlisam miiRo. kerni, romelmac mikrobiologiis magistris xarisxi ToTxmeti wlisam miiRo, am naSromis weris dros cxra-meti wlisaa da sadoqtoro disertaciaze muSaobs.

is korporacia “maikrosoftis” (Microsoft Corporation) praqti-kantia. sagazeTo statiis mixedviT, kernim, romelic inglisuri enis specialobis 22 wlis students Sexvda, Tqva: “kargia, rom Cven arasdros gviwevs inteleqtualur kamaTSi CarTva, radgan araferi vici jein ostinis Sesaxeb.” man aseve Tqva, rom Tavi ar daunebebia Tavisi ocnebisTvis - satelevizio gasarTobi Sous wamyvani gaxdes. miuxedavad mTeli Tavisi inteleqtisa, mas mxolod is surs, rom gadacemis “iRblis fasi” wamyvanis, bob barkeris pensiaze gasvlis SemTxvevaSi, Secvalos igi. “sadRac gonebaSi me mudam meZaxis holivudi”, - Tqva kernim, romelmac sxvadasxva Toq-SouSi miiRo monawileoba da erTis wamyvanic ki gaxda. Tumca, man ar gamoricxa arc maswavleblis kariera da arc “maikrosoftis” TanamSromlis mudmivi samsaxuri, romelsac “sakaifo” samsaxuri uwoda.

cxadia, kerni is adamiania, romelic iSviaTi Tandayolili inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebiTaa dajildoebuli. magram rogori dasanania, rom genioss, an, Tu gnebavT, potenciur genioss, siamovnebs is faqti, rom araferi icis jein ostinis Sesaxeb da Tavis umaRles miznad holivudis gasarTobi Sous wamyvanobas isaxavs.

es mxolod erTia im mravali magaliTidan, romelic gviCvenebs, rom kritikuli kompetenciis ganviTarebis gareSe,


20

Tandayolili niWi advilad SeiZleba fuWad an arasworad daix-arjos. Tuki vinmes surs, qeba-dideba daimsaxuros, man Tanday-olili niWi kritikuli azrovnebisa da SesaZleblobebis ganvi-Tarebis paralelurad unda ganaviTaros.

damokidebuleba Tandayolil niWs, garemosa da TviTmotivacias Soris

maSin ra ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan maT, visac gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba aqvs da maT, visac amgvari ram ar gaaC-nia? Cveni analizis Tanaxmad, araCveulebrivi kreatiuli naS-romebi kritikulobisa da originalobis erTdrouli gamoy-enebis SemTxvevaSi iqmneba. Cven imaze vTanxmdebiT, rac isedac cxadia: didi miRwevebisTvis aucilebelia Tandayolili Sesa-Zleblobebis minimaluri done. Tumca, adamiani SeiZleba gamo-Cenili moazrovne Tandayolili geniosobis an araCveulebrivi niWis gareSec gaxdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saSualo donis nedli SesaZleblobebi, inteleqtualuri Seupovroba, stimulireba da disciplina erTmaneTs Seerwymeba.

ufro zustad, maRali donis kreatiuli azrovnebis miRw-evaSi sami piroba iRebs monawileobas:

1. Tandayolili inteleqtualuri SesaZlobebis minimaluri done, Tumca, araa aucilebeli, rom is gansakuTrebuli iyos;

2. garemo, romelic am SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis stimu-lirebas axdens;

3. dadebiTi gamoZaxili da Sinagani motivacia msgavsi mo-nacemebis mqone da msgavs situaciaSi moxvedrili adamianis mxridan.

am Tvalsazriss anekdoturi mtkice-bulebebiT gavamyarebT. es mtkicebule-bebi didi moazrovneebis, msaxiobebis, mocekvaveebisa da kompozitorebis ganvi-TarebaSi inteleqtualuri disciplinis,

Tandayolili SesaZleblobebis xelSewyobas gare

mxardaWera da Sinagani motiva-

cia sWirdeba.


21

gare mxardaWerisa da Sinagani valdebulebebis rols asaxavs. daakvirdiT, yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi, am moazrovneebidan TiToeuls ramdeni yuradReba da darigeba, ramdeni Tavdadeba da varjiSi dasWirda. Cven swored iseT geniosebze SevCerdeb-iT, romelTa warmatebaze am faqtorebma ufro meti gavlena moaxdina, vidre Tandayolilma niWma.

aristotele

enciklopedia “britanikas” (Encyclopedia Britannica, meTerT-mete gamocema, 1910) mixedviT

aristoteles mama makedoniis mefis amintas meoris eqimi da, amave dros, asklepiadebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli iyo. upirveles yovlisa, sargebeli moutana im faqtma, rom galen-is mtkicebiT, man vaJebs anatomiuri analizis Catareba aswav-la. vaJebs biologiisa da medicinis interesi gauRviva, ramac maT bunebisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mimarT rw-mena Camouyaliba. amas garda, mamam aristoteles makedoniis sasamarTloSi gavlenisaken gaukafa gza. SesaZloa, swored aman Seaguliana aristotele, mediciniT dakavebuliyo. aris-totelem Tavisi cxovrebis meore naxevari aTenSi gaatara. is TiTqmis oci wlis manZilze, metafizikasa da morals Soris wonasworobis SenarCunebas da Sesabamisad, sabunebismetyve-lo mecnierebebs Soris upirobo liderobas axerxebda. am periodSi, aristotele kiTxulobda platonis naSromebs da ganixilavda mis mier Camoyalibebul dogmebs. is madlieri, seriozuli da damoukidebeli moswavle iyo. aristotele Tavis biblioTekaSi mudmivad muSaobda xelnawer masalebze: Sehqonda maTSi SeniSvnebi da jvaredini miTiTebebi, Seswore-bebi, xelaxla iwerda maT, Temebs ajgufebda da ukiTxavda moswavleebs, Tavad ki suliTa da guliT simarTleze iyo kon-centrirebuli (gv. 501).

adleris mixedviT2

aristotele oci wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo platonis moswav-le. is niWieri studentidan wamyvan filosofosad iqca. swav-lobda bunebas, logikasa da mizezobriobas... 50 wels rom


22

gadaabija, mTeli rigi wignebi dawera, romlebic biologiis safuZvels warmoadgens. aristotele moTminebiT akvirveboda bunebriv movlenebs, wlebi gaatara swavlasa da cxovelebis gakveTaSi. mTlianobaSi, daaxloebiT 600 biologiuri saxeoba aRwera, daadgina maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi da gansx-vavebebi, Caiwera axlo an Sori urTierTobis niSnebi da Seeca-da biologiuri saxeobebi daejgufebina. moswavleebs {Tavisi Tavi} moqmedi naturalistis pirvel da erT-erT saukeTeso modelad SesTavaza; Seqmna biologia, rogorc mecniereba. ar-istotele Rrma SekiTxvebs svamda da sazogadoebas uCveneb-da, rom maTze pasuxis gacema bunebasTan gamarTuli momTmeni da mondomebuli dialogis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli (gv. 22-24).

ludvig van beThoveni

rogorc enciklopedia “amerikanas” (Encyclopedia Americana) 1950 wlis gamocema gvamcnobs, beThovenis saxelSi holandi-uri “van” miuTiTebs mis holandiur warmoSobaze. holandia meTxuTmete-meTeqvsmete saukuneebSi msoflios musikalur centrs warmoadgenda. beThovenis babua momRerali (bani) da diriJori iyo, mamamisi tenori... beThovens mamam aswav-la violinosa da klavirze dakvra. mas (beThovens) mudmivad edo jibeSi rveuli, romelSic TavSi mosul azrebs iwerda, mogvianebiT ki maT ramdenjerme gadaxedavda xolme. mis musi-kaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba xazi, romelzec darwmunebiT Sei-Zleba imis Tqma, rom is mravaljer xelaxla ar gadaweri-la. Canawerebis mixedviT, “fidelios” nawyvetSi saxelad “o, imedo” sasule instrumentebis partia 18-jeraa Secvlili, gundis partiaSi ki 10 Sesworebaa Setanili. es Canawerebi sainteresoa, Wkuis saswavlebelia da warmodgenas gviqmnis geniosis muSaobis procesis Sesaxeb (gv. 436-437).

mari kiuri

1897 wels mari kiurim Tavis sadoqtoro kvlevaze daiwyo muSaoba. kvleva uranSi arsebuli axali tipis gamosxivebas exe-


23

boda. adleris Tanaxmad3

misi naSromi Tavidanve zusti, sistematuri da SorsmWvrete-luri iyo. mari misTvis damaxasiaTebeli SeupovrobiT Seudga axali elementis an elementebis arsebobis mtkicebas. isev da isev axdenda xsnarebis daSlasa da gamokristalebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, didi Sromis Sedegad, SeZlo ori axali, Zlier radioaqtiuri elementis umciresi raodenobis miReba... es miRwevebi niSnavda: sami wlis gamomfitav muSaobas sawyobSi, romelic ar Tbeboda, uzarmazar avzebSi moTuxTuxe qimiuri nivTierebebis mZime rkinis niCbiT morevas, mogvianebiT ki, xsnarebis ramdenjerme bejiTad gamokristalebas. mari ki-urim Tqva: “dRis bolos daRlilobisgan fexze Zlivs videqi xolme”. mari kiurim SeZlo, misi moRvaweobis sferoSi mowi-nave adgili daekavebina. is gaxda pirveli qali, romelmac nobelis premia miiRo (gv. 108-109).

leonardo da vinCi

fankis da vegnalis axali enciklopediis (Funk and Wagnall’s New Encyclopedia) 1986 wlis gamocemis Tanaxmad:

“da vinCi iyo mdidari florencieli notariusisa da gle-xi qalis Svili. 1460-iani wlebSi ojaxi dasaxlda florenci-aSi, sadac leonardom miiRo saukeTeso ganaTleba, romelic florencias - italiis inteleqtualur da saxelovnebo cen-trs - misTvis SeeZlo SeeTavazebina“. Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi, is „im drois wamyvani florencieli mxatvrisa da skulpto-ris andrea del veroCios (Andrea del Verrocchio) studiaSi mu-Saobda“. rogorc mecniers, mas „Tavis an momdevno saukuneSi mcxovreb nebismier adamianze ukeT esmoda zusti samecniero dakvirvebis mniSvneloba... swavlobda anatomias, sisxlis mi-moqcevasa da Tvalis moqmedebas; gaakeTa aRmoCenebi meteo-rologiasa da geologiaSi, Seiswavla mTvaris gavlena zRvis mimoqcevaze, winaswar gansazRvra kontinentebis formirebis Tanamedrove koncefciebi da ivarauda wiaRiseuli sawvavis buneba... (gv. 65)“. cxadia, rom leonardo da vinCis es SesaZ-leblobebi sistematuri da disciplinirebuli kvlevis Sede-gad ganuviTarda.


24

galileo

enciklopedia „amerikanas“ (Encyclopedia Americana, 1950) mixedviT

galileos mama florencieli gaRaribebuli keTilSobili gvaris warmomadgeneli iyo. man aiZula vaJi, laTinuri, ber-Znuli, xatva da musika eswavla... 1581 wels galileom swavla pizas universitetSi ganagrZo, raTa medicinisa da aristo-teles filosofiis Sesaxeb Catarebul leqciebs daswreboda. swored universitetSi ganacxada man uari, maswavleblebis dogmaturi gancxadebebi kritikuli analizis gareSe mieRo (gv. 237-238).

adleris mixedviT, 1609 wels galileomgaarRvia im dros arsebuli informaciis sazRvrebi, Se-

qmna martivi teleskopi da is cisken mimarTa... man gadawyvi-ta, logikisa da eqsperimentebis saSualebiT daemtkicebina da gaefanta erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego Teoriebi... {is} da-JinebiT iniSnavda dros, romelic daqanebul ficrebze burTebis Camogorebas sWirdeboda... nadavls dadevnebuli maZebari ZaRlis JiniT awarmoebda dakvirvebebs teleskopiT. 1610 wlis SemodgomisTvis mas daaxloebiT 100 teleskopi hqonda Seqmnili... galileo iyo pirveli adamiani, romelic realur eqsperimentebs atarebda – simaRlidan agdebda da agorebda sxvadasxva simZimis sagnebs... man saTave daudo moZ-raobisa da gravitaciis kvlevas (gv. 44-48).

miqelanjelo

rogorc fankis da vegnalis axali enciklopedia (Funk and Wagnall’s New Encyclopedia, 1986) gvauwyebs:

cameti wlis miqelanjelo mamam saswavleblad mxatvris - domeniko girlandaios (Domenico Ghirlandaio) saxelosnoSi mia-bara. daaxloebiT ori wlis Semdeg man swavla mediCis baRebSi arsebul moqandakeTa skolaSi ganagrZo. siqstis kapelas Wer-


25

is mosaxatad mzadebisas man mravali figuris Canaxati gaa-keTa, uamravi sxeulis tipi da poza moigona (gv. 273-274).

enciklopedia “britanika” (Encyclopedia Britannica, meTerTmete gamocema, 1910) miqelanjelos cxovrebis Sesaxeb Semdeg deta-lebs amatebs:

cameti wlis asakSi is saswavleblad Zmebi girlandaioebis saxelosnos miebara, sadac daqiravebul asistentad muSaob-da. domeniko girlandaio im droisTvis florenciis mTavari mxatvari iyo. saxelosnoSi muSaobisas axalgazrda miqelanje-lom SeiTvisa freskebis xatvis is unar-Cvevebi, romelTa damsaxurebiTac oci wlis Semdeg romSi Tavis cilismwameb-lebs gegmebi CauSala. is aseve swavlobda brankaCis kapelaSi (Brancacci), sadac samoci wliT adre freskebs mazaCo xatavda (Masaccio)... SemorCenilia ostatis mier Sesrulebuli TiTq-mis yvela didi namuSevris mosamzadebeli uamravi Canaxati. Canaxatebis nawili dasrulebulia, nawili ara, Tumca, moswav-leebisTvis didi Rirebulebisa da interesis matarebelia. miqelanjelo yvelaze ganswavluli da mecnierebebSi kargad garkveuli, yvelaze STagonebuli da gambedavi iyo mxatvrebs Soris. siWabukidan Rrma siberemde arasdros SeuCerebia fan-qriT, carciT an saweri kalmiT varjiSi... miqelanjelos po-eturi stili masaviT energiuli da koncentrirebulia. is bevrs muSaobda Tavis nawerebze da maT xSirad asworebda kidec. Cven TiTqos vgrZnobT, rogori mgznebare temperamen-tiTa da warmatebis Zlieri surviliT srulyofda enobriv masalas gaafTrebuli miqelanjelo, zustad imgvarive uzomo energiiTa da gatacebiT, rogoriTac, misi Tanamedroveebis aRweriT, is marmarilos masalis damuSavebas iwyebda (gv. 362-368).


26

niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis

kritikuli goneba

modiT, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT mecnierebis istoriis sami yvelaze didi warmomadgenlis: niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis azrovneba. is, rac niutons, darvinsa da ainStains aerTianebs, raime amouxsneli an ezoTeruli Tviseba ki ar aris, aramed daeWvebis xelovneba da das-mul kiTxvebze Rrma pasuxebis miRebis mi-marT uCveulo sijiutea. maT inteleqtu-alur ganviTarebaze dakvirveba mistikurs verafers gamoavlens. samive mecnieri sa-gnis mniSvnelovan da fundamentur elementebze axdenda kon-centrirebas. kvalificiuri aRqmisa da Seupovari kritikuli analizis saSualebiT, maT fizikuri msofliosa da samyaros Sesaxeb Cveni Sexedulebebis xelaxali formulireba SeZles. kiTxvebi, romlebic wamowies da is xerxi, romlis saSualebiTac maTze pasuxebs eZebdnen, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovne-bis arss warmoadgens.

isaak niutoni4

kembrijis universitetis kurikulumiT naklebad daintere-sebulma cxrameti wlis niutonma 45 saTauris qveS gaerTian-ebuli kiTxvebis sia Camowera. siis saerTo saTauri Quaestiones mis mizanze miuTiTebda: mudmivad eWvqveS daeyenebina mate-riis, adgilis, droisa da moZraobis buneba. niutonis stili gamorCeulad araezoTeruli iyo da codnisken gzis Seupovrad gakvalvaSi mdgomareobda. magaliTad, man „dekartis geometria iyida da is damoukideblad waikiTxa. ori an sami gverdis Sem-deg, roca veRaraferi gaigo, wignis kiTxva Tavidan daiwyo, mas-Si TandaTan gaerkva da manam ar moeSva, vidre mTeli naSromi

niutoni, darvi-ni da ainStaini

geniosis ganviTa-rebisTvis saWi-ro kritikuli

damokidebulebi-sa da Tavdadebis magaliTs warmo-

adgenen.


27

dawvrilebiT ar Seiswavla.“roca hkiTxes, rogor aRmoaCina gravitaciis kanoni, niuton-

ma upasuxa: “es sakiTxis Sesaxeb ganuwyveteli fiqris saSuale-biT SevZeli. sagani mudmivad Tvalwin mqonda da velodi, Cem winaSe rodis gaixsneboda nel-nela riJraJiviT da rogor gar-daiqmneboda naTel Suqad.“ eWvqveS dayenebis Tanmimdevrulma, TiTqmis daucxromelma principma, kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis kombinaciam, is samyaros Sesaxeb adre arsebuli Te-oriebis gaazrebamde da rekonstruqciamde miiyvana.

niutoni codnas aRiqvamda, rogorc aRmosaCen Tvaluwv-denel vels: „ar vici, msoflios Cemze ra warmodgena aqvs, ma-gram Cemi TavisTvis is patara biWi var, romelic zRvis sanapi-roze TamaSobs da drodadro Cveulebrivze ufro gluv kenWs an lamaz niJaras poulobs maSin, roca WeSmaritebis uzarmazari okeane jer kidev aRmouCenelia.“

Carlz darvini5

niutonisa da ainStainis msgavsad, darvins ar hqonda swrafi goneba, is muyaiTi adamiani iyo: „CemTvis rTulia azrebis cxa-dad da lakonurad gamoxatva da, am sirTulis gamo, bevri dro davkarge. Tumca, manve momitana sapirispiro upiratesoba da maiZula, yvela winadadebis Sesaxeb ufro xangrZlivad da da-JinebiT mefiqra. amis wyalobiT, Cems azrovnebaSi, Cems sakuTar an sxvaTa dakvirvebebSi Secdomebi aRmovaCine.“

inteleqtualur kiTxvebze pasuxebis Ziebisas darvini eyrd-noboda ara maxsovrobasa da swraf refleqsebs, aramed Seupov-robasa da uwyvet fiqrs. “verc erT TariRs an leqsis taeps ramdenime dReze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ver vimaxsovrebdi.“ amis magivrad, mas hqonda moTmineba, raime amouxsnel sakiTxze wlebis manZilze efiqra... “arasdros vyofilvar swrafad moaz-rovne an mwerali. yvelaferi, rac ki mecnierebis sferoSi gamik-eTebia, xangrZlivi fiqris, moTminebisa da gulmodgine muSao-bis Sedegia.“


28

albert ainStaini6

ainStaini skolaSi imdenad cudad swavlobda, rom roca ma-mamisma skolis direqtors hkiTxa, mis vaJs romeli profesia unda aerCia, direqtorma upasuxa: “amas araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. is warmatebas veraferSi miaRwevs.” universitetSi arse-bulma jgufebad dayofis sistemam “mas Zalauflebis Rrma eWvi gauCina, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gahyva.”

ainStains geniosobis raime niSnebi ar gamouvlenia da zr-dasrul asakSic uaryofda Tavisi gonebis gansakuTrebulobas: “arafris gansakuTrebuli niWi ar maqvs. ubralod Zalian cno-bismoyvare var.” is ciurixis politeqnikuri universtitetis misaReb gamocdebze CaiWra.

roca bolos da bolos universitetSi moxvda, gamocdebma misi goneba imdenad daZaba, rom saswavleblis damTavrebis Sem-deg, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samecniero sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fiqri saerTod aRar undoda. ainStainis mier Cabarebuli bolo gamocda arafriT gamoirCeoda, ris gamoc mogvianebiT asis-tentis Tanamdebobaze uari uTxres (yvelaze dabali safexuris samsaxuri universitetis kursdamTavrebulTaTvis). miuxedavad kargad ganviTarebuli kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebi-sa, gamocdebis Cabareba misi Zlieri mxare arasdros yofila.

kritikuli azrovnebis wyalobiT, ainStains SeeZlo, prob-lema Zalian daeviwroebina: “erT-erTi misi yvelaze didi in-teleqtualuri niWi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mcire da didi sakiTxebisTvis yvelaferi is CamoeSorebina, rac am sakiTxisT-vis ararelevanturi iyo.”

roca sami moazrovnis: niutonis, darvinisa da ainStainis moRvaweobas ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT ara ganusazRvrelad did genialur gonebas, aramed moazrovneebs, romlebic kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrebis kombinirebas WeSmaritebis mgznebare, magram ara ezoTerul ZiebaSi axerxebdnen.


29

kreatiuloba mistifikaciis gareSe

Cveni azriT, SemoqmedebiTi adamianebis istoriebis dawvrilebiT Seswavla gaamyarebs Cvens mTavar mtkicebas, rom kritikuli da Semo-qmedebiTi azrovneba mWidrodaa erTmaneT-Tan dakavSirebuli. am oridan erT-erTis gamocalkeveba misi gamoyenebis areals zRudavs. SemoqmedebiToba kritikuli ganxilvis gareSe ubralod siaxlea. kriti-kuli azrovneba SemoqmedebiTobis gareSe ki mxolod negatiuri Sefaseba. bunebrivi niWi ver ganviTardeba Sromisa da garemos mxridan xelSewyobis gareSe. magaliTad, ainStaini verasdros gaxdeboda msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze didi mecnieri, is rom ukidures gaWirvebaSi mcxovreb samxreT saharel dedas gaeCina. Sroma da xelSewyoba mimarTuli unda iyos gonierebisa da originalobis mxardaWer-isken, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT inteleqtualur siTamamesa da Seupovrobaze, romelic didi niWis mqone adamianebs inteleq-tualuri samuSaos mravalwliani Sesrulebisas swavlisa da gan-viTarebis saSualebas aZlevs.

mTavari azri aq is aris, rom SemoqmedebiTobis mistifikacia ar unda moxdes. bevri amouxsneli ram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi didi nawili mainc, SeiZleba amoixsnas miwieri perspeqtividan. araCveulebrivi niWiT dajildoebuli adamianebic ki saWiroe-ben kritikuli azrovnebis makoreqtirebel da gamafarToebel Zalas. kritikuli azrovnebis analitikuri instrumentebis gar-eSe (instrumentebi, romlebic moazrovnes aZleven saSualebas, codnis struqturis srulyofa moaxdinos) adamians nebismieri mocemuli sferos codnis mxolod SezRuduli aRqmis saSuale-ba eqneba. codnis struqturisa da misi sistemuri funqciebis gagebis gareSe, adamians gauWirdeba codnis erTi konteqsti-dan meoreSi gadatana. kritikuli azrovnebis inteleqtualuri standartebis gareSe, adamianebi azrebis siZlieres Cveulebriv gadaWarbebulad dadebiTad, mis SezRudvebs ki - zedmetad uaryofiTad afaseben. Tu miRebuli ganaTleba kritikuli az-rovnebiT ar aris gamyarebuli, pirovnulad ver ganvviTardeb-

SemoqmedebiTo-bis aRqma yvelaze

ufro advili martivi, yovel-dRiuri azrebis

konteqstSia.


30

iT, ver SevamCnevT araTanmimdevrulobasa da urTierTgamom-ricxav winaaRmdegobebs. Cven midrekilebi varT imisken, rom piradi cxovrebis bevr sferos kritikuli damokidebulebis gareSe daveqvemdebaroT.

TiToeuli Cvengani arsebuli winaswari gonebrivi wyobiT ibadeba, romelic Cvens kontrols miRmaa. Tumca, miuxedavad Tandayolili nedli SesaZleblobebisa, goneba droTa ganmav-lobaSi unda ganviTardes, raTa Cveni potencialis maqsimums mivaRwioT. kreatiulobisTvis saWiroa jansaRi kritikuli az-rovneba, xolo kritikuli azrovnebis Camoyalibebasa da gaum-jobesebas neba sWirdeba.

azrovnebis elementebi

kritikuli azrovnebis arsis Sejameba Semdegnairadac Sei-Zleba: kritikuli azrovneba aris azrovnebis Sesaxeb fiqris xe-lovneba, romelic axdens:

1. azrovnebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis gansazRvras

2. (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) misi gaumjobesebuli formiT warmodgenas.

pirveli moiTxovs iseTi moazrovnis arsebobas, romelic analitikur da SefasebiT azrovnebaSia daxelovnebuli. meore ki - moazrovnes, romelsac SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis kargi un-ari aqvs. amgvarad, kritikul azrovnebas sami ganzomileba aqvs: analitikuri, SefasebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi. marTalia, Cven am funqciebs Teoriuli sicxadis mizniT erTmaneTisgan ganvasx-vavebT, magram migvaCnia, rom procesebSi samivem erTad unda miiRos monawileoba.

kritikuli azrovneba ar SeiZleba gagebul iqnas, rogorc azrovnebis calkeul elementebad daSlis izolirebuli pro-cesi. mas Semdeg, rac Cveni azrovnebis Semadgenel nawilebs cxadad davinaxavT, maT Sefasebas ukeT SevZlebT. Semadgeneli nawilebis Sefaseba ki maRali donis azrovneba - kritikuli az-rovnebis kreatiuli ganzomilebaa. adamiani analizs imisTvis akeTebs, rom Seafasos. Sefaseba ki gaumjobesebisTvis xdeba.


31

aq mocemulia im SemoqmedebiTi qmedebebis aRwera, romlic analitikuri azrovnebis nawilad moiazreba:

1. daniSnuleba, mizani an mosalodneli daboloeba: nebismier ms-jelobas yovelTvis aqvs bolo, romelic raime miznis miR-wevas, romelime saWiroebis an survilis dakmayofilebas gulisxmobs. Tu iseT miznebs davisaxavT, romlebic ararea-listuria an Cvens sxva miznebs ewinaaRmdegeba, maT misaRwe-vad gamarTuli msjeloba problemuri iqneba.

2. sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxva (an gadasaWreli proble-ma): msjelobisas yovelTvis arsebobs minimum erTi SekiTxva, sul mcire, erTi problema, romelic unda gadaiWras. amitom

azrovnebis elementebi

daniSnuleba:

mizani, amocana,

funqcia

sakiTxTan dakav-

Sirebuli SekiTx-

va: problema,

sakiTxi

informacia: mon-acemebi, faqtebi, mtkicebulebebi, dakvirvebebi, gamocdileba, ganmarteba

interpretacia da

daskvnebi: daskvna,

sakiTxis gadawy-

veta

koncefcia:

Teoria, gan-

sazRvrebe-

bi, kanoni,

principebi,

modelebi

varaudi: winaswari

varaudi, aqsiomebi,

bunebrivad naboZebi

informacia

Sedegebi: logi-

kuri Sedegebi,

Sedegebi

Tvalsazrisi:

kriteriumi,

perspeqtiva,

orientacia,

msoflmxedve-

loba


32

msjelobaSi CarTuli adamiani unda dafiqrdes, rogor Ca-moayalibos pasuxgasacemi kiTxva an gadasaWreli problema. Tu kiTxvas cxadad ar CamovayalibebT, mkafiod ar ganvsazR-vravT kiTxvis kavSirs Cvens ZiriTad mizezTan an mizanTan, ver SevZlebT logikuri pasuxis gacemas, an iseTi pasuxis miRebas, romelic Cvens mizans emsaxureba. rodesac kiTxvas vsvamT, pasuxismgeblebi varT mis sicxadesa da gaurkvevlo-baze.

3. Tvalsazrisi an kriteriumebi: msjeloba raime Tvalsazrisis an kriteriumis CarCoebSi unda movaqcioT. Tvalsazriss an kriteriums Cveni goneba qmnis da nebismieri naklovaneba SeZ-leba Cveni msjelobis problemebis SesaZlo wyaro gaxdes. Cveni Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa SezRuduli, araswor an damab-nevel analogiebze an metaforebze dafuZnebuli, arasakma-risad zusti, winaaRmdegobebis Semcveli da a. S. iyos. Cveni goneba warmoSobs im Tvisebebs, romlebic Cveni msjelobisT-visaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tvalsazrisi TavisTavad ar arsebobs. maT adamianis goneba qmnis.

4. informacia, romelsac msjelobisas viyenebT: msjelobis dros, rodesac raime Temis an fenomenis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT. arasrulyofili monacemebi, mtkicebulebebi an nedli masa-la SesaZloa problemis wyaro gaxdes. Cven unda miviRoT gadawyvetileba, - mravalferovani gamocdilebidan, monace-midan an mtkicebulebidan romels gamoviyenebT. amgvari ga-dawyvetilebebi Cveni gonebis muSaobis produqtia. informa-cia TavisTavad ar arsebobs. maT adamianis goneba qmnis.

5. Cveni msjelobis konceptualuri ganzomileba: yvelanairi msjeloba Cveni gonebis mier Seqmnili garkveuli ideisa da koncefciis gamoyenebas efuZneba. msjelobisas gamoyenebu-li - koncefciasa da ideaSi arsebuli (aqvea gaerTianebuli Teoriebi, principebi, aqsiomebi an wesebi) - nebismieri nakli SesaZloa problemebis wyaro gaxdes. ideebis simwiris Zalas Cveni azrovnebis xarisxi gansazRvravs. koncefciebiTa da ideebiT buneba ar gvamaragebs. maT adamianis goneba qmnis.

6. varaudebi – msjelobis sawyisi wertilebi: nebismieri msje-loba saidanRac unda daiwyos, zogierTi ram bunebis nabo-Zebad unda aRiqvaT. naklovani sawyisi wertili, bunebriv procesebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri problema, SesaZloa, problemebis wyaro gaxdes. mxolod Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT iseTi varaudebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac msjelobas SevZ-


33

lebT. Cveni azrovnebis sawyis wertilebs Cvenve vqmniT. 7. daskvnebi da interpretaciebi: msjeloba daskvnebisganac

Sedgeba. daskvnis gakeTeba azrovnebis Semdeg procesTanaa dakavSirebuli: „imis gamo, rom es asea, isic asea (an SesaZloa asec).“ msjelobis Sedegad gakeTebuli daskvnebis dros ga-movlenili nebismieri nakli aseve SeiZleba Cveni msjelobis-Tvis problemad iqces. informacia, monacemebi da situacia ar gansazRvravs Cven mier gamotanil daskvnebs. Cveni gonebis mier Seqmnili koncefciebisa da situaciebTan dakavSirebu-li varaudebis safuZvelze vqmniT daskvnebs. daskvnebi mxo-lod gonebaSi arsebobs. isini mniSvnelobis Seqmnis struq-turis elementebia.

8. Sedegebi – saiT mivyavarT msjelobas: yvela msjelobas aqvs dasawyisi (sawyisi wertili) da dasasruli (saboloo werti-li). msjeloba sawyisi wertilidan saboloo wertilisken miemarTeba. statikuri msjeloba ar arsebobs. amgvarad, ms-jelobas axlavs misgan gamomdinare Sedegebi da ideebi; qme-debebi, romlebic SeiZleba maSin moxdes, Tuki Cvens msje-lobas ama Tu im mimarTulebiT waviyvanT da erT an meore gadawyvetilebas miviRebT. Sedegebi msjelobis procesis bu-nebrivi qmnilebebia. gonebam unda SeZlos imis gansazRvra, ra mohyveba ama Tu im situaciaSi ganxorcielebul ama Tu im qmedebas. es gonebis kreatiuli aqtia. azrovnebaSi Sede-gebis gamo warmoSobili nebismieri problema SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis problemacaa.

inteleqtualuri standartebi

efeqtur moazrovned CamoyalibebisTvis saWiroa, gavcdeT azrovnebis analizs da azrovnebis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva standarti gamoviyenoT. Tavad azrovnebis buneba da is, risT-visac azrovneba gvWirdeba, warmoSobs inteleqtualur stan-dartebs.

inteleqtualuri standarti saWiroa imisTvis, rom Cven mier gacemuli informacia iyos cxadi da naTeli. gaugebari ena miz-nis ganxorcielebas xels uSlis an SeuZlebels xdis. inteleq-tualuri standarti aseve dakavSirebulia Cvens mcdelobasTan, gavigoT sagani an sxvebs informacia ise gavacnoT, rogoric is sinamdvileSia. amas akuratulobis standartsac uwodeben.


34

saWiroebidan gamomdinare, saWiroa konkretuli, zusti mona-cemebis Segroveba. uzustoba an detalebisa da konkretuli mo-nacemebis miwodebis SeuZlebloba miznis miRwevas xels uSlis.

Sesabamisobis inteleqtualuri standarti dakavSirebulia faqtTan, rom zogierTi informacia ar Seicavs kiTxvas, romel-ze pasuxis gacemac Cven gvWirdeba. azrovnebis procesSi CaC-xeril ararelevantur informacias Cveni yuradReba saWiro informaciidan sxva sakiTxebze gadaaqvs da ar gvaZlevs saSu-alebas, Cven winaSe warmoSobil kiTxvas vupasuxoT. rom gan-vazogadoT, gaugebari iqneboda Semdegis Tqma: „me minda kar-gad vimsjelo, magram ar mainteresebs Cemi msjeloba mkafio, zusti, akuratuli, relevanturi, logikuri, Tanmimdevruli an samarTliani iqneba Tu ara.“

msgavsi ramis Tqma SeiZleba im koncef-ciebisa da sityvebis Sesaxebac, romlebsac ganaTlebuli adamiani saubrisas iyenebs. gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, gauge-bari iqneboda winadadeba: „me vcdilob gan-vsazRvro, var Tu ara egoisti, magram ar maRelvebs is, Tavad sityva „egoisti“ ras niSnavs.“ kiTxvis - „aris Tu ara jeki egois-ti?“ - logika gulisxmobs sityva egoistis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebas. Tu termins gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, Cven is nacnobi mniSvnelobiT unda gamoviyenoT da, am mxriv, akuratulebi viyoT.

maRali xarisxis msjeloba inteleqtualuri standartebis frTxili gamoyenebis saSualebiT xdeba. am standartebis gare-Se Cveni azrovneba, savaraudod, gaifanteba da Cven mier Seqm-nili azrebi mimarTulebas dakargavs. Cven ki veRar SevZlebT maRali da dabali xarisxis msjelobis erTmaneTisgan garCevas. mokled, kreatiuli azrovneba aucilebladaa dakavSirebuli inteleqtualur standartebTan. aba, dafiqrdiT am gamoTqmis absurdulobaze: „Cemi azrovneba Zalian kreatiulia. erTader-Ti problema isaa, rom is ar aris mkafio, zusti, akuratuli, relevanturi. samagierod, zedapirulia, viwro, alogikuri da banaluri.“

zrovnebis efeq-turad Sefaseba

mxolod intele-qtualuri stan-dartebis Seqmni-sa da gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.


35

kiTxvebi inteleqtualuri standartebis Sesaxeb

SegiZliaT cota ufro meti informacia mogvawodoT? SegiZliaT magaliTi damisaxeloT? SegiZliaT imis ilustrireba, rasac gulisxmobT?

amis Semowmeba rogoraa SesaZlebeli? rogor SeiZleba imis gageba, es simarTles Seesabameba Tu ara? rogor SeiZleba am informaciis dadastureba an gadamowmeba?

SegiZliaT ufro konkretulad isaubroT? SegiZliaT meti detali momawodoT? SegiZliaT ufro zusti informacia mogvawodoT? rogoraa es informacia dakavSirebuli problemasTan? rogoraa es informacia dakavSirebuli kiTxvasTan? rogor dagvexmareba es informacia sakiTxis garkvevaSi? romeli faqtorebi ganapirobebs am sakiTxis sirTules? Tu SeiZleba, CamoTvaleT ramdenime sirTule, romlebic am sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. Tu SeiZleba. CamoTvaleT is sirTuleebi, romlebze muSaobac mogviwevs.

saWiroa Tu ara am sakiTxis sxva kuTxiT ganxilva? saWiroa Tu ara sxva Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswineba? saWiroa Tu ara am sakiTxis gadaWris/mogvarebis sxva gziT ganx-ilva?

ramdenad gasagebia es yvelaferi? Seesabameba Tu ara Tqveni pirveli da bolo abzaci erTmaneTs? gamomdinareobs Tu ara mtkicebulebebidan is, rasac ambobT?

aris Tu ara gansaxilveli problema yvelaze mniSvnelovani? aris Tu ara centraluri idea is, romelzec koncentrireba unda movaxdinoT? am faqtebidan romelia yvelaze mniSvnelovani?

aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli am sakiTxTan Cemi piradi interesi?

pativiscemiT warmovadgen Tu ara sxvaTa TvalTaxedvas?

sicxade

akuratuloba

sizuste

relevanturoba

siRrme

sifarTove

logika

mniSvneloba

samarTlianoba


36

kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba xelovnebaSi

Cven ukve visaubreT inteleqtualuri standartebis mniS-

vnelobaze msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli produqtis Sesafa-

seblad. magram rogoraa saqme mxatvruli azrovnebis Sedegad

Seqmnili SemoqmedebiTi produqtis SemTxvevaSi? ramdenadaa, an

aris Tu ara saerTod kritika an kritikuli analizi mxatvruli

azrovnebisa da Semoqmedebis Sinagani nawili? zogi amtkicebs,

rom xelovnebis Sefaseba saerTod ar unda xdebodes, an Tu

mainc xdeba, amgvari Sefasebisas racionaluri procesebi mxed-

velobaSi ar unda miviRoT. zogierTi adamianis mtkicebiT, xe-

lovnebis nimuSebi imdenad Taviseburi da individualuria, rom

maTi bunebis aRwera SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis mSvenierebis gad-

mocema sityvebs ar ZaluZT.

magram Tavad xelovanebi xSirad kamaToben xelovnebis ni-

muSebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis Sesaxeb: xelovnebis zogierT

nimuSs aqeben, zogs ki gakicxaven. arsebobs xelovnebis iseTi

nimuSebic, romlebsac adamianebi kidec aqeben da kidec aZage-

ben. yvela namuSevars maRali Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia: zogierT

maTgans muzeumebsa da xelovnebis skolebSi ganaTavseben, zogs

ki nagvis yuTSi yrian. amgvarad, Tuki vfiqrobT, rom arsebobs

maRali xelovneba, jobia, ukeT movemzadoT Cveni argumentebis

dasabuTebisaTvis.

kritikas xelovnebis sferoSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

Tuki Cven davuSvebT, rom xelovnebaSi yvelafris keTeba Sei-

Zleba, gamova, rom xelovneba Seqebas ar imsaxurebs. nebismieri

ram yvelaferia da amave dros - araferic. Tuki SeuZlebeli

iqneba xelovnebaSi maRali miRwevebis gansazRvra, SeuZlebeli

gaxdeba xelovnebis Sesaxeb ise saubari, rom Cvensave Tavs ar

SevewinaaRmdegoT.

xelovnebis kritikosebi ver Tanxmdebian Sefasebisas gamo-

sayenebeli mniSvnelovani standartebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans,


37

mainc arsebobs zogadi standartebis nakrebi, romelic xe-

lovnebis yvela mniSvnelovan nimuSs gansazRvravs. aqedan gamom-

dinare, xelovnebis yvela Sedevrs aqvs Tavisi mniSvnelovani,

universaluri da droTa ganmavlobaSi dadgenili Rirebuleba.

mniSvnelobis, universalurobisa da droTa ganmavlobaSi dad-

genili Rirebulebis standartebi is minimaluri kriteriume-

bia, romlebsac xelovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi akmayofilebs.

ra Tqma unda, es standartebi rig SemTxvevebSi xelovnebis

fakultetis kargad informirebuli studentebis cxare kamaTs

iwvevs xolme.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom xelovnebis Sesaxeb gamarTuli

nebismieri msjeloba im inteleqtualuri standartebis Sesa-

bamisad unda Sefasdes, romlebic, zogadad, yvela tipis msj-

elobisas gamoiyeneba. xelovnebis, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebis, Seqmnis procesis, istoriis, sazogadoebrivi rolis,

mniSvnelobis, daniSnulebis, gzavnilis Sesaxeb iseve unda

vimsjeloT, rogorc disciplinirebuli

moazrovneebi msjeloben ricxvebis, mcena-

reebis, urTierTobebis, arqiteqturis da

nebismieri sxva sferos Sesaxeb.

universaluri inteleqtualuri stan-

dartebis miRma arsebobs saganTan dakav-

Sirebuli specifikuri standartebic, romlebsac moazrovneebi

nebismier disciplinaSi (xelovnebis CaTvliT) iyeneben. msjelo-

bisas qimikosi qimiis, istorikosi istoriis, sociologi soci-

ologebis, xelovani ki mxatvrul standarts iTvaliswinebs.

amgvarad, arsebobs xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri

standartebi, romlebic poeziis, mxatvrobis, piesebis, ro-

manebis da, ra Tqma unda, xelovnebis nebismieri produqtis

Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba. bunebrivia, rom specifikuri stan-

dartebis gamoyeneba konkretuli xelovnebis obieqtis mimarT

xandaxan eqspertebs Soris intensiuri debatebis sagani xdeba

SemoqmedebiTi produqcia kri-tikulad unda

Sefasdes.


38

xolme.

daxvewil xelovans xelovnebis bevri standartis identifi-

cireba da maTi intuiciurad gamocnoba SeuZlia. magaliTad,

grafikul kompoziciaSi ramdenime fundamentur princips iye-

neben:

1. batonoba, romelic gulisxmobs suraTze erTi obieqtis an

centris arsebobas. yvela sxva obieqti mas unda eqvemde-

barebodes;

2. dapirispireba, romelic moiTxovs, rom suraTze arsebuli

sxvadasxva elementi erTmaneTTan kontrasts qmnides da

xazis, formisa da Rirebulebis mravalferovnebas gamo-

xatavdes;

3. wonasworoba, romelic moiTxovs, rom kontrastma harmo-

niuli efeqti Seqmnas.

xelovnebis kritikosebi Tanxmdebian miqelanjelos, mocar-

tis, beThovenis, rembrantis, van gogis, miltonis, Seqspiris,

poupis, kitsis, dostoevskis da tolstois mier Seqmnili xe-

lovnebis nimuSebis maRal Rirebulebaze. magram kritika, ro-

melic sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xelovnebis nimuSebs ar exeba,

Zalian seriozulia xolme. xSirad kritikosebi mravalferovani

paradigmebis mixedviT fiqroben da zogjer ver eguebian dapi-

rispirebul azrebs. is, rac xandaxan xelovnebaSi kreatiulo-

bad iTvleba, SesaZloa, imdenad ezoTerul produqtad iqces,

rom mis dacvasa da kritikas Soris sazRvari bundovani gaxdes.


39

rodesac kritikoss sagnis arsis gagebis siRrme aklia, xe-

lovnebis standartebs subieqturad iyenebs da mxatvrul mgrZ-

nobelobasa da gansjaze aqvs pretenzia, maTi Sefasebis sati-

rulad gamoxatva. gaixseneT diskusia vudi alenis filmidan

“manheteni”. am scenaSi isaaki (vudi aleni) da misi megobari go-

gona treisi, isaakis saukeTeso megobars da mis “inteleqtual”

Seyvarebul meris xvdebian.

isaaki: Cven qvemoT fotogamofena davaTvaliereT... araCveu-lebrivia, sruliad araCveulebrivi!

meri: marTla? mogewonaT?

isaaki: qvemoT gamofenili fotoebi... mSvenieria! Tqven ara?

meri: ara. Cemi azriT, Zalian banaluri fotoebia. diana ar-busis fotoebis gadamRerebad momeCvena, Tumca, arbu-sis fotoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonebamaxviloba akldaT.

isaaki: sinamdvileSi, unda vaRiaro, rom fotoebi ise Zalian ar mogvwonebia, rogorc organuli minisgan gakeTebuli skulptura. imisi Tqma minda, rom...

meri: marTla? ese igi, organuli minis skulptura mogewo-naT?

isaaki: Tqven arc is mogewonaT?

meri: sainteresoa...

isaaki: rkinis kubs gacilebiT sjobda. rkinis kubi naxeT?

treisi: yvelaze uaresi eqsponati iyo.

meri: Cemi azriT, brwyinvale iyo. namdvilad brwyinvale iyo.

isaaki: rkinis kubi iyo brwyinvale?

meri: diax. CemTvis is Zalian struqturuli iyo. iciT, ras vgulisxmob? srulyofilad iyo integrirebuli da hqonda... araCveulebrivi negatiuri SesaZlebloba. yvelaferi danarCeni rac qvemoT vnaxe, nagavi iyo.


40

es scena mxolod sasacilo araa. is imitomaa sasacilo, rom gviCvenebs Wkvian adamians, romelic ver xvdeba xelovnebis Ses-axeb sakuTari uvicobis masStabs da imasac gviCvenebs, rogor erevaT siTamame raimes codnaSi.

ese igi, ras vambobdiT? jer erTi imas, rom xelovnebaSic ki, sadac umaRlesi donis kreatiulobas Zalian didi mniSvn-eloba aqvs, kritikuli azrovneba gadamwyvetia. didi xelovani xelovnebis nawarmoebis mimarT kritikulia. gansakuTrebiT kritikulebi sakuTari nawarmoebis mimarT arian. maT bevri SeiZleba Tqvan imis Sesaxeb, risi miRweva surT da rogor cdi-loben amis ganxorcielebas. rodesac xelovani an kritikosi xelovnebis Sesaxeb msjelobs, misi msjeloba kritikul anal-izsa da Sefasebas eqvemdebareba. xelovnebis yvela calkeuli sfero specifikuri standartebis leqsikas ayalibebs. Sefaseba bevr sxvadasxva doneze xdeba. magram xelovnebaSi, iseve, ro-gorc adamianuri miRwevebis yvela sxva sferoSi, kritikuli da kreatiuli samuSao erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, urTierTdamokidebulia, urTierTqmedebs da gavlenas axdens erTmaneTze.


41

nawili II

kritikuli/SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba da gaazrebulobis safuZvlebi

sagnebis logikis garkveva

rogorc dasawyisSive vTqviT, aucilebelia miwaze daveS-vaT da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis demistifikacia movaxdi-noT. swored amitom, aq ganvixilavT SemoqmedebiTi azrovne-bis magaliTebs rogorc geniosebis naSromebSi, ise SedarebiT mokrZalebul nimuSebs, romlebic Cveulebriv aRqmebsa da az-rebSia xolme gamoxatuli.

rodesac axal koncefcias vswavlobT, gamocdilebis safuZvelze daskvnebi gamogvaqvs, viazrebT, vwerT, vkiTx-ulobT, vsaubrobT an vismenT, Cveni goneba srulfasovan (Tumca ki, banalur) SemoqmedebiT aqtSi erTveba. imis gasa-gebad, Tu rogor da ratom xdeba es banaluri SemoqmedebiTi procesi, sulac araa saWiro ezoTerul, tvinis saWylet an saidumloebiT mocul sferoebTan kavSiri.modiT ganvixiloT, rogor muSaobs goneba sxvadasxva sakiT-

xis garkvevis dros, rogor iqmneba mniSvneloba yoveldRiurad, rogor xdeba am mniSvnelobis xarisxis Semowmeba.

raimes mniSvnelobis gageba msjelobis saSualebiTaa SesaZ-lebeli. Cven iseTi koncefciebis Camoyalibeba SegviZlia, rom-lebic sagnis bunebas akuratulad, Tumca, SesaZloa detalurad ar axasiaTebs. sagnis Sesaxeb msjeloba misi raime formiT kon-ceptualurad gaazrebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. magram imis gamo, rom buneba Tandayolili ideebiT ar gva-maragebs, koncefciebi individualurad an socialuri CarTulobis meSveobiT unda Se-vqmnaT. koncefciebis Seqmnis Semdeg xdeba sagnis integrireba ideebis qselSi. integ-rirebuli koncefcia bevri SesaZlo daskv-nis mamoZravebel Zalad iqceva xolme.

kritikuli az-rovnebis dros Cven vakontro-lebT im mniSv-nelobebs, rom-lebsac vqmniT.


42

magaliTad, Cem mier Camoyalibebuli qorwinebis koncefcia marTavs Cems gadawyvetilebebs, kerZod, unda davqorwinde Tu ara konkretul adamianze; ramdenad warmatebulad unda CaiTva-los Cemi qorwineba, an saWiroa Tu ara ganqorwineba. swavlis procesTan dakavSirebuli koncefcia warmarTavs swavlasTan mimarTebaSi daskvnebis SemuSavebis process. magaliTad, Tu me swavlas mxolod faqtebis damaxsovrebad aRviqvam da sxvadasx-va informaciis damaxsovrebaSi gawafuli var, davaskvni, rom kvalificiuri moswavle var. vivaraudeb, rom yvela, visac ki faqtebis damaxsovreba kargad SeuZlia, gonebagaxsnilia; is ki, vinc amas ver axerxebs - ara. vifiqreb, rom erTaderTi, rac adamianma kargad unda ganiviTaros, damaxsovrebis unaria. aqe-dan gamomdinare, me swavlis Sedegebs arasworad gavigeb, es gaugebroba ki swavlebis Cemeuli araswori konceptualizaciis Sedegad moxdeba.

raime sferos Sesaxeb kargad an cudad, dasabuTebulad an dausabuTeblad daskvnebis gakeTeba koncefciis mniSvnelobisa da sagnis Sesaxeb arsebuli Cveni codnis Sesabamisad an masTan Seusabamod SeiZleba moxdes. Tu frTxilad ar viqnebiT, SesaZ-loa (da es xSirad gvemarTeba), iseTi ram davaskvnaT da warmo-vidginoT, rac nagulisxmevze ufro metia.

Tuki kars ukan xma mesmis da mas „karebze fxaWunad“ aRviqvam, SeiZleba davaskvna, rom Cems ZaRls oTaxSi Semosvla surs. me Cemi msjelobis unari (konceptualizaciisa da daskvnis gamo-tanis Cemi kreatiuli SesaZlebloba) gamoviyene da xmauri „fxa-Wunad“ aRviqvi. gaazrebis procesSi vivaraude, rom erTaderTi axlos myofi arseba, romelsac Cems karze fxaWuni SeuZlia, Cemi ZaRlia. magram Cemi msjeloba SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. SesaZloa, xma arasworad aRviqvi „fxaWunad“ (iqneb, xmis warmomavlobis mimarTulebac ki ver gavigone sworad), an SecdomiT davaskveni, rom garSemo sxva am xmis gamocemis SemZle arseba ar arsebobs. daukvirdiT, - am qmedebebis dros me vqmni, vayalibeb an xorcs vasxam Cemi azrovnebis dros mimdinare konceptualizacias.

CvenTvis yvelaferi, rasac vuyurebT, aris is, risi gaSif-vra, Semdgomi konceptualizacia da masze dayrdnobiT daskv-nebis gakeTebac (da amiT damatebiT momavali konceptuali-zaciis procesis warmarTva) gonebis ZaliTaa SesaZlebeli. amas


43

imdenad rutinulad da meqanikurad vakeTebT, rom Tavs Cveu-lebrivi logikuri Semoqmedebis procesSi CarTuladac ki ver aRviqvamT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi CvenTvis msoflio koncef-ciebisgan Tavisufali garemo ar aris da, movlenebis ukeT ga-sagebad, Cvens gamocdilebebs Segnebulad kategoriebad vyofT.

es yvelaferi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos, sagnebi Tavisive memkvidreobiT miRebuli saxelebiT gadmogvecema. Cven vxedavT xeebs, Rrublebs, balaxs, gzebs, adamianebs, kacebs, qalebs da a. S. da am koncefciebs intuiciur doneze ise viyenebT, TiTqos, maTSi aranairi racionaluri an kreatiuli qmedeba araa CarTu-li. magram Tu am yvelaferze davfiqrdebiT, gavacnobierebT, rom iyo dro, roca sagnebis saxelebis swavla gviwevda. Sesaba-misad, vidre maTi saxelebi ar vicodiT, am fenomenebs mxolod koncefciebis SuamavlobiT vxedavdiT. koncefciebis Seswavlis procesSi ki, Cven isini gonebaSi ukve Seswavlil koncefciebze dayrdnobiT unda Segveqmna.

roca Cven „raimes logikas“ vaxsenebT, am dros raRac Zalian mTavarsa da martivs vgulisxmobT, kerZod: mniSvnelobebis sis-temas, romelic raime sagnis arss warmoadgens. arsis gasagebad jer misi Zireuli mniSvneloba unda gavigoT. magaliTad, ro-gor muSaobs velosipedi. rodesac Tqven misi muSaobis princips gaigebT da sistemis axsnas SeZlebT, velosipedis funqcionire-bis logikasac mixvdebiT. ra Tqma unda, velosipedis marTvis swavla misi muSaobis principis gagebis gareSec SeiZleba.

magaliTad, Cven cocxal organizmebs imisTvis vswavlobT, rom bio-logi(k)a (biologia) CamovayaliboT, is gzebi SevqmnaT, romlebic sicocxlis sxvadasxva formis konceptualizacii-sa da maT Sesaxeb marTebuli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems. socialur wyobas imisTvis vswavlobT, rom socio-logi(k)a CamovayaliboT, sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb marTebuli daskvnebi gavakeToT da konceptualizaciis gzebi davamuSaoT. istoriul warsuls imis gamo SeviswavliT, rom is-toriis logikis struqtura SevqmnaT: warsulis Sesaxeb marTe-buli daskvnebis gakeTeba da konceptualizaciis gzebis monaxva SevZloT. imis gamo, rom es konceptualuri struqturebi Tan-dayolili araa, isini yvelam TavisTvis, individualurad unda Seqmnas. amgvarad, gamodis, rom mxolod imis gamo, rom adamiani


44

adamianuri cxovrebiT cxovrobs da, Sesabamisad, am procesSi sxvadasxva fenomenis gagebas gverds ver auvlis, yvela adamiani kreatiulia.

kritikuli azrovnebis procesSi Cven Cvenive konceptualu-ri qmnilebebis kontrols viwyebT da maT gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad vafasebT, vidre amas Cveulebriv akeTeben xolme. kon-cefciebi, adamianis mier Seqmnili yvela fenomenis msgavsad, SeiZleba kargad an cudad iyos Camoyalibebuli. Seqmnisa da struqturis ganviTarebis process, damoukideblad imisgan, es konceptualuri ganviTareba iqneba Tu materialuri, Tan ax-lavs kritikuli Sefaseba (gamWriaxoba, goniereba).

saxelmZRvanelos Semdeg nawilSi gamovikvlevT kritikuli azrovnebis or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fazas: mniSvnelobis sistemebis warmoeba (Seqmna) da Sefaseba (kritikuli damokide-buleba). Cven konkretulad SevCerdebiT Semdeg sakiTxebze:

• koncefciebi da ena• adamianis azrovneba• akademiuri disciplinebi• SekiTxvebi• kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena.

saswavlo koncefciebi da ena

am saxelmZRvaneloSi sityva koncefcias im sagnebis jgufis-Tvis viyenebT, romlebic erTnairad aRiwereba. Cveni warmod-geniT, konceptualizacia aris procesi, romelic adamians sa-gnebis romelime klasis Sesaxeb daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas aZlevs. amgvarad, Tu me vinmes Wkvian adamianad movixsenieb, mas adamianTa ganzogadebul jgufSi (gonebamaxvilebSi) mivuCen ad-

gils. Cven samyaros obieqtebs erTmaneTTan

msgavsebis an erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebu-lobis principiT kategoriebad an koncef-ciebad dayofis saSualebiT gaviazrebT. Semdeg maT sxva koncefciebTan vakavSi-rebT, mTeli am procesis ganmavlobaSi ki daskvnebis saSualebiT maT legitimacias

imisTvis, rom koncefciebi viswavloT da

ena gamoviyenoT, isini gonebri-vi aqtebis gziT unda SevqmnaT.


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vaxdenT. magaliTad, me Tu Cem win mdgar arsebas ZaRlad miviCnev, Se-

miZlia davaskvna, rom is yefs, ar knavis da arc krutunebs. me-tic, sxva koncefciebis saSualebiT ZaRlis Sesaxeb mTel ojaxs vqmni (cxoveli, bewvi, cxviri, TaTi, kudi da a.S.).

mSobliur enaze laparakis swavlis dros Cven vswavlobT aTa-sobiT koncefcias. Tu koncefciebs sworad gamovyenebT, Cven garSemo arsebuli sagnebis Sesaxeb uamrav marTebul daskvnas gavakeTebT. samwuxarod, raime enis Seswavla ver gvaiZulebs, koncefciebi frTxilad gamoviyenoT, arc arazusti daskvnebis gakeTebisken gvibiZgebs. gonebas SeuZlia rogorc kargi, aseve cudi mniSvnelobebis Seqmna. vidre goneba koncefciebis gamo-yenebis principebs ar icnobs, is egocentruli an ganuswavleli gonebrivi aqtebis Sedegad mraval araswor daskvas gaakeTebs. swored amitomaa aucilebeli kritikuli azrovneba.

inglisuris msgavsi enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli koncefcie-bis swavlis procesi hgavs Cvens gonebaSi arsebuli Sefaruli koncefciebis zusti aslebis Seqmnas, romlebsac Cven garSemo saubrisas iyeneben. magram Cven ar SegviZlia, vinmes sityvis an frazis mniSvneloba „mivceT“. es mniSvneloba yovelma adamianma, vinc mas swavlobs, individualurad unda Seqmnas. Cven SegviZ-lia mas mxolod leqsikoni da sityvis ganmarteba mivawodoT. Tumca, es ganmartebac unda gadamuSavdes da misi perifrazire-ba moxdes, rom goneba mas daeuflos. roca Cven mniSvnelobis araswor interpretirebas vaxdenT, sityvis mniSvnelobas aras-worad vswavlobT, gonebaSi vqmniT im mniSvnelobas, romelic sityvis damkvidrebas ewinaaRmdegeba.

azrovnebaze kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi kontrolis da-samyareblad, Cven kontroli unda davamyaroT saubris dros. Cven mier gamoyenebuli ideebis an koncefciebis didi nawili swored mSobliuri enidan modis. sityvebis saTanado gamoyeneba niSnavs im kriteriumebisa da standartebis pativiscemas, rom-lebic naTeli da zusti azrovnebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Cven, ra Tqma unda, ufleba gvaqvs, konkretuli sityva gansakuTre-buli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT gamo-viyenoT, magram es mxolod maSin SeiZleba moxdes, Tu Cven misi damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobis Secvlis saTanado mizezi gveqneba.


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Tu sityvis mniSvnelobis Secvlas gadavwyvetT, aucilebe-lia misi dadgenili mniSvneloba naTlad gaviazroT. magaliTad, Cven ar gvaqvs ufleba, sityva „ganaTleba“ imave mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT, romelic aqvs sityvebs „ideologiuri damuSave-ba,“ „socializacia“ an „swavleba“. ar SegviZlia erTmaneTTan gavaTanabroT sityvebi siamaye da sieSmake, simarTle da rwme-na, codna da informacia, qedmaRloba da Tavdajerebuloba, survili da siyvaruli da a.S. yvela sityvas Tavisi dadgenili logika aqvs, romlis ugulebelyofa dabneulobis an Secdomis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

yovel sityvas mniSvnelobaTa sul mcire erT sistemaSi mainc aqvs damkvidrebuli adgili. sityvaTa sistemaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis gasagebad, Cven raRac sxva (dakavSirebuli) mniSv-nelobebis Sesaxebac unda vicodeT, sistema Cvens azrovnebaSi unda aRvadginoT da es produqti adre Seqmnil mniSvnelobebs davafuZnoT. sityvis mniSvnelobis swavla martivi amocana araa, radgan yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi gonebaSi ukve gaazrebuli kon-cefciebidan axali iqmneba. axali koncefciis Seqmna gulisx-mobs, rom is mowesrigebuli, SemosazRvruli, regulirebuli da kontrolirebadia. sityvebs is mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT, ro-melic Cven gvinda, rom maT hqondeT. Cven sakuTar gonebaSi unda SevqmnaT maTi mniSvnelobebi. rogorc yovelTvis, gaazre-ba iTxovs kritikul Sefasebas da moqmedebs kreatiuli produ-qtis Seqmnis gaazrebis paralelurad.

adamianuri azrovnebis kritika

TavisTavad mniSvnelobis Seqmna aranair keTilSobilur saqcielTan araa dakavSirebuli. crurwmenebi, Tavis motyue-ba, azris damaxinjeba, gaugebrobebi da karikaturebi gonebis mier Seqmnili produqtebia. samwuxarod, adamianebi Cveulebriv bundovan, danawevrebul, urTierTgamomricxav, egocentrul, sociocentrul da safuZvels moklebul azrebs qmnian. es ase imitom xdeba, rom adamianis gonebis bunebrivi mdgomareoba egocentrulia. am mdgomareobaSi muSaobis dros Cven gone-bis qvecnobier procesebs Tavisufali batonobis saSualebas vaZlevT. enis gamoyeneba sakuTari interesebis dasacavad da


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Tavis mosatyuebelad, manipulirebis saSualebiT upirateso-bis mosapoveblad xdeba. racionalizebas imisTvis vaxdenT, rom rame davmaloT da gavamarTloT. am dros xdeba kritikuli Se-fasebisa da warmoebis kreatiuli SesaZleblobebis borotad gamoyeneba.

mouwesrigebeli egocentruli azrov-nebis dros, Cven sakuTar Tavs ver vxedavT Seqmnis, formirebisa da mniSvnelobebisT-vis formis micemis procesSi. ar gvesmis urTierTobis mniSvneloba, erTi mxriv, enis gamoyenebaze zrunvasa da sizustes, meore mxriv, azrovnebaze zrunvasa da si-zustes Soris. roca sityvebis SerCevis kriteriumebi ar gvaqvs, bundovnad vla-parakobT da vwerT. xSirad ver vaxerxebT winadadebebis erTmaneTTan gasagebad da-kavSirebas, radgan, umetes SemTxvevebSi, amis gakeTebis pasuxismgeblobas ver vgrZ-nobT da danamdvilebiT arc is viciT, es rogor unda movaxerxoT.

damuSavebuli inteleqtualuri disciplinis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Znelia, kargad ganviTarebul an daxvewil kon-ceptualur urTierTobebSi daostatde. adamianis azrovnebis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba xangrZlivi drois periodSi unda moxdes da azrovnebis sxvadasxvanair tipebs Soris mimosvlis SesaZleblobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. Cven inteleqtu-alur disciplinebze unda vimuSaoT. mxolod da mxolod mou-wesrigebel azrovnebasa da mowesrigebul gaazrebas Soris win da ukan moZraobis saSualebiT SeiZleba gardaviqmnaT intele-qtualurad mowesrigebul moazrovneebad. azris kritikuli kontrolis gareSe Rirebul ideebs ver SevqmniT.

egocentruli adamianebis azrovnebis unari SezRudulia. isini kargad mxolod maSin azrovneben, roca saqmeSi maTi ego-centruli tendenciebi ar monawileobs. magaliTad, SeiZleba adamiani ojaxsa da megobrebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze ego-centrulad fiqrobdes, profesiuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas (rogorc fizikosi, arqiteqtori an qimikosi) ki kritikulad

imisTvis, rom kargad viazrov-

noT, mudmivad unda vakriti-koT Cveni ego-

centruli tendenciebi da iracionaluri

azrovneba raci-onalurad gar-

davqmnaT.


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msjelobdes. erTi sferos eqspertebi sxva sferoSi azrovnebis dros xSirad iracionalurebi arian da sakuTari Tavi Secdoma-Si SehyavT xolme.

adamianis goneba erT mTlianobad ar viTardeba. swored ami-tomaa mniSvnelovani kritikuli azrovnebis yvelaze ufro zo-gadi da gasagebi gziT Seswavla. azrovnebis koncefciebis erT sferoSi Seswavlisas, sasargebloa sxva sferoebSi arsebuli logikuri magaliTebis gacnobac.

adamianis azrovnebis kreatiuli ganzomileba mowesrigebu-li azrovnebisa da kritikuli Sefasebis ararsebobis pirobebSi iSviaTad viTardeba. adamianebs sWirdebaT kritikuli azrovne-bis instrumentebi imisTvis, rom cxovreba produqtiul stru-qturas dauqvemdebaron, gadaWran maT winaSe arsebuli prob-lemebi da kompleqsur logikur sakiTxebze imuSavon.

akademiuri disciplinebis Seswavla

kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis gadasaxedidan aka-demiuri disciplinis Seswavlis logika ganaTlebaSi mdgoma-reobs. nebismieri akademiuri disciplina azrovnebis is sferoa, romelSic adamianebi specializebul koncefciebs iyeneben da iseT daskvnebs akeTeben, romlebic am koncefciebidan gamomdi-nareobs. sakvanZo koncefciebi azrovnebaSi gonebrivi aqtebis seriis saSualebiT unda ganvaviTaroT da mowesrigebuli siste-mis forma mivceT. Cven unda SevqmnaT safuZveli da am safuZv-lidan gamomdinare koncefciebi. Seqmnis yoveli wuTi gamWria-xobasa da Sefasebas moiTxovs. SeuZlebelia Sefasebis procesSi qarxnuli wesiT damzadebuli formis Canergva an Seyvana. ar SeiZleba inteleqtualuri brZolis gareSe misi pirdapir go-nebaSi Cagdeba. ganviTarebisken mimarTuli yvela qmedebisTvis mniSvnelovania kritikuli Sefaseba da Seqmnis yvela aqti Riaa kritikuli SefasebisTvis. Cven vqmniT da vafasebT; vafasebT imas, rasac vqmniT; Sefasebas ki Seqmnis procesSi vaxorcielebT.

azrovnebis nebismieri sistemis Sesaxeb arsebuli Canasaxova-ni codnis Semowmebis erT-erTi gza fundamenturi koncefcie-bis ilustrirebis, magaliTad moyvanis, damuSavebisa da mtki-cebis cdaSi mdgomareobs. magaliTad, Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom


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romelime mecniereba iciT, sul mcire, unda SegeZloT, axsnaT, ra SesaZleblo-bebs sTavazobs is im adamianebs, vinc am mecnierebis ZiriTad logikaSi daostatda. gonebrivma Zalebma naTeli unda gaxados gonebis moqmedeba. swavlis procesisTvis mniSvnelovani koncefciebis Camoyalibe-bis erT-erTi gza teqstis parafrazirebaa. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, aq CamoTvlili qmedebebis Sesrulebis Semdeg ris swavlas SeZlebdiT:

• CamoayalibeT, ra aris cocxali sistema (erTi winadadeb-iT).

• ufro metad gaSaleT is, razec ilaparakeT (axseniT mra-vali winadadebiT).

• aageT erTi cocxali sistemis modeli.• cocxali sistemis ideis asaxsnelad daamuSaveT analogia

an metafora. Camoyalibebis es oTxi aqti SeiZleba nebismieri koncefciis

Sesaxeb arsebuli ZiriTadi codnis Sesafaseblad gamoviyenoT. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rogor SeiZleba imave procesebis gamoyeneba demokratiis, gantolebis, masis, energiis, qimiuri reaqciis, moTxrobis mTavari personaJis sakvanZo problemis, ambis ZiriTadi azris da, ra Tqma unda, TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani koncefciis asaxsnelad da dasamuSaveblad. yvela sferos aqvs qseli an koncefciebis sistema, romelic warmatebuli azrov-nebisTvis unda aigos gonebaSi. nebismieri sagnis Sesaswavlad konstruqciuli da kreatiuli moqmedebebi unda gamoviyenoT. swored isini warmoadgenen disciplinis kontrolis ZiriTad saSualebas.

akademiuri disciplinis gaazreba xSirad rTulia, radgan bevria iseTi disciplina, romelic mraval sxvadasxva logikas aerTianebs. amis gamo, adamians uerTierTgamomricxavi gone-brivi konstruqciebis ageba moeTxoveba. am disciplinebis Sig-niT individualur Teoriebs sxvadasxva, savaraudod, Tanabari kompetenciis mqone mxardamWerebi icaven. yvela disciplinaSi warmoiSoba sakiTxebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli

disciplinis Sesaswavlad go-nebam misi siste-ma unda Seqmnas

da Seqmnili sis-temebi kritiku-lad SevafasoT.


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sistemebis problemis gadawyvetas emsaxureba. miuxedavad amisa, iseTi disciplinis SemTxvevaSi, romelic adamianuri realobis konceptualizebasa da garkvevas cdilobs, mravali logikis ar-seboba gardauvalia. aseT disciplinebs Sorisaa istoria, fsi-qologia, sociologia, filosofia, anTropologia, ekonomika, literatura, xelovneba da sxvebi. am sferoebSi nayofierad moazrovne adamianebi xSirad aviTareben Rrma, alternatiul, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebul Sexedulebebs. amgvari sferoe-bis gasagebad adamianma erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli logikis (Teoriebi, sistemebi) tipebis Camoyalibeba da maTi erTmane-TisTvis morigeba unda iswavlos.

mravali logikuri tipis Semcveli msjeloba diskrimina-ciul TavSekavebasa da TviTregulirebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, froidis, adlerisa da iungis naSromebis kiTxvisas me gonebaSi sami iseTi azrTa sistema unda Sevqmna, romlebic nawilobriv erTmaneTs emTxveva. es sistemebi garkveul sakiTxebSi erTma-neTs eTanxmeba, zogierT sakiTxSi ki dapirispirebulia. Tu me wakiTxuls gavigeb, SevZleb, azrovnebis sam sxvadasxva sistemaSi fiqris unari ganviviTaro. kidev erTxel vusvam xazs imas, rom SemoqmedebiToba da kritikuli analizi erTmaneTTan TanamS-romloben. mowesrigebuli inteleqtualuri muSaobis procesis Sedegad, gonebaSi yvela moswavlem unda Camoayalibos, moamz-ados da warmoSvas froidis, adlerisa da iungis azrebi. TiTo-eulma maTganma unda Seqmnas Tavisi Sinagani gaazreba, romelic miscems saSualebas, iseTi natifi gansxvavebebi Camoayalibos, romlebic maT mier warmodgenili mravali logikis mimarT pa-tiviscemiT iqneba gamsWvaluli. dabolos, TiToeulma moswav-lem unda Seafasos is azrovneba, romelsac is Tavad qmnis.

kritikuli damokidebuleba

yvela kargad Camoyalibebuli SekiTxva Cven winaSe konkre-tul moTxovnas wamoWris. es moTxovnebi Tavad kiTxvaSi Caner-gili koncefciebidan, am koncefciebis damkvidrebuli gamoye-nebidan da kiTxvis konteqstidan gamomdinareobs. Cemi kiTxva: „ra aris 434-sa da 987-is jami?“ moiTxovs pasuxs, romelsac damkvidrebuli sityva „jami“ gansazRvravs. Tu davsvam kiTxvas:


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„jeki Seni megobaria Tu, ubralod, nacno-bi?“ mas dasWirdeba pasuxi, romelic sity-vebis „megobari“ da „nacnobi“ gamoyenebaze iqneba damokidebuli. Tu me Sen gkiTxav „ramdenad Rrmad swavlob kritikul az-rovnebas?“ kiTxva Semdeg moTxovnebs wamo-giyenebs: 1. unda zustad gaigo, ras niSnavs gamoTqma „kritikuli azrovneba“; 2. unda Seafaso Seni azrovneba da gansazRvro, SeuZlia Tu ara adamians kritikuli az-rovneba da amis gakeTeba ramdenad Rrmad ZaluZs.

nebismieri SekiTxvis Sesaferisi pasuxi is aris, romelic kiTxvis logikuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisadaa struqturirebu-li. magram adamianebi pasuxebis formulirebisa da kiTxvebze muSaobisas araseriozulad iqcevian xolme. zusti kiTxvebis dasma bevrs ar SeuZlia, sxvebis kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas ki respondentebi xSirad impresionistul pasuxebs iZlevian. yovelgvari dainteresebis, disciplinis an mgrZnobelobis ga-reSe Camoyalibebuli damokidebuleba kiTxvis logikis an kon-teqstis mimarT, romelSic kiTxva daisva, xSirad subieqturia. rodesac amgvar adamianebs kiTxvebis daxvewas an sxvis kiTxveb-ze ufro yuradRebiT da zustad pasuxis gacemas sTxoven, bevri maTgani aseT Txovnas gaRizianebiT pasuxobs. isini wyobidan ga-mohyavs azris cxadad, zustad, Sesaferisad an Tanmimdevrulad Camoyalibebis SeTavazebas (maTTvis gaugebari mizezebis gamo).

kiTxvebis logikis mimarT arsebuli zogadi ugrZnobloba enis logikis farTo ugrZnoblobis nawilia. es ugrZnobloba msjelobisas saWiro aucilebeli sifrTxilisa da disciplinis, koncefciebis gamoyenebis, Cven garSemo arsebuli samyaros lo-gikis aRqmis kidev ufro farTo ugrZnoblobidan modis. xolo saboloo jamSi ki, es yvelaferi Cveni gonebis kreatiuli pro-duqciis mowesrigebis saWiroebis, misTvis kritikul da SezRu-dul pirobebSi formis micemis mimarT zogadi ugrZnobelobis nawils warmoadgens. pirobebi xan enis logikis saSualebiT ga-nisazRvreba, xan ki maT materialuri samyaros buneba ayalibebs.

nayofieri kiTx-vebis Camoya-libebisaTvis

unda movuxmoT rogorc krea-tiulobas, ise kritikulobas.


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kiTxva, wera, laparaki da mosmena

kargad kiTxvis dros xdeba aqtiuri interpretacia, alter-natiuli mniSvnelobebis warmodgena SesaZlebeli winaaRmdego-bebiT da, amgvarad, kiTxvis procesSi kreatiulad fiqri. garda amisa, kiTxvis dros adamiani afasebs da kritikulad msjelobs teqstis Sesaxeb. kiTxvis procesi kargi - akuratuli, cxadi da gasagebi ver iqneba, Tu is kritikul analizs ar Seicavs.

imaves Tqma SeiZleba weris Sesaxebac. enis Canasaxovani una-rebis qonis pirobebSi sakuTari ideebis Cawera da werilobiTi formiT Seqmna nebismier Cvengans SeuZlia. magram kargad wera naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da racionaluri ideebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs. amis sapirispirod, naweri, romelsac aklia disciplina, kritikuli elementebi, xSirad bundovani, areul-dareuli da/an araTanamimdevrulia.

Tu adamiani enis ZiriTad formebs flobs, am enaze laparaki SeuZlia. romelime enaze kargad laparaki niSnavs, rom adamia-

ni azrs naTlad da Tanamimdevrulad aya-libebs; gaazrebuli aqvs, risi Tqmac unda; SeuZlia Tavisi azrebis Tanmimdevrul ideebad Camoyalibeba.

imave argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba mosmenis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiTac. karg msmenels unda SeeZlos naTqvamis Se-jameba da gonebaSi mosaubris mier SeTava-zebuli mniSvnelobebis Seqmna.

Cveni argumentebis sailustraciod am Tavis darCenil nawilSi SevexebiT kiTx-

vis kavSirs kritikul da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebasTan. msgavsi msjeloba marTebulia weris, laparakisa da mosmenisTvis. na-warmoebSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis sistema adamianis goneba-Si mxolod mniSvnelobebis im sistemis saSualebiT aRwevs, ro-melsac is kiTxvis procesamde flobda. kiTxvis unaris gareSe Cven swavlis mxolod SezRudul SesaZleblobebs vflobT da wakiTxul masalas zustad ver SevafasebT. Cven ar SegviZlia gaazrebis formis mudmivi cvla da teqstis kiTxvis procesSi misi gadakeTeba. Cven mxolod kiTxvis unarebis saSualebiT da

kiTxva, wera, la-paraki da mosmena

dialogikuri qmedebebia, rom-

lebic Sefasebisa da kreatiulo-

bis mravaljerad aqtebs moiTxos.


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teqstis yuradRebiT wakiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia axali kon-cefciebis Seqmna an axali informaciis gaTaviseba.

kiTxvis procesSi Cven mier Seqmnili mniSvnelobebis sistema teqstis logikis Sesabamisia. kiTxvas aqvs rogorc kreatiuli (keTeba, Seqmna), ise kritikuli (Sefaseba, gansja) daniSnuleba. keTeba da Sefaseba, Seqmna da gansja - jansaRi msjelobis pro-cesis Semadgeneli nawilia. Cven teqstis logikas kritikuli procesebis gamoyenebiT gonebaSi gamarTuli dialogis dros vqmniT. kiTxvis dros vsvamT da vpasuxobT sacdel kiTxvebs. Cveni pasuxebis saSualebiT warmovSobT da formas vaZlevT ideasa da mniSvnelobebs.

warmoidgineT klasikuri teqsti, “damoukideblobis de-klaraciis” Sesavali:

rodesac kacobriobis istoriaSi erTi romelime xal-xisTvis aucilebeli xdeba, daSalos is politikuri kavSiri, romelic mas sxva xalxebs uqvemdebarebs da imisaTvis, rom man bunebis kanonisa da RvTis bunebiT moniWebuli uflebis ZaliT moipovos damoukidebeli da Tanaswori adgili de-damiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa Soris, kacobriobis azris marTebuli pativiscema moiTxovos, ganacxados is mizezebi, romlebmac igi aiZula, calke gamoyofiliyo. CvenTvis Ta-visTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom adamianebi Seqmnilni arian, rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma miani-Wa garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken ltolva (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t 11. gv 556).

mxolod yuradRebiT kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebis Semdeg Se-vZlebT am da sxva nebismieri monakveTis asaTvisebel nawilebad dayofas da mis detalur da gasageb parafrazirebas. miaqcieT yuradReba Semdeg magaliTs:

rodesac kacobriobis istoriaSi erTi romelime xalxisTvis aucilebeli xdeba, daSalos is politikuri kavSiri, romelic mas sxva xalxebs uqvemdebarebs


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parafrazi: “politikuri” mowyoba (mmarTvelobis forma) mudmivi ar aris. xandaxan mniSvnelovania arsebuli mmarTve-lobis gauqmeba da axali mowyobis SemoReba. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebis erTi jgufi unda gamoeyos im jgufs, romelTanac adre iyo dakavSirebuli.

da imisaTvis, rom man bunebis kanonisa da RvTis bunebiT mo-niWebuli uflebis ZaliT moipovos damoukidebeli da Tanaswori adgili dedamiwaze arsebul saxelmwifoTa Soris,

parafrazi: arc erT mTavrobas ar unda mieniWos upirateso-ba sxvasTan SedarebiT. yvela maTgans erTnairi statusi unda hqondes (iyos “calke mdgomi da Tanabaruflebiani”). ameri-kis SeerTebuli Statebis cameti Stati unda iyos msoflios “calke mdgomi da Tanabaruflebiani” Zala. es aqti, romliTac adamianebi Tavis Tavs sxva xalxisgan damoukideblad acxade-ben (visTanac adre dakavSirebulebi iyvnen) sruliad bunebrivi aqtia, romelic “bunebis kanonebs” efuZneba. camet Stats aqvs bunebrivi “ufleba”, ajanydes da Tavisi Tavi msoflios yvela qveyanas “calke mdgomad da Tanabaruflebianad” warudginos.

kacobriobis azris marTebuli pativiscema moiTxovos, gana-cxados is mizezebi, romlebmac igi aiZula, calke gamoyofiliyo.

parafrazi: roca adamianebi gadawyveten, sxva xalxs CamoS-ordnen da Tavisi sakuTari eri daaarson, maT msoflios sxva xalxebis Tvalsazrisis pativiscemis niSnad unda warmoadginon mizezebi, romlebmac amgvari “revoluciuri” gadawyvetilebis miRebisken ubiZga.

CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmariteba, rom adamianebi Semnilni arian, rogorc Tanaswori arsebani, rom maT RmerTma mi-aniWa garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogorebicaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken ltolva....

parafrazi: zogierTi WeSmariteba imdenad naTelia, rom yve-lam unda aRiaros. magaliTad: yvela adamiani erTnairad kar-gia, yvela maTgans unda hqondes iseTi ZiriTadi uflebebi, ro-melTa uaryofas veravin SeZlebs. kerZod, moicavs uflebas, ar gatkinon, ar dagazianon, ar mogklan; gqondes azrovnebis, moZ-raobis, megobrebis SerCevis, rwmenis Tavisufleba da im cxov-rebiT cxovrebis SesaZlebloba, romelic mogwons.


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axla erTmaneTs SevadaroT teqstis kiTxviT dakavebuli ori moswavle (stiveni da kolini).7 arsebobs maTi xmamaRali fiqris detaluri Canaweri. isini teqstis mocemul monakveT-ze msjeloben. mkvlevaris kiTxvebi frCxilebSia moTavsebuli. komentarebi, romlebic moswavleebis saubris yovel epizods mosdevs, mkvlevarebs norissa da filipss ekuTvniT. amocanis simulirebis mizniT, warmogidgenT monakveTs saTauris gar-Se da yovel jerze TiTo epizods SemogTavazebT, iseve, ro-gorc es moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi moxda. ase davinaxavT saocar gansxvavebas am or mkiTxvels da maT mier gamovlenil maRali da dabali donis unarebs Soris.

7. magaliTi aRebulia stiven norisisa da linda filipsis statiidan, “Ex-planation of Reading Comprehension: Scema Theory and Critical Thinking Theory”, Stephen Norris da Linda Phillips in Teacher’s Record, Volume 89, Number 2, Winter 1987.


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epizodi #1

dilis siwynare dairRva. kacebi yurisken eSvebodnen.

stiveni: kacebi yurisken eSvebodnen. ar var darwmunebuli, ra-tom. Zalian wynari dila iyo. (raime kiTxvebi gaqvT?). ara. (rogor fiqrobT, saiT midian?) vfiqrob, SesaZloa sanaosnod midiodnen, an wylis TxilamurebiT sasria-lod an rame msgavsis gasakeTeblad.

kolini: es kacebi sayidlebze midian. (amas ratom ambobT?) isi-ni Bay-Si apireben tansacmlis yidvas. (Bay ra aris?) savaWro centri. (rame kiTxvebi Tu gaqvT?) ara. (rogor fiqrobT, saiT midian?) sayidlebze midian, radgan, ro-gorc Cans, raRac gautydaT.

stiveni xvdeba, rom informacia ar aris sakmarisi imis asaxsnelad, kacebi ras akeTeben. kiTxvebis dasmis dros is saorientaciod gvTavazobs ramdenime alternativas, romle-bic mocemul informacias Seicavs, magram, amave dros, imazec miuTiTebs, rom sxva SesaZleblobebic arsebobs. kolini ambis erT axsnas gvTavazobs da sakmaod darwmunebuli Cans imaSi, rom kacebi Bay-Si, kanadur savaWro centrebis qselSi tansac-mlis sayidlad midian. SekiTxvebis dasmis dros imeorebs Tavis azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom kacebi sayidlebze midian, magram aseve gvTavazobs axsnas, romelic tansacmlis sayidlad wasvlis Ses-axeb gamoTqmul mis pirvel ideas ar Seesabameba. is varaudobs, rom gatyda raRac konkretuli sagani, romlis Secvlac Bay-Si nayidi produqtiTaa SesaZlebeli.

epizodi #2

badis amoReba Zneli iyo. mZime zRva da Zlieri moqceva saqmes “girdisTvisac” ki arTulebda. badeSi gaxveulma nadavlma Segvaguliana, rom meti Zalisxmeva gamogveyenebina.

stiveni: Zalian kargi dRe ar yofila, radgan talRebma mdgo-mareoba gaarTula. Saqme, albaT, raRacis gasakeTebel


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manqanas exeba. bade, albaT, wylidan ramis, magaliTad, Zveli CaZiruli nawilebis amosatanad hqondaT Tan. ara, moica! aq weria “gaxveuli nadavli”. ar vici ratom, ma-gram Tevzze vfiqrob. bunebrivia, rom Tu Tevzi dai-Wires, misi wylidan amotanac moundebodaT. (rame kiTx-vebi Tu gaqvT?) kiTxvebi ar maqvs. Ubralod, vfiqrob, rom “girdi” SesaZloa am kacebis manqanaa, romelic maT Tevzis an badeSi gabmuli sxva ramis amotanaSi exmareba. SesaZloa, raRac borblis msgavsi ram iyos.

kolini: mgoni, wylis didi Sadrevani unda iyos. (ratom iyo bad-is amoReba rTuli?) wyalze bevri Zalaa koncentrireb-uli. (ratom iyo maTTvis mniSvnelovani badis amoReba?) raRac xom unda ekeTebinaT? (amiT risi Tqma gsurT?) bade unda amoeRoT, amis gakeTeba ki rTuli iyo. (rame SekiTxvebi xom ar gaqvT?) ara. (rogor fiqrobT, sad midian?) sayidlebze.

meore epizodis interpretacia orive bavSvma pirvelze da-fuZnebiT aago. stiveni agrZelebs imaze fiqrs, ras akeTebdnen kacebi. is zRvasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva alternatiul in-terpretacias gvTavazobs. maT kidev ufro xvews da cdilobs, hipoTeturi interpretaciebi konkretul detalebs daupirisp-iros. bolos midis daskvnamde, rom “girdi” manqanaa. Tumca, mis detalebs, bunebasa da funqciebs ar akonkretebs. is frTxilad gvTavazobs misi badisTvis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, magram maSinve eWvi Seaqvs mis funqciebSi, roca xvdeba, rom nadavlTan ver daakavSirebs. amis Semdeg is manqanas alternatiul funq-cias aniWebs da mogvianebiT am interpretacias moTxrobidan moyvanili faqtiT adasturebs, rom kacebi Seguliandnen. mas sjera, rom Tu Tevzs daiWer, misi gemze atanac aucileblad mogindeba. bolos is xedavs, rom sityva “girdis” ufro konkre-tuli, magram frTxili interpretacia SeuZlia moxdinos.

kolini kvlav icavs Tavis interpretacias Bay-Si sayidlebze wasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. roca amis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs usvamen, kolini intervius Camtarebels bundovani an taftologiuri terminebiT pasuxobs. is TiTqos ar axdens sityvebTan “bade”,


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“nadavli” da “zRva” dakavSirebuli informaciis pasuxebSi in-tegrirebas da kmayofili Cans imiT, rom mas damatebiT infor-macias ar awvdian “girdis” bunebisa da badis qaCvis mizezis Ses-axeb. bolos is darwmunebiT daaskvnis, rom kacebi sayidlebze midiodnen.

epizodi #3

bortze oTxi “kvintliT” wasasvlelad mzad viyaviT. kapitanma CrdiloeTiT faSatebis kudebi dainaxa.

stiveni: sainteresoa, “kvintlebi” ra aris? iqneb, sazRvao ter-minia? sityva, romelic SeiZleba bortze arsebul wonasTanac iyos dakavSirebuli. iqneb, imas niSnavs, ram-deni Tevzi hyavdaT gambanze? (anu Tqven fiqrobT, rom es Tevzia?) vfiqrob, rom Tevzia an iseTi ram, rac wy-alSi ipoves, magram Tevzisken ufro vixrebi, radgan iq sityva “nadavli” ewera. (ratom aRelvebdaT faSatebis kudebis ambavi?) ar vici. faSatebis kudebi... moicadeT, faSatebi cxenebia, magram wyalSi cxenebs ra undaT? faSatebis kudebi CrdiloeTSia. aq fermerebi Crdil-oeTiT amindis prognozis gasagebad iyurebian xolme. iqneb meTevzeebic ase iqcevian? diax, me vfiqrob, rom saqme swored amaSia. Rrublebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zlier qars, setyvas an rame iseTs niSnavs, rac Sesa-Zloa, navSi msxdomTaTvis saSiSi yofiliyo. Tanac maT bortze didi wona hqondaT dagrovili. (raime SekiTx-vebi xom ar gaqvT?) ara.

kolini: isini sayidlebs morCnen da saxlSi wasasvlelad emza-debodnen. (gembanze ra hqondaT?) “kvintlebi”. (“kvin-tlebi” ra aris?) ar vici. (faSatebis kudebze ratom Relavdnen?) quCaSi cxenebis jogi idga da SeeSindaT, rom manqanas daesxmodnen Tavs. (raime SekiTxvebi xom ar gaqvT?) ara.

stiveni warmatebiT axerxebs interpretaciis ganviTarebaSi axali informaciis CarTvas. is Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom ar icis sityva “kvintlis” mniSvneloba da am ucnobi amocanis amoxsna


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surs. is gvTavazobs mniSvnelobas, romelic interpetaciisa da teqstSi mocemuli informaciis Sesabamisia. mcdelobisas, gai-gos, ras niSnavs gamoTqma “faSatis kudebi” aRiarebs, rom misi mniSvneloba ar icis. amis Semdeg is daadgens imas, rac zogadi codnidan (faSatebi cxenebi arian, cxenebi wyalSi ver iqnebian, fermerebi amindis gasagebad CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iyure-bian xolme), teqstidan (kacebi yureSi arian, maT raRaceebi aqvT bortze, faSatebis cxenebi? CrdiloeTSia) da adre gakeTebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare (kacebi navSi arian, isini Tevzaoben) icis.

is am codnis integrirebas misTvis nacnobi albertas fer-merebis SeSfoTebisa da meTevzeebis msgavsi SeSfoTebis Sedar-ebisTvis axdens. anlogiis bunebidan gamomdinare, daaskvnis, rom faSatebis kudebi Rrublis forma unda iyos, romlis saSu-alebiTac amindis gageba unda iyos SesaZlebeli. stiveni cdi-lobs, mxardaWera moipovos im daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi azri faSatebis kudebis gamo kapitnis Sewuxebas axsnida. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom man ambis gagebisTvis saWiro zogadi xazi ar dakarga.

kolini kvlav Tavisi pirveli interpretaciis erTguli rCe-ba da masSi axali informaciis CarTvas ar axdens. is muSaobs informaciaze, romelic saxlSi mimaval kacebsa da faSatebis kudebs Seexeba, magram ignorirebas ukeTebs an bundovnad xsnis sxva informacias. magaliTad, ambobs, rom tvirTi “kvintlebi-sgan” Sedgeboda, magram aranairad ar cdilobs daadginos, es arsebebi vin arian. is axsenebs faqts, rom kacebi mzad iyvnen wasasvlelad da varaudobs, rom sayidlebs morCnen. amave dros, kolini ar cdilobs axsnas sityvebis “kapitani” da “bortze” kavSiri tansacmlis yidvasTan. is faSatebis kudebs cxenebis jogad aRiqvams da fiqrobs, rom SesaZloa, is adamianebs dae-sxas Tavs. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, ar ambobs, ratom SeiZleba iyvnen cxenebi quCaSi. is TandaTan ufro da ufro toleran-tuli xdeba orazrovanebisa da misi interpretaciis naklu-lobis gamo. daakvirdiT, wina gverdebze mocemul epizodebSi orive mkiTxveli kreatiul da kritikul azrovnebebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis asaxvas rogor axdens. stivi qmnis in-terpretacias da aqtiurad aviTarebs mas. amave dros, iyenebs


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adre miRebul codnasa da Tavisi warmosaxvis kreatiul da kon-struqciul mxareebs. saqmis msvlelobisas interpretacias af-asebs kidec. misgan gansxvavebiT, kolini kreatiuli mxolod erTi TvalsazrisiTaa: is aviTarebs ucnaur interpretacias, romelsac arc realobisa da arc msjelobis sicxadis Tvalsaz-risiT raime SezRudva ar gaaCnia. (mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac waikiTxa, rom kacebma Tavisi daWerili Tevzi daWres, gadawyvi-ta, rom SesaZloa, kacebma es Tevzebi akvariumSi Casves). amgvari kreatiuloba ar warmoadgens WeSmaritad kreatiul azrovnebas. mxolod kritikuli analizis mowesrigebuli procesi xdis Ses-aZlebels, rom adamianis gonebaSi teqstis logikis Camoyali-bebisa da mniSvnelobebis is sistema Seiqmnas, romelic teqstSi mocemuli mniSvnelobebis sistemas asaxavs.

daskvna

SemoqmedebiToba – termini, romelic saqebar konteqstSi gamoiyeneba xolme, Tavis TavSi imaze mets gulisxmobs, vidre mxolod ubralo SemTxveviToba an arakritikuli gadawyvetile-bebia. es ufro metia, vidre raimes Seqmnis nedli procesi. Semo-qmedebiToba moiTxovs, rom rac iqmneba, ris gakeTebasac vcdi-lobT, yvelaferi Sinagan kriteriumebs unda Seesabamebodes. mxolod siaxle sakmarisi ver iqneba, radgan Rirebulebis ar-mqone siaxlis warmoeba advilia. sworad gamoyenebuli intele-qtualuri standartebi da disciplina xels ar uSlis krea-tiulobas. piriqiT, isini misi gaaqtiurebis karg saSualebas warmoadgens: nela da mtkivneulad, TiTo jerze TiTo prob-lemis gadaWriTa da TiTo azris Camoyalibebis gziT moqmedebs.

Tuki Cven dasabuTebuli azrovnebisa da analizis meSveo-biT, problemebis inteleqtulur ganxilvas viswavliT, maSin azrebis bunebisa da xarisxis gonieri kritikosebi gavxdebiT, gamova, rom yvelaferi gavakeTeT imisTvis, rom kritikulad kreatiuli da kreatiulad kritikuli adamianebi da moaz-rovneebi gavmxdariyaviT. mastimulirebeli inteleqtualuri samuSao aviTarebs rogorc Semfasebeli Semqmnelis, ise Semqm-neli Semfaseblis inteleqts. Sedegad ki gonebis sijansaResa da yovelmxriv inteleqtualur daxelovnebas miviRebT.


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avtorebis Sesaxeb

doqtori linda elderi ganaTlebis fsiqologiis special-istia. is kolejSi fsiqologiasa da kritikul azrovnebas as-wavlis. aris kritikuli azrovnebis fondis prezidenti da kritikuli azrovnebis centris aRmasrulebeli direqtori. doqtori elderis gansakuTrebuli interesis sfero azrisa da emociis, kognitiuri da afeqturi sferoebis urTierTobaa. man Camoayaliba kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis etapebis axali Teoria. linda elderi kritikuli azrovnebis Temaze dawerili oTxi wignisa da Tvrameti saxelmZRvanelos avtoria. is din-amikuri momxsenebelia da didi gamocdileba aqvs kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis miZRvnili seminarebis CatarebaSi.

doqtori riCard poli kritikuli azrovnebis mimdinareo-bis erT-erTi wamyvani specialistia. is kritikuli azrovnebis centris kvlevis ganyofilebis direqtori da kritikuli az-rovnebis xelovnebis erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomarea. kriti-kuli azrovnebis Temaze dawerili aqvs 200-ze meti statia da Svidi wigni. doqtor pols Catarebuli aqvs aseulobiT seminari kritikuli azrovnebis sferoSi da Seqmnili aqvs rva video-programa sazogadoebrivi satelevizio arxisTvis (PBS). misi Sexedulebebi kritikuli azrovnebis Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis New York Times, Education Week, The Chronicle of Higher Education, American Teacher, Educational Leadership, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, Reader’s Digest furclebze.

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momavlis azrovnebis xuTi tipi

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mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisSi “momavalze” msjelobisTvis kargad varT momzadebuli. koncefciis Camoyalibebisas viT-valiswineb iseT farTod aRiarebul tendenciebs, rogorebicaa mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis mzardi Zala; ekonomikis, kul-turisa da socialuri sferoebis urTierTkavSiri; sxvadasxva warmoSobisa da miswrafebebis mqone adamianebis erTmaneTTan urTierToba.

rogorc adamianma, romelic momavlis sakiTxebis ganxil-vas mTel msoflioSi Seswrebia, SemiZlia davadasturo, rom ganaTlebis Zalis (kargia es Tu cudi) rwmena sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. Cven ganaTlebas ubralod im sawar-mod miviCnevT, romelmac momavlis azrovneba unda Camoayali-bos.

azrovnebis romeli tipebi unda ganvaviTaroT momavlisT-vis? Cemi azriT, Cvens droSi yvelaze aqtualuri xuTi Semdegi tipi gamoikveTa. neba momeciT, isini saTiTaod warmogidginoT.

I. disciplinirebuli azrovneba

inglisur enaze sityva “disciplinas” ori gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. erT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vsaubrobT gonebis Ses-axeb, romelmac erTi an meti disciplina Seiswavla - xelovneba, xeloba, sxvadasxva profesia, mecnierebebi. uxeSi SefasebiT, adamians daaxloebiT aTi weli sWirdeba romelime discipli-naSi imdenad dasaxelovneblad, rom is mis eqspertad an spe-cialistad CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, Zvel droSi adamians SeeZlo damtkbariyo miRweuli warmatebiT mas Semdeg, rac romelime disciplinaSi daostatdeboda. magram axla es ase aRaraa! icv-leba rogorc Tavad disciplinebi, ise garemo pirobebi da moTxovnebi im individebis mimarT, vinc Tavis disciplinaSi Tavdapirveli daxelovneba moaxerxa. adamianma Tavisi Tavisa da sxvebis ganaTleba momavali aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSic unda


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gaagrZelos. codnis amgvari dagroveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZle-

beli, Tu adamiani am sityvis meore mniSvnelobiT disciplini-rebulia. Tu mas gamarjvebulis poziciaSi darCena surs, amisT-vis mudmivad da disciplinirebulad unda imuSaos.

“disciplinirebuli azrovneba” Tavdapirvelad skolaSi gviyalibdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mogvianebiT, akademiuri disciplinebiT cota Cvengani dainteresdeba. mravali Cvengani Seiswavlis iseT disciplinebs, romlebic, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, naklebad “mecnierulia”. Tumca “azrovnebis” daxvewis saWiroe-ba sxvadasxva sferos warmoadgenlebis farTo speqtrs moicavs, iqneba es iuristi, inJineri, xelosani Tu biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebuli adamiani, romelsac personalTan, marketingTan, gayidvebTan an menejmentTan aqvs Sexeba. udavoa, rom amgvari ganaTlebis miReba akademiuri leqciebis an praqtikuli samuSao gamocdilebis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli, ris Semdegac adami-ani aRwevs daxelovnebis im dones, romelic momavali wlebis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad unda daxvewos.

dRevandel dRes erT disciplinaze metis eqspertobas didi pativiT ekidebian. Cven vafasebT interdisciplinur, multi-disciplinur an transdisciplinur sferoSi momuSave adamian-ebs. magram amgvar sakiTxebSi frTxilebi unda viyoT. mxolod erT enaze molaparake adamians ar unda vafasebdeT, imave prin-cipiT, pluridisciplinur sferoSi momuSave adamiani (mapatieT am neologizmis gamo), mxolod maSinaa gansakuTrebuli, Tu is erTze met disciplinasaa dauflebuli da maTi erTmaneTSi in-tegrireba SeuZlia. bevri CvenganisTvis saqmis sxvadasxva kuTx-iT ganxilva ufro keTilgonivruli mizania.

II. sinTezuri azrovneba

fizikis dargSi nobelis premiis laureatma da multidis-ciplinuri muSaobisTvis aRiarebulma mecnierma miurei gel-mannma (Murray Gell-Mann) Cvens drosTan dakavSirebiT Zalian saintereso gancxadeba gaakeTa. is xazs usvams imas, rom ocda-meerTe saukuneSi yvelaze dafasebuli azrovneba swored sinTe-zuri azrovneba iqneba. es azrovnebis is tipia, romelsac far-

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To speqtris wyaroebis kvlevis Semdeg SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli informaciaa mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo da mogvi-anebiT is imgvarad daalagos, rom aramarto misTvis, aramed sxvebisTvisac iyos gasagebi.

gel-manni aq mniSvnelovan sakiTxs exeba. informaciis mo-wodeba mwiri arasdros yofila, magram axali teqnologiebisa da mediis ganviTarebasTan erTad (gansakuTrebiT, es internets exeba) Cven 24 saaTiani uzarmazari moculobis, erTi Sexed-viT, mounelebeli raodenobis informaciiT varT garSemor-tymuli. aucilebeli xdeba misi seriozuli daxarisxeba. visac sinTezireba kargad SeuZlia, Tavisi wris mwvervalze moeqceva. isini ki, vis mier ganxorcielebuli sinTezi sxvebisTvis gas-agebi iqneba, fasdaudebeli maswavleblebi, komunikatorebi da liderebi gaxdebian.

modiT, moviyvanoT magaliTi biznesis sferodan. warmoidgi-neT, rom kompaniis aRmasrulebeli piri xarT da Tqveni firma axali kompaniis SeZenas gegmavs. es kompania im sferoSi muSaobs, romelic TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani Cans, magram mas arc Tqven da arc Tqveni uaxloesi kolegebi kargad ar icnobT. Tqveni mizania, moipovoT rac SeiZleba meti informacia imisTvis, rom sabWosTan erTad momavali ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi gaazrebuli gadawyvetileba miiRoT. am saqmis sawyis wertilad arsebuli sinTezi da misi ganxilva-Sefasebac gamodgeba. Tu msgavsi sin-Tezi ar arsebobs, Tqven am saqmis yvelaze karg mcodneebs mimar-TavT da maT sinTezisTvis aucilebeli ZiriTadi informaciis mowodebas sTxovT. am sawyis monacemebze dayrdnobiT miiRebT gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, romeli informaciaa adekvaturi da ra sferoebSi dagWirdebaT damatebiTi monacemebi.

amave dros, Tqven unda gadawyvitoT isic, Tu rogori iqneba saboloo sinTezis forma da formati: iqneba es dawerili nara-tivi, zepiri prezentacia, sxvadasxva scenari, cxrilebisa da grafikebis nakrebi, Tu dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis ganx-ilva, rac saboloo daskvnebamde migiyvanT. amis Semdeg daiwye-ba sinTezuri azrovneba. saWiroa axali informaciis mopoveba, misi gadamowmeba, Sefaseba, siaxleebisTvis Tvalyuris devneba an misi gverdiT gadadeba. axali informacia unda iyos SeZlebi-sdagvarad gamosadegi sawyisi sinTezisTvis. iq, sadac misi gam-


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oyeneba ver moxerxdeba, ormxrivi koreqtireba unda moxdes. dRis wesrigSi am sakiTxebze mudmivi fiqria.

saboloo sinTezis gamovlenamde garkveuli periodiT adre unda moxdes protosinTezis ganviTareba. saWiroa, rom es Su-aleduri versia Semowmdes TanamSromlebis yvelaze mcodne nawilis, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, kritikulad ganwyobili kon-struqciuli auditoriis mier. arsebuli droidan da resurse-bidan gamomdinare, umjobesi iqneba, erTze meti cda Tu Cat-ardeba. Tumca, bolos da bolos, dadgeba WeSmaritebis momenti, roca yvelaze saukeTeso SesaZlebeli sinTezi damakmayofile-beli aRmoCndeba.

ra tipis azrovnebaa saWiro sinTezis mosaxdenad? cxadia, miuxedavad imisa, rom sinTezirebis xelmZRvaneli romelime sferos eqsperti unda iyos, is, savaraudod, yvela Sesabami-si disciplinis specialisti ver iqneba. am sakiTxis gamosas-woreblad mas unda hqondes sakmarisi codna aucilebeli dis-ciplinebis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlos gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, vis da ras endos. garda amisa, man unda aRmoaCinos is adamianebi, vinc gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi daexmareba. sin-Tezirebis xelmZRvanelma unda icodes sinTezis Sesabamisi formebi da formati. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mzad unda iyos SesaZlebeli an rekomendebuli cvlilebebisTvis da bolo va-dis moaxloebasTan erTad, saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba unda SeZlos.

sinTezis xelmZRvaneli mudmivad unda adevnebdes Tvalyurs zogad suraTs da, amave dros, darwmundes, rom Sesabamisi de-talebi mopovebuli da sasargeblo wyobiTaa dalagebuli. mar-Talia, es sakmaod maRali moTxovnaa, magram sruliad real-uria iseTi adamianebis moZebna vinc e. w. “proJeqtoris msgavsi WkuiTaa” dajildoebuli. aseTi goneba maT saSualebas aZlevs, yvelafers farTod Sexedon, daakvirdnen da darwmundnen, rom yvela sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis informacia Segrovebulia. maT damatebiT aseve SeuZliaT “lazeris msgavsi Wkuis” mqone adamianis CarTva, radgan is srulad flobs codnas romelime konkretuli disciplinis Sesaxeb. saWiroa msgavsi adamianebis

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aRmoCena da SenarCuneba. Zalian mniSvnelovania sinTezirebis SesaZleblobebis farTo ganviTarebis gansazRvra, radgan mas momavalSi ufro meti mniSvneloba mieniWeba.

III. SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba

Cvens droSi TiTqmis yvela kargad gaazrebuli saqmianoba avtomatizebuli xdeba. arsebul disciplinebSi daostateba saWiro iqneba, magram ara - sakmarisi. SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba axal samoqmedo areals qmnis. Cvens sazogadoebaSi axali idee-bisa da praqtikis Semomtani adamianebi dafasebulni arian; Cven gansakuTrebuli pativiT vepyrobiT im iSviaT adamianebs, visi inovacebic maTi kolegebis muSaobas sruliad cvlis. Cems sferoSi amgvar adamianebs “did Semoqmedebs” vuwodebT.

rogorc Semoqmed moswavles, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi megona, rom raimes Seqmna, upirveles yovlisa, kognitiuri unari, wi-naswar miRebuli codnisa da Sesabamisi SemecnebiTi procesis Sedegi iyo. magram axla vfiqrob, rom pirovnuli Tvisebebi da xasiaTi Tanabrad da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac ki mniSvnelovaniა Semoqmed pirovnebad Camoyalibebis msurvelTaTvis. Semoqmeds Zalian unda undodes sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba, uc-nob sferoebSi bedis cda, warumateblobis daSveba, Semdeg Ri-miliT adgoma da imave brZolaSi kidev erTxel Tavidan Cabma. warmatebis SemTxvevaSic ki Semoqmedi ar tkbeba mopovebuli didebiT. is mzadaa, xelaxla Seabijos ucnob sferoebSi da dam-arcxebis riskze wavides, amovides zedapirze imis imediT, rom SesaZloa, horizontze axali warmatebebi gamoCndes.

mniSvnelovania, ganisazRvros damokidebuleba aqamde war-modgenil azrovnebis sam tips Soris. naTelia, rom sinTezireba misi Semadgeneli disciplinebis kargi codnis gareSe SeuZle-belia. SesaZloa, calke gamoikveTos sinTezirebis disciplinac ki, romelic gancalkevebuli iqneba iseTi disciplinebisgan rogorebicaa maTematika, pantomima an menejmenti. Cemi azriT, msgavsi ramis Camoyalibeba nakleb savaraudoa disciplinaSi daxelovnebisa da sinTezirebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.


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IV. pativiscemis gamomxatveli azrovneba

bavSvebi pataraobidanve yuradRebiT epyrobian sxva adami-anebs. kavSiri mSoblebsa (Cveulebriv, dedas) da bavSvebs So-ris umetesad cxovrebis pirvel TveebSi yalibdeba. am kavSiris buneba da siZliere gansazRvravs sxva adamianebTan Camoyalibe-buli urTierTobebis bevr sxvadasxva aspeqts mTeli Semdgomi cxovrebis manZilze.

mozrdili individebisa da individTa jgufebisgan gansx-vavebiT, patarebs Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT. Cven Sesabam-isad varT aRWurvili imisTvis, rom individsa da individTa jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebi martivad davadginoT. ra Tqma unda, Cveni gadarCena damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor SevZlebT gavarCioT adamianebi, romlebic dagvexmarebian da sazrdos mogvawvdian imaTgan, vinc SeiZleba ziani mogvayenos. magram Cvens konkretul garemoSi arsebuli informaciuli gzavnilebi gansazRvravs, romel kategoriaSi movaqcevT konkretul indi-vidsa Tu jgufs. Cveni sakuTari gamocdileba, megobrebisa da axlobeli ufrosebis mier gamomJRavnebuli damokidebuleba ganapirobebs Cvens damokidebulebas individebTan da indi-videbis jgufebTan, kerZod, mogvwons, mowiwebiT vuyurebT, pativs vcemT garkveul adamianebs da jgufebs, Tu, piriqiT, vufrTxiT, gveSinia maTi an gvZuls isini.

Cvens droSi TiTqmis yvela calkeuli individi, savarau-dod, piradad xvdeba aTasobiT adamians. miliardobiT adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, sazRvargareT imogzauros, an daSorebuli kulturebis warmomadgenlebs vizualuri an cifruli mediis saSualebiT daukavSirdes. Tanamedrove adamiani miesalmeba da pativiscemiT epyroba sxvadasxva adamianTan da adamianTa jgufebTan Sexvedris amgvar SesaZleblobas. WeSmariti kosmop-olitebi sxvebs daeWvebis saSualebas aZleven, Tavidanve gamox-ataven ndobas, cdiloben, axali kavSirebi daamyaron da winas-war Camoyalibebul ganwyobebs Tavi aaridon.

pativiscemiT mopyrobas safrTxes uqmnis aratolerantuli da winaswar gansazRvruli damokidebuleba, rac yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi individualur, saxelmwifo an saxelmwifos miRma arsebul terorizmad yalibdeba. winaswari ganwyobis mqone ada-

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mians Camoyalibebuli aqvs ideebi adamianebisa da sxvadasxva jgufis Sesaxeb da am ganwyobis dangrevas ewinaaRmdegeba. ara-tolerant adamians misTvis ucnobi movlenebis mimarT Zalian dabali sawyisi Sefasebis wertili aqvs dawesebuli. misi saval-debulo varaudi efuZneba mtkicebas: “ucnauri aris cudi”. ar aris advili, pativi sce im adamianebs, visic geSinoda, visac ar endobodi an ar mogwonda. Tumca, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul samyaroSi, zrdis amgvari potenciali axlad damyarebuli an ga-naxlebuli pativiscemisTvis gadamwyvetia.

V. eTikuri azrovneba

eTikuri pozicia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar upirispirdeba pativiscemis gamomxatvel azrovnebas, Tumca, adamianebisa da maTi jgufebis mimarT gacilebiT ufro daxvewil midgomas iT-valiswinebs. eTikuri azrovnebis mqone adamians SeuZlia, sa-kuTar Tavze abstraqtulad ifiqros. mas SeuZlia dasvas kiTx-vebi: “rogori adamiani minda viyo? rogori muSaki minda viyo? rogori moqalaqe minda viyo?”

amgvari kiTxvebis dasmis miRma adamians SeuZlia, sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb universalurad ifiqros: “rogori iqneboda sa-myaro, yvela adamiani ise rom moqceuliyo, rogorc me viqcevi? Cemi profesiis yvela adamians sakiTxebisadmi rom iseTive damokidebuleba hqonoda, rogoric me maqvs? Cems regionSi an samyaroSi mcxovrebi yvela adamiani iseve rom asrulebdes Ta-vis rols, rogorc amas me vakeTeb?” amgvari konceptualizacia moiTxovs yvela rolTan dakavSirebuli uflebebisa da pasux-ismgeblobebis aRiarebas. rac mTavaria, eTikuri adamiani mis mier Camoyalibebuli pasuxebis Sesabamisad iqceva maSinac ki, Tu amgvari qceva mis sakuTar interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

Cemi sakuTari warmodgena eTikuri azrovnebis Sesaxeb aT-wleulebis ganmavlobaSi im profesionalebis gamocdilebis Seswavlas emyareba, romlebic cdilobdnen, saqme brwyinvaled, sainteresod da eTikurad SeesrulebinaT (ix. http://www.good-workproject.org). eTikuri qcevis gansazRvra yovelTvis advili ar aris da SesaZloa, sakmaod seriozuli gamowvevac ki aRmoCndes im droSi, romelic, Cveni drois msgavsad, sakmaod swrafad cv-lis pirobebs da Zlieri da mkacri sabazro moTxovnebiT xa-


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siaTdeba. maSinac ki, roca adamians ukve aqvs gansazRvruli swori mimarTuleba, yovelTvis advili araa eTikurad moqceva. es gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebs exeba, roca adamians didi am-biciebi aqvs, sxvebi ki araswori meTodebiT moqmedebas cdilo-ben; sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebi TanamSromlebisgan erTma-neTis gamomricxav qmedebas iTxoven, eTikuri kursi bolomde mkafiod Camoyalibebuli araa da adamianis uSualo interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.

gacilebiT ufro advili da bunebrivicaa, eTikuri az-rovneba adamianis eTikur garemoSi cxovrebis pirobebSi gan-vaviTaroT. Tumca, mxolod amgvari garemo arc aucileblobas warmoadgens da arc sakmarisia. gadamwyveti wvlili am saqmeSi adamianis samuSao adgilze arsebul atmosferos Seaqvs: rogor iqcevian Zalauflebis mqone zrdasruli adamianebi; risi rwmena aqvT da rogori qceva axasiaTebT kolegebs; da, albaT, rac mTavaria, ra xdeba mkafiod gamoxatuli eTikuri gadacdomebis da, samwuxarod, ufro iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, individis an jgu-fis eTikuri TvalsazrisiT samagaliTo qcevis dros? marTa-lia, adamianis eTikis sferoSi ganaTleba SeiZleba iseve adre ar daiwyos, rogorc es pativiscemis SemTxvevaSi xdeba, magram dasasruli arasdros arc erT “kurikulums” ar gaaCnia.

Tu eTikuri azrovnebisTvis aucilebel maRal standartebs gaviTvaliswinebT, warumatebeli magaliTebis siuxve ucnaurad aRar mogveCveneba. ar aris Zneli qurdobis an gayalbebis ms-gavsi mkveTrad gamoxatuli kanondarRvevis an cxadad araeTi-kuri qcevis amocnoba. magaliTad, Jurnalisti, romelic iseT ambavs aqveynebs, romelic icis, rom simarTles ar Seesabameba; genetikis specialisti, romelic misi hipoTezis sawinaaRmdego monacemebs ugulebelyofs da a. S. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, eTi-kurma gonebam unda gaiazros da daadginos, rogori individi surs, rom iyos. rodesac adamianis sityvebi an qmedebebi am idealur variants ewinaaRmdegeba, man mdgomareobis gamosas-worebel qmedebebs unda mimarTos. aqve davamatebdi, rom asakis matebasTan erTad, mxolod sakuTari eTikuri principebis erT-guleba sakmarisi aRaraa. adamianis pasuxismgebloba farTovde-ba im sferoSi, romelsac miekuTvneba. magaliTad, calkeuli Jurnalisti an genetikosi SeiZleba eTikurad moqmedebdes, ma-gram Tu misi kolegebi ase ar iqcevian, asakiT ufrosma TanamS-

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romelma sferos sijansaRis SenarCunebaze zrunvis pasuxismge-bloba Tavis Tavze unda aiRos. aseT adamianebs me “ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs” vuwodeb. es is veteranebi arian, romlebsac bevri adamini scems pativs, maTi interesi karieris mimarT sul ufro mcirdeba da isini sferos sijansaRis erTgulebi rCebian. rogorc erTxel frangma dramaturgma Jan-baptist molierma (Jean-Baptiste Molière) aRniSna: “Cven pasuxismgebeli varT aramar-to imaze, rasac vakeTebT, aramed imazec, rasac ar vakeTebT.”

VI. daZabuloba azrovnebis tipebs Soris

azrovnebis xuTi tipidan SesaZloa adamianebs pativiscemis gamomxatveli da eTikuri azrovnebis tipebi erTmaneTSi aeri-os. nawilobriv es, rogorc wesi, enis problemasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli. pativiscemis gamomxatveli da eTikuri azrovmebis tipebs, Cven Rirsebad miviCnevT da vvaraudobT, rom adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes mxolod erTi maTgani. metic, Zalian xSir-ad isini erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. eTikuri adamianebi pa-tiviscemiT epyrobian garSemomyofebs da piriqiT.

Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, am or kategorias ganviTa-rebis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganvixilav. SesaZloa, adamians pativiscemis grZnoba misi mizezebis Rrma gaazrebis arqonis miuxedavad, bavSvobidanve hqondes Camoyali-bebuli. amis sapirispirod, eTikis koncefcia da eTikuri qceva winaswar gulisxmobs abstraqtul da moridebul damokideb-ulebas, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebisgan distancirebas da sakuTar Tavze - rogorc muSakze an moqalaqeze - fiqris SesaZleblobas.

amis karg magaliTs `gangaSis amtexebi~ warmoadgenen. kom-paniis umaRlesi menejmentis doneze momxdar araswor qmede-bebs bevri adamiani xedavs, magram amis Sesaxeb xmas ar iRebs. SesaZloa, maT samsaxuris SenarCuneba undodeT, magram, amave dros, aseT adamianebs surT, pativi scen sakuTar ufrosebs. Zalian didi simamace da gonebrivi distancireba sWirdeba imis moxerxebas, rom Sens Tavze ifiqro rogorc ara romelime zedamxedvelis nacnobze, aramed, rogorc garkveuli valdeb-ulebebis mqone instituciis an profesiis warmomadgenelze. `gangaSis amtexi~ eTikur pozicias Tavisi zemdgomebis mimarT


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pativiscemaze uaris Tqmis xarjze ikavebs. xandaxan SeiZleba pativiscemam eTika gadawonos. Tavidan

vfiqrobdi, rom safrangeTis mTavroba sworad iqceoda, roca musulman qalebs skolaSi Tavsafris tareba aukrZala. imave principis gamo vicavdi daniuri gazeTis uflebasac, islam-uri fundamentalizmis dasacini naxati gamoeqveynebina. orive SemTxvevaSi, CemTvis amosavali amerikuli uflebebis kanoni – gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis garantia iyo da ara saxelmwifo re-ligia. Tumca, sabolood im daskvnamde mivedi, rom es eTikuri pozicia sxvaTa gulwrfeli da Zlieri religiuri mrwamsis mimarT upativcemulo damokidebulebis WrilSi unda gangvexi-la. islamuri wes-Cveulebebis pativiscema, abstraqtuli prin-cipis pativiscemasTan SedarebiT, naklebi mniSvnelobisa Cans. amiT, ra Tqma unda, ar vcdilob imis damtkicebas, rom swori gadawyvetileba miviRe. mxolod imis Tqma msurs, rom pativ-iscemasa da eTikas Soris arsebuli daZabuloba SeiZleba sx-vadasxvagvarad gadawydes.

VII. daskvna

azrovnebis tipebs Soris ar arsebobs mkacri ierarqia, ro-melic SeZlebda imis gansazRvras, rom romelime tipi meo-reze ufro adre unda ganviTardes. Tumca, arsebobs garkveu-li ritmi. logikuri sinTezis wamowyebamde adamians sWirdeba Sesabamisi disciplina (am terminis orive mniSvnelobiT). Tu sinTezi erTze met disciplinas moicavs, maSin saWiro iqneba yvela calkeuli Semadgeneli disciplinis ganviTareba. amave principiT, nebismieri WeSmaritad SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba dis-ciplinaSi garkveul daostatebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad imi-sa, rom SesaZloa, mamacoba sinTezirebis procesSi saWiro ar aRmoCndes, TiTqmis yvela SemoqmedebiTi garRveva xelovnebis, politikis, mecnierebis Tu korporaciul sferoSi, garkveul-wilad, winaswar sinTezzea damokidebuli. da mainc, zedmeti disciplina xels uSlis kreatiulobas. nakleb savaraudoa, rom sinTezis moxdenisas warmatebulma adamianebma radikalurad kreatiul garRvevebze gavlenis moxdena SeZlon.

sasurvelia, rom momavalSi yvelas hqondes miRwevebi az-rovnebis xuTive tipis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi. amgvari piradi in-

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tegracia, savaraudod, yvelaze metad maSin gamovlindeba, Tu individi im garemoSi gaizrdeba, sadac azrovnebis xuTive tipia warmodgenili da dafasebuli. kidev ufro ukeTesi iqneba iseTi misabaZi magaliTebis arseboba, rogorebic arian mSoblebi, mas-wavleblebi, ostatebi, aRmzrdelebi, romlebic regularulad axdenen disciplinis, sinTezis, Semoqmedebis, pativiscemisa da eTikis aspeqtebis demonstrirebas. amgvari azrovnebis tipebis gaerTianebis paralelurad, skolaSi an samsaxurSi myof sauke-Teso pedagogebs SeuZliaT im mxardaWerisa da konsultaciebis gaweva, romlebic disciplinis danergvas daexmareba, xels Seu-wyobs sinTezis ganxorcielebas, waaqezebs kreatiulobas, mxars dauWers pativiscemasa da eTikuri poziciis Camoyalibebas.

SeuZlebelia azrovnebis xuTi tipis iZulebiT ganviTa-reba da integrireba. calkeulma adamianebma unda gaiazron, rom mniSvnelovania azrovneba. isini unda mixvdnen droisa da resursebis mniSvnelovani moculobis investiciis Rirsebas da gare daxmarebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSic ki - maTi mxardaWeris gagrZelebis aucileblobas. adamiani samsaxurSi, sayvareli saq-mis keTebisas, saxlSi, Temsa da ufro farTo garemoSi unda dafiqrdes azrovnebis yvela tipis rolze. man unda icodes, rom xandaxan azrovnebis es tipebi erTmaneTs daupirispirdeba da mdgomareobidan nebismieri gamosavali raime daTmobis xar-jze moxdeba. momavalSi, savaraudod, yvelaze ufro dafase-buli azrovnebis forma swored sinTezirebis SemZle azrovneba iqneba. am ideas kargad exmaureba isic, rom am azrovnebebis tipebis erT individSi gaerTianeba piradi sinTezis ZiriTad gamowvevas warmoadgens.

avtori: hovard gardneriganaTlebis umaRlesi skola, harvardis universiteti

wyaro: skolebi: ganaTlebis sferos kvlevebi, tomi #5, #1/2 (2008 wlis gazafxuli/Semodgoma), gv. 17-24.

gamoqveynda: University of Chicago Press-is mier Francis W. Parker School-Tan TanamSromlobiT

URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/591814nanaxia: 21/07/2012 15:48

moazrovnis

saxelmZRvanelo

ideis warmomSobi Zalisa (SemoqmedebiToba) da goniv-rulobis (kritikuli azrovneba) erTmaneTisgan gacal-keveba mxolod xelovnurad SeiZleba moxdes. azrovnebis procesSi isini erTiania.



rogorc adamianma, romelic momavlis sakiTxebis ganxilvas mTel msoflioSi Seswrebia, SemiZlia davadas-turo, rom ganaTlebis Zalis (kargia es Tu cudi) rwmena sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. Cven ganaTlebas ubralod im sawarmod miviCnevT, romelmac momavlis az-rovneba unda Camoayalibos.

hovard gardneriganaTlebis umaRlesi skola,

harvardis universiteti

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