Зборник Радова-На Изворишту Културе И Науке 2012
TRANSCRIPT
-
, 1
21 23. 2012.
-
21. 2012.,
22. 2012.
23. 2012.. . .
:
E E E
-
,
-
, 5
-
. ,
( , )
:
-- - . - . , - , - , . 40 - , . - , - . - .
: , -- , , ,
- - - . - , , , - . . - 1, - . -- , - . , 2. , , - -, .1 ,
( . ,
. : , , , 2002.
. : , , , 2004.
. : - , , , 2007.
2 . : , . 65-82, , , : , , , , , 2007.
-
6
- , , , . - - - . ( , . , , -, , ) (, , , , , , ). - , (- ). , , - , - .1 - , - (- ), (- -).
- , - - . -, , -. .
1 . : - , , , 1976.
, - . -, , , - , - . . - , - , , .
( ) , - . - . , , , - .
, , , ( ) . : (1) . , , , , . ; (2) ; ; (3) , , , ; (4)
-
, 7
; (5) ( , , , , ); (6) - , , , , ( ); (7) - -, ( - ); (8) - - (, , , ); (9) - - ; (10) ; (11) a , ; (12) ( , , , , ); (13) ( , , , , ); (14)
, ( , ), ( , ).
, - , - . - , - , - - , - , .
- - -. ( - ), -. , . - . , , . . -, , , . . .
-
8
. , ; - . , , , , , - . - , , , - .
. , -. , . - , . , -. , - , . - . - ( ) , - , . - - (, - ).
(. , ). -
.
, , . , , -, . - , , - .
-. - . - , . - . - , - , , , . - . , , - , . , - , . , . , . - - , - .
-, . , - ,
-
, 9
. - (, , , , , , -, , , -, ), , , - .
-, - . . - 1. , , .
- . - , - ( ). , , , -, - ( ). -, -, . - -, . 1 : :
. , , 1993. .
- -, . - . , , , , . , , - .
- . , . - - , -, - ( ) . , , -, ( ). , , , .
, , . : , , , .
-
10
.
, , , , , . , , . , , ( , , , ). , . , , , .
, , . . , . , . . .
. ( ) , .
, . , , . , . , , . . .
, . , , , , , . . , . . , , .
, . , , . : ; , , ; , , , ; ; ; , ; ; ( , ); , .
-
, 11
, . , , .
dN/dt = (kI)N, ki i- , N(t) = N
0 exp(ki/T)t,
( , . 25 ). 4, . 100 10 . XX ( , , , ).
. 1 2, , , 3% . , (. ). , 3% , 1 The World Factbook 1993/94, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
Brasseys, Washington-New York-London2 1982, . 29,
, , 1982.
.
-
, - . 3 , , , , , , , . , , , . , 100000 300000 , , , , , .
je a ( ), 626. , VII a, . , 3 , , , 1972. , . 916, , , 1981. : , . 261-270, , , 1951.
-
12
, . , 2-3 , , , 2-3 . , , .
- . ( ):
- ( ), - , , , , . , , , , - , .
( ) , - , - . - , , ;
- ,
, . 1500 km, , . ( 10000 km2, 150000 km2) . ;
, 100-120 . ( , , );
- - - (. - , 300 -, -, , , ). . , , , , . ( - );
- - . -, , . , - ;
-
, 13
, - - , - , - .
- ( ). . 5000 , 10000 , 950001. 2 , , - ( - ) . , - .
- , . - - . , , ( ) , - ( ). 1 , . 4, . 553-570, ,
, 1972.2 . : ,
, , 2002.
. , , , . - , . , , - . - ( ). , - (- ). , - , - , , - .
- , , - , . , , . - . - , , , , , . , , ( ). - , , . ( ), -
-
14
( ). , , - ( , . , -).
, , , - . , , , . : , -. , , , - ( - ).
, -. , - , , ( , , ), . . - , , - , . ( -) - ( ), - ( )
. - .
-
- - . : , -, , . 25-75 km, 8 km, - 12.735 km, . , - , , , - . , 0,25 , 0,8% 1. , - , . , , - . - . - , .
, -1 .., ..: , . 101,
, , 1979
-
, 15
, - . , , , - . , - - . (. ), - - , -. , , , . - . , -, , - .
, - . (2-3 km) , - . , -, , - , - . -
, , . , . - - , .
, , , - . , -, , - 2. - , . - 20000 , - . - , 125 .
, , -, 14700 (. , Older Dryas). ( ) , ( ). , 3. , , 2 : , . 7,
117 , .., -, 1926.
3 http://land.sfo.ru/eng/main.htm
-
16
1. . , . , 11000 , , . , 1300 , ( , Younger Drias). , 2. . , 6 8200 3.
- , 4. . je . , , - . , - 20000 10000 , - , - .
, . 200000 , -, -.
1 http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/lake.html2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene3 Anton Uriarte Kantolla: Historia del Clima della Tiera, Servicio
Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, 20034 http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/NEW_MAPS/europe1.gif
, - . , , .
-, 9000 7000 , -. - . - 5, . ( , ) . . 11000 9000 8500 -6. . - 6000 4500, 3500 1000 . , . ( - 6000 4500 100 mm ), . - - 100-300 km , . .
5 .., ..: , . 327-335, , , 1979
6 A. A. Andreev, V. A. Klimanov: Quantitative Holocene climatic reconstruction from Arctic Russia, Journal of Paleolimnology 24 , 8191, 2000.
-
, 17
- - , - 7. , , - (, , , ) 8. 10000 , 9000-7000 .
4000-3000 , . ( ). , 9000 8000 , 2,5 7 . 7000 5000 , , . , , , ( - 2000-3000 , ).
- , - . 7 D.S. Kaufman et al.: Holocene thermal maximum in the western
Arctic (0180_W), Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 529560
8 Glen M. MacDonald et al.: Holocene Treeline History and Climate Change Across Northern Eurasia, Quaternary Research, v. 53, 302311 (2000)
Brent B. Wolfe et al.: Holocene Paleohydrology and Paleoclimate at Treeline, North-Central Russia, Inferred from Oxygen Isotope Records in Lake Sediment Cellulose, Quaternary Research 53, 319329 (2000)
, - 9, - , . , - , , -. , - , . .
11000 7000 10, - 9000 5000 . - - (, , -, .). (. , mamuthus primigenius) o 120000 4000 11. , . 45 , 12.
9 , . XX, Mario Alinei: Origini delle lingue d Europa, Mulino, 1996, . , . 225-264 ( ), , , 2002.
10 http://www.bookrags.com/Holocene_Climatic_Optimum11 http://www.allaboutmammals.com/12 http://library.thinkquest.org/
-
18
9000 4000 , 1. - - 2. , - ( ) ( ) 3. - -, - 14600 10000 - , (- 11000 , ).
- 4, - - , - , , , - , , , - . , - 1 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:BC13000-9000_melt.
jpg2 Pavel Dolukhanov at al.: The chronology of Neolithic dispersal in
Central and Eastern Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 32, No. 10, pp. 1441-1458, 2005
3 : , . 68, , , 2007.
4 t Davison et al.: The role of waterways in the spread of the Neolithic, Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 33, No. 5, pp. 641-652, 2006
. , -. , - - , , .
- 5. (- , 6, 5000 . ). 7, . - , - . - , . - , - .
5 Dragoslav Srejovi: The Roots of the Lepenski Vir Culture, Archaeologia Jugoslavica, v. 10, pp. 13-21, 1969.
. : I II, , 100, , 2,
. 1-77, , , 1969.6 , :
. ( ), , , 1998.
7 , : , , , 1983.
-
, 19
- 8, , 9, - 10:
1) (- 6 ), , -. . - 300.000 km2, , , , -. , , - . , -, - VI 11;
2) III . , - . III , - . - , , -8 . : ,
, , 2007.9 : ,
, , 2008.10 . , . :
, , , 2010.11 . , . : , ,
, 2009.
;
3) - - , - (. - , ), - 12;
4) , , , - , , - , , , . - -;
5) , () ();
6) , - . , , - . , . ( - , , , ), , - - . , . - , , -, .
12 . : , , , 2004.
-
20
7) , -- VIII VII , , - ( , , , , , , , , .), . . , -, . - () , , , . - - - , - , . , -, , .
- , , , , , , , - , , . , , , , . ( -). ,
- . , - - , . - -, , , . - .
, , . -, , -. -, , , , , -. , , . , . - . , , . . - . , . , - , , . , - . - , , . -
-
, 21
. ( ), , , -, . - . - --, , . -, 1.
- -. , , . , - , -. . . , . - . , , . - III (1440. 1376. )2, - , .
-, . 1 . , . :
, , , 2011.2 Donald Kagan: Problems in Ancient History, The Macmillan,
New York, 1968.
, , . . , , . -. . , .
: - , ; , , , , . , , , , .3 4.
, . , -, . To - , 1430. . , -. XV, . : , , . , , , , - , - , . , ,
3 Herodotus: The History, V.3, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987.
4 , IV.99
-
22
. , - . , , , - , .1
, - , . 2. () , 3. , . , , . - . , , . - 4. . , XVI , , ()5.
, , . - -. , - , . , . , -1 : , .
84, , , 2004.2 Herodotus: The History, V.8, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, 1987.3 , IV.1194 , I.1665
- . , , , .
- - , . - - , , . - . , ( ) - , . ( ) - ( , - ).
- - - , . , - . , - ( , ). , , , - , - .
-
-
, 23
. , - , - . . - , - . - , , 40 . , () (). - 45 , - .
, , - , - . 6000-8000 , - , , .
, -, , , -
, , , - . . - , - .
- , , , - 40 , ( ), - - . , , , .
, - (- - ) - . - . - , - , . -, .
-
24
, -, - .
, . - , , , - -, XV XIX . - . - , , - - . . - - ( ), - .
, , , - , - , , , .1
1 :
Natural physical framework for creation of first europeancivilization
Dragoljub P. Anti Full member of Petri Primi Academia
Scientiarum at Artium (PANI)PANI Serbia, Beograd
Abstract:
The paper presents an analysis of the historical processes, based on natural conditions and principles of physics and natural sciences. Official historical truths about the creation of the first European civilization during last milenniums are analyzed. Starting from the pre-conditions for the development of civilization, potential areas with long-term stable conditions are identified. All these sites have been analyzed from the standpoint of natural physical, linguistic and cultural continuity. Finally, this analysis included numerous records of the historians from antiquity, to the middle Ages and later centuries. It is concluded that the most favorable conditions in the last 40 millennia existed over a wide area of Balkan Peninsula, parts of Asia Minor and in north coast of Black Sea. There was formed the first European civilization. First European people had characteristics that were preserved in most of the Serbs and the Russians and other Slavs. New analyses in genetics are fully confirmed this scenario and pathways for the spread of this first European people and return migration to Europe.
Key words: sciences, physical technical conditions, historical processes, civili-zation, continuity
? -, , . VII (2010), . 2, . 5986
-
, 25
.
M .
. ,
( )
- [1], p. 134, - . -, , - . , . - [2], [3], [4], [5], - [6], [6], [7], , . - .
.
.:
) - : , , -, .
[8], .. 157158, .
, [9], . 14, - , - .
, [10], .. 2324.
,
- ( ) 1214. 2008. , .
.
-
26
) , - - .
- [11], . 220.
) - [12].
) ( ) - [13], . 18.
) ( - 96, ) /, (, , [14] . 40, , ) , , , , , - , ( ).
) / , ( - [15], . 543), - , . ( .) - ( [7], . 199206).
) (- ) , , - , [16], p. 56. [17], 48, () -
, , , .
. , , , . , - . [16], . 40, , - , - , - . [16], . 40.
) - . [18] ().
- .
-, IX 1, ( , ). [19], p. 24, , V14, .
1 . -. . (2,33 ) . . - , -.
-
, 27
-: (Cr.IV 1a), (Cr.IV 11b), (Cr.III 2) [19], IV, - - , [20], . 210.
. 3, 11, 16 19 . 3, 4, 7, 8 16 - , , . [19].
1.: -
1963. - - [14], . 95. :
ARENE DIPE2PIKEPAJATARANOTEPUAAJAKU
:Are ne(n) di pe ke: paj atala(n) no(n)
tepu, aa ja-ku! :
Iyarri neyanti ape pihhi : pai attalan nun tepu, aha iya-ku!
:Iarri regenti ea(sive id) do: da
paternam(patriam) salutem paulum, age(?) fac quidem
: , , -
, !(, ,
, !)
[14], . 95, ARE ,
- .NE DI ne(n) di
neyanti neuant nai, ne .
RE2 , apas , -, .
PIKE pihhe(y) pihi, pai .
PAJ .
ATARA atala(n) - attalan . - attala-s .
NO no(n), - nun.
TEPU tepu-s . aha -
. JA iya , -
. KU .
-, [14], . 95, . - . (1963) (- [15]) [21], 1973. 1974. .
-
28
. 1 .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 - .
. . .
- 3, 4, 7, 8 16; -. [14] 9 : 1 = , 2 = , 8 = , 10 = , 11 =, 14 = , 17 = , 18 = , 19 = U.
[14], . 95, . -. [14], . 95, , . , , , [23], . 138, (14301400 . .) . - , - ( , , ) . .
[23], . 5863,
[24], . 231. :
----- - -- -- ?- --
: : -, - ()
- ( : - primus inter pares [23], . 61) . - . , . , [21], 5. -, -, , , . . [23], . 62, lingua franka (-), .
, - . [25] , -
-
, 29
.
:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A E TA2 A E E TO TA O E TE A A K
1, 2, 4, 5, 711, 1315, 1719 - [21], 5. ( [21], 5). , . - - .
[22]. , , , ( , , ). . , [22]. - 180 . . , . , , 17 [19]. III.
:
- :
, :, () -
.
:
- , . ? [13], . 19.
, /-: , , , , , , .
.
- , , I, , , . - /- ().
, , . , . , . : [13], . 59. , - , .
, ()
. , , , ,
- , - [8], .106.
-
30
.
, .
- , , - , .
- . , [19], . 67, - . . K- () K, .
.
, - 100% , - .
- :
AREJU STARIKI PRVI SIN POTENAGO AJAKA
PRVI , - : . POTENAGO , () - .
:
(I) I
( - )
(I) I. -
() -, .
-
, - . , - , - , ( ) - . - , .
.
- -, . , - ( 35004000 ), ; 100% - . 1.000 [26], . 123, 85% . - .
/- . , - / - , . /- , -
-
, 31
[1] M. Alinei, Darwinism, traditional linguistics and the new Palaeolithic Continuity Theory of Language Evolution, Evolutionary Epistemology, Language and Culture. A non-adaptionist, systems theoretical approach, Gonthier, Natalie; Bendegem, Jean Paul; Aerts, Diederik (Eds.), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 121147;
[2] G. Tomezzoli, V. udinov, The Spada di Verona, Proceedings of the Conference: Ancient Settlers of Central Europe, Zalonitvo Jutro, Ljubljana, September 28. 2002, pp. 6573;
[3] A. Ambrozic, G. Tomezzoli, The Tavola da Este Inscription, Proceedings of the International Workshop: Traces of European Past, Zalonitvo Jutro, Ljubljana, October 10-11, 2003, pp.132146;
[4] P. Serafimov, Steinberg Inscription, Proceedings of the Fourth International Topical Conference: Ancient Inhabitants of Europe, Zalonitvo Jutro, Ljubljana, June 9-10, 2006, pp 172180;
[5] P. Serafimov, Translation of Eteocretan Epioi Inscription, Proceedings of the Fifth International Topical Conference: Origin of Europeans, Zalonitvo Jutro, Ljubljana, June 8. and 9. 2007, pp.199206;
[6] A. Ambrozic, Journey Back to the Garumna, Cythera Press, Toronto, 2000;
[7] P. Serafimov, Etymological Analysis of Thracian Toponyms and Hydronyms, Proceedings of the Fifth International Topical Conference: Origin of Europeans, Zalonitvo Jutro, Ljubljana, June 8. and 9. 2007, pp. 134154;
[8] V. Georgiev, Trakite i tehnija ezik, BAN, Sofia, 1977 (. , , , , 1977);
[9] T. Simokates cited in: G. Tsenov, Praotechestvoto I praezika na Bulgarite, Heliopol, Sofia, 2005 . , - , , , 2005;
[10] V. Duruy, The World of the Legendary Greece, Leon Amiel Publ., Edition Minerva, Geneve, 1975;
[11] B. Hrozny, Ancient History of Western Asia, India and Crete, Artia, Prague;
[12] A. V. Kozelskij, Pismena antinych slavian, Krit; Linejoe A, Kompanja Sputnik+, Moskva, 2003, ISBN 5-93406-444-4;
[13] A. Soesbergen cited in: K.Porozanov, Obshtestvo i darzavnost u Trakite, BAN, Sofia, 1998 [K., , , , 1998;
[14] V. Georgiev, Les deux langues des inscriptions Cretoises en Lineaire A, Academi Bulgare des Sciences, Sofia, 1967;
[15] J.Chadwick, Documents in Myceneans Greek, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1973;
[16] I. Duridanov, EZIKAT NA TRAKITE, DI Nauka i izkustvo, Sofia, 1976;
. , , , , 1976;
[17] Strabo, Geography, book X, Harvard University Press, London, 1995;
[18] Linear B glossary: http://www.geosites.com/kurogr/linearb.pdf;
[19] A. Evans, SCRIPTA MINOA II, The written documents of Minoan Cretan with special reference to the archive of Knossos, Vol. II, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1952;
. , , . - . [27], V2.34.
[28] .
- 2001. , , .
.
-
32
[20] INSCRIPTIONS IN THE MINOAN LINEAR SCRIPT OF CLASS A, edited by W.C. Brice from the notes of Sir. A. Evans and Sir J. Myres, Oxford University Press, London, 1961;
[21] D. Packard, Minoan Linear A, University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles/ London, 1974;
[22] http:/www.omniglot.com/writing/lineara.htm;
[23] F. C. Woudhuizen, The Earliest Cretan Scripts, Innsbrucker Beitrge zur Kulturwissen-schaft, 2006, ISBN 3-85124-219-X;
[24] C. Consani, Testi Minoici Trascritti, con interpretazione e glossario, Incunabula Graeca 100, CNR Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1999;
[25] J. N. Adams, M. Janse, S. Swain, Bilinguism in Ancient Society, Language Contact and the Written Word, Oxford University Press, 2002;
[26] V. Stevenson et al., Time-Life books, BV, V.O. F. Peters en Ellenbroek, Amsterdam, 1998;
[27] Strabo, Geography, Book V, Harvard University Press, London, 1995.
[28]A. Arnaiz-Villena, K. Dimitroski, A. Pacho, J. Moscoso, E. Gmez-Casado, C. Silvera-Redondo, P. Varela, M. Blagoevska, V. Zdravkovska, J. Martn, HLA genes in Macedonians and the sub-Saharan origin of the Greeks, Tissue Antigens 2001, 57, 118127- http://www.makedonika.org/processpaid.aspcontentid=ti.2001.pdf
-
, 33
1. - , , - .
2. , , , , , .
3. - .
4. , , , , , -, , , - , , - .
5. , - , - ?
, - , . , , , , - . , - , , . , - , . , - . , .
- , -
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - .
-
34
-, -, , . - , -, , , . , - - , , - , . - -, - , - . , , , - , .
- - , , , , , -, , , , , , . , -, -, , .
- , , .
, , , , , . , - , . , , , , -, .
1.
, -, 1 (. 1.), , - 2 ( 2.). 8 , - 5 , 3,2 , . - , .
,
1 . . , , CCXIV, (1954), . 111.
2 . . , , , (1908), . 98.
-
, 35
3 (. 3.), , - , , (. 4.).
, . - , : - -
3 A. B. Cook, Zeus - a study in ancient religion I, Cambridge (1914), 677 . : ...., , , .
, , , -.
- - , .4
- -4 . . , , 1908, . 113.
.1. , . . 2. .
. 3.
. 4. .
-
36
, 1, , VI (. 5.) -
5 . . , , CCXIV, (1954), . 112. , Phoinike, , - .
: , , , -, . , -- .2
6 A. J. Evans, The Mycenaean tree and pillar cult, and its mediterranean relations, London (1901), 10.
. 7. , 6,6 .
. 5. VI .
. 6. , 8,3 .
-
, 37
, , 7,7 8,3 , 7., 6,6 . , . - , - .
, , , 3, . - , - 4. 5, - , .
6 (. 8.), ,
7 , , . , , , .
8 . . , , . 115.9 , . 114.10 A. B. Cook, Zeus - a study in ancient religion I, Cambridge (1914),
. 661.
, , . , , : , - , .7
. , - -, - , - , , .8
, , . , - , , - ,
11 . . , , . 111.12 . . , , CCIXV,
(1954), . 129.
. 8. .
-
38
, , --. , , , -1, -, -. survivances - , , , -, , , 2. , - - , ( 10,5 ), - 3. - , , -, , - 4. , , Imbrasosu, 5.
, . , (), 656. . - . , -
1 . . , Crepundia Symbola, CCXIV, (1954), . 165.
2 . . , - , , (1951), . 57.
3 , . 34.4 , . 58.5 , . 58.
, - - . - 6, - . , . , . , . , , , , ex Oriente lux. , - , , .7
, - 8 ( 1 ) - , - , . - 2000 . , , - , . 11,4 , , - VII .
, - 9 ( 2,98 - 3,48 ) , 1957. . . -, , 5 430120 .6 . . , , ,
, V, (1954-1955), . 1-3.7 . 2.8 . . , , ,
(1950), . 14.9 , , (2003), . 24.,
25.
-
, 39
, , - , -, , . , . , - , - . , , - , , .
, , , .
2.
- , , , , , , , , , , , , j . , . . (. 9), 10, -, , .
10 Heinrich Schliemann, Mycenae, New York (1878), . 218.
- , -, , , , 11 . , -, 12, , - . - - , - , - - .
, : , , , , - 13 . , , - . , , 14.11 , (),
, - . F. Miklosich (1851), Lexicon palaeoslovenico graeco latinum - emendatum auctum (1865), . 47.
12 A. B. Cook, Zeus A study in ancient religion I, Cambridge (1914), . 560.
13 A. H. Sayce, The Hittites - the story of a forgotten Empire , London (1890), . 113.
14 H. C. Butler, Sardis, vol. II The temple of Artemis, Publications of the American society for the excavation of Sardis, Leyden (1925), . 1.
. 9.
-
40
, , - , . Buckler . Littmann , ,
Sibiran Sibran Sivran, Simiran-a Smiran-a Smirn-a1 , , .
2 , -
1 E. Littmann, W. H. Buckler, Sardis, Lydian inscriptions, Publications of the American society for the excavation of Sardis, Gottingen (1916), . 16.
2 (?).
? , - , - .
- 3 (. 10.), , , , - . 14. , . -3 A. H. Sayce, The Hittites - the story of a forgotten Empire, London
(1890), . 86.
. 11. 32
. 10.
-
, 41
, - .
. . , - (. 11.), : ?4. ( ). , - - , , , , . , , . , 5 .6
4 . , I, , , 1941, . 182. , 77. , .
5 , . 182.6 , 1871-
1884., , ( 2006), . 128.
, 7, , (. 12.). , Bagios, Bayaios Bagha8, , , , , -. Bagha , -, - - . , .
Bagha, , , - . - , , - , (), -7 . 12. ncara - museum of ortostrats,
A. E. Cowley, The Hittites, London (1920), . 28.
8 Charles Chipez and Georges Perrot, History of art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia (1892), . 3 . 32.
. 12. -
-
42
. , , .
, (, . 1346)
, , (, . 3623)
, Papas,
Zeusom, , , , Amma, , - - , , , Nannas, . - , (, ), , rosa, lilium, viola o vinum, 1.
1 , , , LXXVI (1933), . 54.
2 3 - 4, , 5(. 14.), 1340. , . , , .
( ?), 139 , , .
2 Charles Chipez and Georges Perrot, History of art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia, London (1892), . 31., Ramsay, On the early historical relations, plate III.
3 E. Littmann, W.H.Buckler, Sardis, Lydian inscriptions, Publications of the American society for the excavation of Sardis, Gottingen (1916), . 7.
4 , - A. H. Sayce, The Hittites - the story of a forgotten Empire, London (1890), . 113.
5 , ; . , 1340. .
. 13. 36, 37 . .
-
, 43
-, , - . , - , , - , -, -
.
( ?), - : 6 , . . , - 7.
6 , , Thracie ?
7 , , , (1997), .
, , - .
, , , , . 8 -, dii consentes ,
dii superiores, Tinia, Uni Menrva9. - Tinia , , - tertia manubia, -
51.8 , , (1990),
. 75., Religiozno-mifologieskaja kartina mira Etrurkov, Nauka, Novosibirsk (1980).
9 , . 77. , , .
10 Charles Fellows, Coins of ancient Lycia before the reign of Alexander, London (1855), . 18, XIX.
. 14. , .
. 15. .44
-
44
-, . -, , , . , , , , . (. 15.), , 334. . ,
, , .
, -, 6857. . (. 16.), - 6, - s , , -, . 1 - 2, - . 3761. . , 5508. . , . - - , .
1 , , (1920).
2 , , , (2010), , , IV, (2011).
- , , , - , -. , . : .....
, , - , , .4
, , - , , , - . , () ( ) , (-3 , , ,
, , (1981), Fol. 178 v.4 . , . , ,
(1961), XVII.
. 16. 47.
-
, 45
). , , - , . - , , , - - .
. 5, , , , . , , , - , , - , . , , , , -, - .
, , 5 George Smith and Archibald Henry Sayce, The Chaldean account
of Genesis, New York (1880), . 169-170. Henry Rawllinson, Ancient monarchies, . 544.
, . 6, - , -, , , , .
, , , , , (. 17. . 18.). , - 7, , , - III .
- 6 .7 . ,
, , (1958), . 82-83, LIII.8 . , . , ,
(1961), XVII.9 , ,
, (2012), . 76-77.10 . ,
, , (1958), LIII.
. 17. 52 53 (, 15001200. . ), .54
-
46
-. , . H. Lietzman - : ;
XXX, , - ; - , , - 1. , , , , , , , - .
2 - . , , 1 , IN HOC SIGNO VINCES, ,
CCCXLVI, , (1961), . 40.
2 A. J. Evans, The Mycenaean tree and pillar cult, and its mediterranean relations, London (1901), 108.
, - , , Osogo, - Stratios Labrandenos, , , kalathos
- . 3 (-), kalathos . II , - Osogo-a, 3
I, . - : , - ......., (Serapeuma) , . , , , . . . , .
. 18. ,
. 19. OSOGO A LABRANDENOS
-
, 47
, , Stratios Labrandenos - , 4.
- : , , ..... , -, . , , , - , . , , - , 5. 391. , , , . -4 A. B. Cook, Zeus A study in ancient religion I, Cambridge (1914),
. 576, . 577.5 Hadrian to Servianus, 134 A.D., Giles, II . 86.
, , , (. 20.).
- , - - , . , , - 6 , Kimmerios Kimberos Kirberios Sirberios Sirberos Sirbon Sirba Sirb7, . -, - , -6 ,
, J. W. Donaldson - , New Cratylus - or contribution towards a more accurate knowledge of the Greek language, London M.DCCC.L., . 178.
7 , , , IX-X, (1959), . 33.
. 20. .
-
48
- Imbrosa . - , - , -, , .
, , - , - , Sarameya, Sarame, . , Kerberos, 1 Saramu, : , - matar mater2. - Sarama sarvara, , , 3, 1 . George
W.Cox, The Mithology of the Aryan nations, London (1870), . 376.
2 F. Max Muller, Antropological Religion, Collected works of F.Max Muller, . 248.
3 XVI XI a , , , .
, Sarva.4 , , .
- - , -, , , 5 - - . , -, , . - , - , , - 6.
, XVIII , - , .
4 , . 165. , Sabaras, Varvaras, Sarvani.
5 A. J. Evans, The Mycenaean tree and pillar cult, . 109.6 , . 110.
. 21. .
-
, 49
, , - - 7. 8 (. 21.) , , , . , , , . .
9 (. 22.), - , , - , - . , , , , - , .
, - , -
7 Archibald Henry Sayce, The Hittites - the story of a forgotten Empire, London (1890), . 111.
8 . . Cowley, The Hittites, London (1920), . 32.9 A. B. Cook, Zeus A study in ancient religion I, Cambridge (1914),
XXVIII., 597.10 .,
, , (1958), LVII.
11. 44. , - (1370-1340 ), - 2000. . 12 . , , , , , - , , - .
3.
, 1894. . 15. 21. , - , - , -, , - . - -
11 , , , (1923), . 475.
12 , . 475.
. 22. K ( KALATHOS-) 71 II .
-
50
. -- , , , .
- , - . ,
. , 1 , - 1
, .
2 Heinrich Schliemann , Troy and its remains - a narrative of researches and discoveries made on the site of Ilium, and in the Trojan plain, New York (1875), XXXI.
3 Dr. Wilke, - , , (1909), . 196, . 197.
, , -, - , .
, -, - , , , . - -
, , - .4
- Huberta Schmidta,
4 , , (1914), . 31.
. 24. 75.
. 23. . 76
-
, 51
- -, : - II , , 5. 6 7 II, 2500-2000. . , - Dr. Wilke III .
- , , XVIII (. 26.).
5 Dr. Wilke, - , , (1909), . 201., Troja, Mykene, Ungarn, Archipel. Parallelen. U Zeitschr. F. Antbr., Ethn. U. Ugresch., (1904)., . 608.
6 Artur Evans - The palace of Minos III, plate XV, , , XVIII , , . . 31.
7 Heinrich Schliemann, Tiryns - The prehistoric palace of the kings of Tiryns, the results of the latest excavations (1885), plate V.
, , . , , XVIII . 1758. . , - . - -, 1891. , - XIV
, , , , , - 8. , , - .
8 W.M. Flinders Petrie, Tell el Amarna (1894), . 90. , .
9 W.M. Flinders Petrie, Egyptian decorative art - a course of lectures delivered at the Royal Institution (1920), . 24-25.
. 25. 79, 80.
. 26. XVIII 82.
-
52
, - , , 1923. , - :
, , , . 2
- : 1000. .
1 Heinrich Schliemann, Mycenae - a narrative of researches and discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns (1878), . 81.
2 , , , (1923), . 53.
- .3 , e - , , XII
VIII . , , 4 (. 28.), 5 (. 29.), - 6. -3 , - , .-, ..,
, . 48. V.Parvan Getica, p 322-332, Fokoru-Dalj, ornamentika Sighisoara-Nezakicij.
4 , , (1969), . 19., VIII VII .
5 , . 1, VII .6 .,
. 27. NCARA - MUSEUM OF ORTOSTRATS 83.
. 28. . . 29. .
-
, 53
.
, , -, . 1000. . , ,
, . - .
, , , , -7 -, 1200. . , , . , , - 8. - , ,
, , (1958), XVI.7 L. Messerschmidt, The Hittites (1903), Archibald Henry Sayce,
The Hittites - the story of a forgotten Empire (1890), Charles Chipez and Georges Perrot, History of art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia (1892), W.M. Flinders Petrie, Tell el Amarna (1894)...
8 .
.
, - ( VII . ) : , ...., : - ... ...,
( VI . ) : .9, : - , , , 10 , , . - -, - . , ,
9 ., (1936), . 42.
10 , , (1978), .39.11 Archibald Henry Sayce, The Hittites - the story of a forgotten
Empire, London (1890), . 88 . 91. .
. 30. ) , ) - 93.
-
54
, , .
- , - VI IV , -, , VII V 1. , , IV , , , , - !?2
, , - - ( ) , , , . - , - , , , , -. : , -, - , .
1 , , Equilibrium, (2007), . 254.
2 , . 255.
, , - , . - , , .3
, , , , , , ( -), , ( ), (
Scardus), Scordisci?, ( -), , Serdika (), .
, , , , , - , , , - -. - , , , 3 , . 18.4 . ,
, , (1958), XII.
. 31. - 97.
-
, 55
. , , -- , -, .
, - 5 , XIX . - , , , - . , - -, 2000. . - .
1894. , : - , -
5 , - , , , (1894), . 89.
- , , - . - - .6
, - - -, - .7 , - , 8. ,
6 , . 92-93.7 , , , ,
, , XI, 11, 1996, , . 5.
8 A. G. Bather, The problem of Bacchae, The journal of Hellenic studies XIV(1894), . 245.
. 32. .
-
56
, , , .
- , -1. 362 000 , 170 000 , 42 000 ( -) 150 000 , . 1 200 , - 2. 400 0003 , 309. . , , 4, -, , , , , .
, ,
1 , . 245.2 . , , (1910),
. 12.3 -,
, (1903), .72.4 ,
, , , I, 1-2 (1948), . 19.
, . , , , - .
( ) , 5. -, , . , 6 -, - . , - 7. , , -, 8, 5 . , ,
, (1962), . 9.6 , . 13.7 John William Donaldson, The theatre of the Greeks (1875), . 6.8 John Pickard, Dionysus , American School of Classical
Studies, Volume VI, Athens (1891). . 198.
. 33. ( ).
-
, 57
- . , , , - . (Zaleucus), , , .9 - , , , . - . , .
- . : , -, , , , , -- - . , , . , Tmol, , , . (- ?) , - .
- ,
9 Heinrich Schliemann, Troja. Results of the latest researches and discoveries on the site of Homers Troy and in the heroic tumuli and other sites, made in the year 1882. And a narrative of a journey in the Troad in 1881, New York (1884), . 145.
. - , , Siscia , , - , . , , .10 , , -- .
-, ( ),
- , , , - , .11
4.
, , - , - . , , 12 (. 34.) , , , - , - 1500 . , - 1200 . , . 2., 3000. .
10 , , , (1980), . 193. .
11 John William Donaldson - The theatre of the Greeks (1875), . 1.12 Heinrich Schliemann - Troja - results of the latest researches and
discoveries on the site of Homers Troy, and in the heroic Tumuli and other sites made in the year 1882, and a narrative of a journey in the Troad in 1881 (1884), . 264, 265.
-
58
, 1., , - od 14 do 16 1. VII . , 400 - .
, - . , , , , . - , - 400 , Alyattes . - , -, . , , , -, ,
1 , , , (1923), . 475.
2 Charles Chipez and Georges Perrot - History of art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia (1892), . 45, , 313, . 263.
, .
, , VII , - -
- , - , , 1000 - .3 , 14. 16. , , .4 - 8,3 (. 6.). -, , , , . , , .5
3 Heinrich Schliemann - Troy and its remains - a narrative of researches and discoveries made on the site of Ilium, and in the Trojan plain, New York (1875), . 54.
4 , . 38.5 , . 293.
. 34. ) , ) , )
. 35.115 , 5 , ) - , ) ALYATTES
-
, 59
600 . -
, Dyaus- Zeus-, , - . . R. P. Greg , . W. M. Ramsay - , , : - - .8 , -, .
, - (. 39. 40.) (. 37.), . , , 9.6 , . 35., . 130., . 24.7 Heinrich Schliemann - Troja - results of the latest researches and
discoveries on the site of Homers Troy, and in the heroic Tumuli and other sites made in the year 1882, and a narrative of a journey in the Troad in 1881 (1884), ) . 191.
8 , . 124.9 Heinrich Schliemann - Troy and its remains - a narrative of
researches and discoveries made on the site of Ilium, and in the Trojan plain, New York (1875), . 51.
. - , -
, 39/., - , , , , , , , . ,
10 , . 51.11 , , . 1983,
509, . LXXIV, 2.
. 36.119) , 6 . ) 4 , 3 , 5 , ) 120, 3 , ) 3 , 2 7 .
. 37123 , . .
. 38. , 124 -, 1200 1075. . ,
.
-
60
, , - .1 - , 1875. , , , -, , , , . : ... , 2 - , - .
- , . , 1 , . 369.2 , . 371.
, - , - 5. , - , , , , . , , 14 16 , , - , , -, , .
, - ,
3 , . 23. . 309.4 , . 51.5 , , 365.
. 39127. , 8 . 5,5 .
. 40128. , 8,5 , .
-
, 61
, , . , , - ,
, 1500. . . . . . , - , - , : , , , .8. , - , - , - , , , - .
-
6 , . 367.7 , . 369.8 Heinrich Schliemann, Troja. Results of the latest researches and
discoveries on the site of Homers Troy and in the heroic tumuli and other sites, made in the year 1882. And a narrative of a journey in the Troad in 1881, New York (1884), . 262.
- , - . - -, , ,
- , . , , , , , . -, . , , . , , , . , , - .
, - , - , - , -
. 41130. , 7.
. 42131. ,10.
-
62
, , -. - , , - -, - , .1 - , , - .
, -, , - . - , , , , - , - , . , , , , , ()2. - , , , . , , -. -, .3
, -1 . , , (1997),
. 3.2 , . 26.3 , . 26.
, . , , , -- , , , , - , - . , -, , , , , , 4, -.
- , , , , - -, 1852. , . John William Donaldson: , -, , , 5. , - , , . , , , . -4 ,
, Balcanica, (1977), . 68. . - , .
5 John William Donaldson, Varronianus - ethnography of ancient Italy and philological study of the Latin language, Cambridge (1852), . 58-59. .
-
, 63
-, , , .
, -, , , , . , , , , , , - , . , . - , - , , . , , - - , , , - , , - , .
. , , , - , 6.
6 M.M.Vassits, South-Eastern Elements in the Pre-historic Civilization of Servia, The annual of the British school at Athens - XIV (1907-8); .., ; - , , CCIII, (1951); .., I II, , (1950); M.M., , CCXVIII, (1956); .., , (1953); .., Crepundia Symbola, (1954).
-, - , 7 , -, . , - . , , . - , -, , , , . -, - , .
, , . , , . , , , - , , , - , , - , .
- - , - : -
7 M.M., , CCXVIII, (1956).
-
64
. 1 : , , , .2
, , , - -, . - 240. , , , , - .
- : , , , . .
1 . - . : (1950), . 210. .
2 , . 213.
, , , .3
, . , -, , - , XIX , - . , - , - , - . , -, , .
3 , , , (1940), . 2.
. 43. .
-
67
.
() ,
, . - - . , - . - - 25.000 . . , , - , - . , , - , .
: , , -,
(21.00018.000 ) , . , , . . . - - [1] , , - 40 , - . 15.000 . 2000. , 29, . - , - .
,
-
68
- , . - , , , - . - (19182004) - [2]. . - , . , 25.000 . - ( [3]).
, , 10.000 - , . . - . - ( ) - 45.000 10.000 [4]. , - (- -, , , - , ).
, 1962. - - [5], -
1963. . - - , - - .
. , 1911. , - . . 10 cm, 23,5 cm, 69 , , , ( 1). - 32.00025.000 , 28.000 - [6]. , - (4,4 cm). , 69 , , 24 . [7], .
1. 69 (24 )
-
69
( 1970. [8]).
, , (), 1960. , . - 9.0006.500 , 20.000 . , , . - [9]. - - 1968. . , , 10.000 , - [10]. , 20.00025.000 , [11]. .
. - , . - ( ). - 1972. . 16.000 . -
, ( ). , 1.065 - . , -, , - , - , -. , -- [12].
, . 173 187 360. - . 45 , 177 ; 207 -; 173 . () , ; 187 -; 273 10 - ( ) ; 3 , - -. 1.065 .
- : 45 11111112, 177 43444446, 207 47525256, - 173 575858, - 187 596464, - 273 65687070
-
70
3 111. - , - : 1111111243444647525256575859646465687070111. , . , 43 , 70, -.
( - ). 1929. (- ), 24.000 , , - (- 2. ), - -. -, - . - ( 3. ), - 486- , (, , ) [13].
- , - - . : - , . : (11) (14) (45) (54) (57 +1), (62 +1) (242 +1 +1 ). , , . ,
- - () -- (-). , - . :
, - -: (243+63+45+14) = 365 ;
, - -: (243+57+54) = 354 ;
11 , (365-11 = 354);
- , ;
: (243+62+45+14+11+54+58 = 467) x 3 = 1461 (365,25 x 4);
, [14], - - :
: 243+62+45+14 = 365 ;
: 243+57+54 = 354 ; :
(242+63+45+14+11+54+58) x 3 = 365,24 x 4 = 1461 ;
( ):
242 x 27,21=6585,35 = 18,61 - = 19 ;
: (54+57+63+45+4) x 29,53 = 6585,35 ;
: : (54+11+14+45) x 29 , 53 = 5,0
;
-
71
: (62+57) x 29 , 53 = 4,5 ; : (63+45) x 29 , 53 = 8,0 ; : (57+54+11) x 29 , 53 = 9,5
. . , [15]:
1/6 : 61 ; 1/8 : 45 ; : 54
; : 58
; (4
14): 4 x 29.5 = 116 ;
(10 14): 10 x 29.5 x 2 = 590 .
- - (. ). - , . , 29,53 . (-
2. ( ) -, ( )
3. - ,
-
72
1). - - 1.461 , 365,25 .
. , , 223 ( 6585,3213 , 18,03 ), [16]. ... , , -, , . , - . , . .
, 242 ( 27,2122 , ) : 242 27,21 = 6585,35 = 18.61 . - - : (54 +57 +63 +45 +4) 29,53 = 6585,35 = 18.61 . . , , .
- , , , - VII .
585. . III ( ) ( ). - .
. , , , : 57 - = 54 + 33 ( 32) = 19755,8 . - 486 ( - , - ). (9), (6011) - (6523) . 600- -, . ! - (18 ), -
* 29,53 115,88 2*14 28 826,84 7,14 583,92 45+54 99 2923,47 5,01 779,94 2*(57+62) 238 3514,07 9,02
398,88 45+63 108 3189,24 8,00 378,09 2*(11+54+57) 244 7205,32 18,06
1. - , ,
-
73
(54 ) (486 ).
. - ( ) . , - , , . 35000 . [17], , 2, 3, 5, 7 8 . : 2 ( ), 3 - , 7 - , 8 - . : 49 ( ) , 69 ( ) , 118 ( -) 4 . , , 49 69 254 . 34 -. 118 4 , 366 , 3 363 , 1461 , ( 8 ).
, , [18]. . , . 20 cm, (
4). . 6 ( 2330331679 ), 118, ( ) 55 8 - , (2666666872). -, 118 4 , ( ) ( -).
- - . 354 . - - 89, . , - . - . 55 - . o ( 27,32 ) ( 27,2122 ).
, , 354 5 = 1770 , 55 1825 , 5 - 5 . 1825 , - , - , . (583,9 ) 3 + 73,3 = 1825 . - . -
-
74
, [19].
( 15). [20], 177 - 7 11. 177 . - 11 7 -, -- 361 ( - ), 365 . , - ( ).
- . - , -
- . - XX , - . - , (. ). , .
, - -. - , [21]. , - 1300014000 . - , , ,
4.
-
75
, . , - [22], . 50 . , - . . . 19801985. - ( ), . , - , - [23].
, , - 5.
- ( . ) -
, , . , - [25]. . 1500010000 , ,
.
. . ( 16.000 ). . 6 [26]. .
5.
6.
-
76
, , . , . [27]. , [28], , , .
, , 500 . . [29]. -, , 2.000 . . - XX . . [30]. . -, . - , . 355 , 237 8 - . 181 + 179 360 , 45 .
- , , [31]. ( , - -
), .
-, [32], . 1992. -. - . , , - , .
- . , . - , . II . . . ( - 7), 10 + 82 + 26 = 118 , . - 4 , - . , - - [31].
, 700 - , - , - ( .). - -
-
77
( , , .), ( - , - - ), - , - [33]. - - . - , - , . - - .
[34, 35].
- , . - - ( ,
, - ), - .
, [36]. , - - .
, II , - - , . 8. , . III - - 4 4 , [37]. - , II , - . ( 1.500 ) , . II - [38], [39], .
- .
7.
-
78
, , , . - - [40]. 9. - . 2 , ( 1957. ), . (II IV ). 12 -
- .
- , - ( 10). -
( 11), 365 , . - - .
-,
-, . - , , -
8.
-
79
. - . , - , , , . - . -, , -, - , .
, , -. - , - , - , .
-, , - . , -, ( ). , - , .
9. 10.
() ()
-
80
, . - - . - , ?
, , , - , . , - . , , - . - - , -
, - . - , , - , - , , .
-, . - -. , , , - . , .
[1] . , . , , , , 2009.
[2] Alexander Marshack: The Roots of Civilization, . 50-55, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972. Marshack, Alexander. The roots of civilization. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; 1972a, p. 50-55. (2a ed., 1991)
[3] . : - - , . 158-195 - , : , , , - , , , , 2012.
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Paleolithic [5] Daniel Rosenberg: Marking Time,
Cabinet Magazint, v. 28 Bones, Winter 2007/08 [6] Alexander Marshack: The ecology and
brain of two-handed bipedalism: an analytic, cognitive and evo lutio nary assessment, pp. 491-511, Animal cognition: proceedings of the Harry Frank Guggenheim Conference, edited by H. L. Roitblat, June 2-4, 1982
[7] Alexander Marshack: The Roots of Civilization, . 45, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
[8] Alexander Marshack: Notation dans les gravures du palolithique suprieur; nouvelles mtho des danalyse, Delmas, Boreaux, 1970.
[9] Alexander Marshack: The Roots of
-
81
11. ( ), ( ) ( )
Civilization, . 27-32, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
[10] Emilia Pasztor: Prehistoric Astronomers? Ancient Knowledge Created By Modern Myth, Journal of Cosmo logy, Vol. 14, 2011.
[11] John Kellermeier: How Menstruation Created Mathematics,
h tt p : / / w w w . t a c o m a c c . e d u / h o m e /jkellermeier/Papers/Menses/Menses.htm
[12] . . //
-
82
. , 1987: 92101.
[13] . . - - , , . -, - , 44, XVI . . . 1986
. . - - // -. . . , 1988: 184225.
[14] , : - , - - . 15, , - (-2000), . 3647, -, , 2000.
[15] . . , : - - , . 6. -, - (-99), s. 36-47, , , 1999.
[16] http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html
[17] . . - ( -- ) // - . 6. : , 2003. . 8697.
[18] . . : , . - , 1993.
. . - // . . 1993.
[19] . . ( - - ) // - . . 3. -, 2001.
[20] . . ( - , . -) . ( - ) // -: . - . .: , 1996. . 8890
[21] . . : // . : , 1999, 3, .5769.
. . -: (-- - ) // . : , 2000, 3, .7 30.
[22] .. - . , 1992.
Petrine V. Le sanctuare pale olithique de la Grotte Ignatievskaia LOural du Sud. Eraul 81. Liege, 1997.
[23] http://74rif.ru/ignat.html [24] http://www.uralrockart.ru/p6_2.html [25] http://lib.swarog.ru/books/history/
astron.php . . : - , 1991.
[26] . . ( Bton de Commande-ment ). - / (. , 911 2002. .) / . . .. . 1. : , 2002. 233
[27] , -
-
83
1 (2544) 1971. [28] . . -
-// No. 1 (26) 2010, . 7691.
[29] ., . . 4 . .4 - / . . . (.. ) .. , .. . .: , 1998.
[30] . . -: - . - . 15. -, (-2000). : . 2000. - . 3647.
[31] . . - // . - . 1 . - . - 2002 . - . 220223.
[32] Branko Gavela: Iz dubine vekova, Tehnika knjiga, Zagreb, 1977.
[33] . : - , ,
, 2007.[34] . :
- , - - , , 1214 2008.
[35] . : - - , -, , 1214 2010.
[36] http://www.perillos.com/oldeurope.html
[37] http://www.slavonija-info.com/kultura/aktualno/4659-predavanje-o-vuedolskom-kalendaru.html
[38] : , . 85, , , 1997.
[39] : , , . 47, , 2002.
[40] : , , , 1987.
-
85
:1. :
? ?
?
: ?
2. : S,
: , -?
, - / ?
?
3. :
VI ?
, , /
// ?
: -
-
, , , -,
- .
: , , , , ,
:
3, 4, 5, 12 60. , , .
- -.
- , .
- ( , ) / ( - ) , - , ( ) -
,
, ,
-
86
2008. () VI , - , . 1 - - - .
- 1914. 2, , - . - ( 1 4 - ) .
XI ..., -/.
! :1. 2.
Y .
- - 1. 1 () ,
, 2008., . 116, : Gli Etruschi una nuova imagine, Giunti, , 1984, . 131;
2 . : ,
, - .
, .
- :
,
, ,
VIII . -
, ( - ) ,
() () .
0 () , . , - / - . . , , . !
(Charles Seife):
-
-
87
3: ! - - , . - : . , , , - . . . , . . - , - . , , - .4
13 (, ) - - , . ( 150. ... ), - 300 , . 5.
3 , De rerum natura, :
(Charles Seife: Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea ), , , 2007., . 29, (. Titus Lucretius Carus, 99 55. ... .) , , , , , , ,
4 : (Charles Seife: Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea ), , , 2007., . 29,
5 : , , : , , , 2008, . 147,
: -
, ,
, ( ) , ,
, , - , - , - ,
, , -, .
( - ) - , . , , . -, , : ( : / -) ! - ! , - . -
-
88
, , - - !! , , . sta-tus ( United state of Amer-ica) 509. .... // , .
1, , / , () . , , , , , , , . , () . - - . , . , ,
1 , ,
( , . Ptolemaeus II ) , , - 2. , , , , . - - , , (. ) .3
-
( ) , . -
2 (. , , al-kitabu-l-mijisti, / ) - / 150. (I (?) www.wikipedia ),
3 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ / ( - , )
( - : -
IX )
-
89
, , , , , / (. pagana pag - ), -, ( ).
:
1. 509. .... :
,
(status) (imperium state)
, - - (),
/-// , -
-
(-/ ) -, (327 304. ....) , 321. .... , - / 4 (),
2. - - ( ) ( - , , 5)
3. , - , - : (
1600. , Campo dei Flori , - ,
4 . . : , I , , , 2007., . 170
5 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ / ( . , )
, XVI
-
-
90
philosophia naturalis, ), - 60.000 ,
( , . Galileo Galilei . 1564 /, , , -, , : , 1632. , , ) ( 1615. - - , )
( , . Nikolaus Kopernikus, Nicolaus Copernicus, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, , - 4 , 1616. - , .)4. ,
, - :
, XVIII XIX , XVIII - XIX - 1 ( ) - / ,
1 . : , XIX- XX , . II. . . . 2000. .39-53,
VLV CVLT/Kult, - () COLLO/. () , -, je ( , ), - - - (), - , - py ( ) (-) -, ( -) /,
- 2 - XIX 3 - , , , -, , (-, ) , / , 2010. , ,
( - , - , 4 ,
2 , , , 2003 . . 353 ,
XIX .., , , , 2002 ., ,
4 . .
-
91
1134. . - 5. - : -
( /) (. 15),
- - (. 22),
, - XIV XV , , , - , - , - , , / (. 23), 1676. /- , ,
5. , 25 , - , , - . , , . -
1946. () , , : , , , 2009, . 1,
. . : , : , , , 2009, . 13,
- , .
6. ( - - ) , , , , : ,
XIX - , , - - , , - , - 6,
2000. , - , , - , , , - ,
, :
6 : , , : , , , 2008, . 147,
-
92
/ - VI , -, VI ?
: .
.
- : XI -
. (Boethius 480? 524.) (940? 1003. 999. II)1. ( -
/: 2 , ) 1228. - , zephirum ( zephyrus ),
3
- -- - 4 1 : ,
, , 1979., . 1292 . . : ,
: , , , 2009, . 25,
3 : , , , 1979., . 135,, , , 2009, . 25,
4 (. , Mohammad ebne Ms Khwrazm, . 783 . 850.),
IX 5 /.
- - , afira (, ) cifre - , : (), .
A , afira NULLUM , nullus , , , nulla gura 6.
7!!!
: :
I IV ... 6 7 ( ),8 , , , 4 9,
- - .10 5 : : IV V
, , , 1981., . 95,6 : , ,
, 2011.. . 89,7 Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970.,
. 151, 8 : : IV V
, , , 1981., . 148,9 : : IV V
, , , 1981., . 49, 46,10 : : IV V
, , , 1981., . 148,
I II III X IX IIX XX ?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-
93
11
12
IX -
13
II - :
, : -
14 - - IV ,
15
11 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 148,
12 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 149,
13 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 149, Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970., ,
14 Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970., . 36 ( , 1000 ) : : IV V , , , 1981., . 149 ( . ),
15 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 149,
- . ?
16
, - , 1882. 1885. , - (983 997.) . 17 - :
XIII - ,
- 18?
- - - X XII , , sipos (psephos, psiphos, sipos). , , -, , - . : -
,
Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970., ,
16 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 149,
17 : , : , , , 2009, ,
34 : , : , , , 2009, . 19,
-
94
a VIII 1, -
( ), - XI 2,
- . : , -
, , - XII XVI ( , .. 3) ( ) -
() -,
- , (- ) , 4,
- , , - :
1 : , : , , , 2009, . 89,
2 : , : , , , 2009, . 18,
3 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 18 140,
4 : , : , , , 2009, . 15,
i - i , - , - , (rota) (rotula) (sipos = psiphos = psephos, )5: :
- - (/)
!! /:- -
, , - , - ,
- S/-
,
(, / , - )
S. : sifr - sipos. , , ( ), , /6,
5 : , : , , , 2009, . 17,
6 : . . , , , 2010. ., . 70 94 ( 16 -, sonya, zefi rum),
-
95
XVI () -
7
, - - () :
, 7 Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970.,
. 27; (1885 1970.)
(1503): (475 - 526), , , ( .-. , . Pythagoras; 570490 ... .), : , , , 2011.., . 87; ,
( 182), 18 - :
- ,-
(, , , ),- -
, -
, - (. 182),
, , , , , (. 182),
8
- , .
, : /9 60 ( (/) 8 : , ,
, 2011.., . 80 ( ),
9 (1839 - 1920): , , , , 2009, . 23: 360,
-
96
/ / 11), 3, 4, 5, 12 - 2.
:
-, , 3, -
4 60:
2 30 = 60 3 20 = 60 4 15 = 60 5 12 = 60 6 10 = 60
4000. ... - . - . - .5 1 :
, , : , , , 2010, . 112; : . . , , , 2010. ., . 11: / . . 60 3600 1,
2 : , , : , , , 2010, . 115,
3 : , , : , , , 2010, . 9,
4 : : , , , 1979., . 61,
5 : , - , , 1961. ., . 43
- 1800. 1600. .... - .6
:
0, - 1, -
, 10: :
10 10 -
7 - - () , 8 ( ).
- , , :
.
- ( - ).
6 : , - , , 1961. ., . 44
7 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 148,
8 ,
-
97
- :
, -
. (- ) S//, - -, , : ,
ne, - ONE - [wn], // - / ( . Solo/Sole , solstizio /), :-
, - ,
- - ,
- - - , ,
(/) () ( ): - ( , )
-
98
,
- - 3, 4, 5, 12, 60.
1 - 0 /- .
() , . a , - . . - ( 0) ,
/ ( ), ,
, ( , /) /, , : 12 -
, , /S//Zero 60
/, TransAlpinskoj Galiji, , ( HelVetija) // ( Ruthenia), .
/ () -/-1, .
: 3 ()
( , - ), 4 ()
, -, 12, / 12 12 ,
5 () - - , 5 () 12 () 60 ( ) .
10 () : ()
, , -
- ( , 0 0 ).
. . , , . 1 : : IV
V , , , 1981., . 81; : . . , , , 2010. ., . 16: -ifr, Ziffer,
-
99
: , , - ! - 1 10. - . (1) , 20 ( ).
- :
, /, - () - -,
, , .
:
, / -
- , , !! /
1300 , ( )
() 10
() - , - / ( Danuvius, Danubius2 /Ister ).
- (): (10)
10 10 ()
- , () . 10 () .
2
( ) ( 10
) , 10
-
100
( ) - ( ) . - , - 1. , 1708. , , , , . - ().
1 : , : , , , 2009, . 182,
( , . abacus //).
. + .
- VI :
() ,
1584.
,
( - ),
!!
( )
-
101
: ( )//
= 509. ....
() , () /- ,
!
-.
.
.
(
) ( )
-// .
( ). - :
-
.
() (
-
102
//), , , - 1.
, . . , - , , - /.
- : () .
- :
1 : . . , , , 2010. ., . 12: , , , ,
( - ), - , ()
, - , (), - , (- ) , , ( ) -.
- (, -, ) - ( , , , -):
- -2, Mohammad ebne Ms Khwrazm, (. , 786-850) - - - -- ( ) -2 - . [al-Khwrazm]
( ), - // : : -, , , . 24: - ( zarja : ). persijskom : bog ; zemo ; zima ; ena ; berezo ; mislj ; medo ; n ; paurvi ; dva ; tri ; cetvere . : : , , , http://www.srpskadijaspora.info/vest
-
-
103
, - , - (, , , , , . lgebra, . lgbre, . )
- - Algoritmi de numero Indorum - -3.
afira , sipos, : ( /
) ( /
) ( /
) ( /
).
, S (- ).
-
:
- orVen - SorBen ( 57 :
-, , , . 25, : . . , , , 2010. ., . 72 100 , , ,
, 1835. ) SorVen/SorBen / !!
S , , (John III of Sweden/Kralj Gota i Venda) ( ) (), ( 1508. 1510.
1516. ): ( -
I, II, XII , ) / -
( / ) - , , ( , /, Bodincus, , Padusa) : -
S ( - - )
() , () ,
-
104
! , , !
afi ra () , !!
/abacus -. - . :
, -, ,
, (,
) - , - S, / ( , ,
).
, , . , ,
, .1
:
, ,
- - - .
( ) - : -
/ . -
-
. , () ()
1 .. : , , , 2009., . 4;
( S) , O ( )
-
105
- ( 6,28:1, 3,14) - 6.2
2 , ,
, 1976, . 47/48,3 :
. . , , , 2010. ., . 12: , ?,
- , (
):
// , , - ,
, 60 ( )
-
106
. () - . - , . : / , - / , , , , . XII - circu-lus, nulla ( gura)1.
/ : :
( ) ( , ) Collo/!!
-/
/: - (
2) 1 : , ,
, 2011.., . 89,2 500 ....
500 http://ru.wikipedia.org ; : . . , , , 2010. ., . 12: i, , , ( 60 ) F. Lindemann, Sitzagsb, Akad, Mnchen, 26 (1896), . 625, 29 (1899), . 71,
- ( - )
( , , ) ( , /) - ,
10 12.
( , - , - /) - . , - .
() , ( ) - : :- I IV ( /-
I, II, III)- 4 ,
4 :
- -
- 4 -
( /
-
107
, - /) (4)
::
(::), 3, - - ( - , - -),
3 .. : , , , 2009., . 4;
, : - : - , - 4. . - - , . . - , . . - -
4 : . . - , , , : , , , (), 01. 2012, , . 7
, , I, II, III
IV ()
IV ()
IV ()
, , ,
IV, V, VI, VII
-
108
, .
, - , - , , , - . ( -) , - ( -) / /!!
, . . -, , - ( -), // (/), - , / , / / , -, !
. 1 ( ) - . - -, 2 - - -, /()- . - . / () , , , .
, , , -
1 , 5000 .... 3000 ....
2 : , /Clio, , 2008., . ..
/ (-
, , /)
(/) - :
-
109
, , Carschen-na , 3 , , /4, , , / . , /. 5.
1893. ., , 1897. 1908. , . (1869-1956) 1934. 1976. , 1978.
- , 1911. , , 1918. - . 3 ( mesos - lithos )
,4
( ) , , : , - (-), ,
5 , /Clio, , 2008: : () , , , 2008, . 170,
- - ( - ) !! -, , .
- - (- , , , - ) .
/ /
-
110
- , -/ /1, VIII ,
1 : , , , 2009 ., . 30,
, 2. : ?
- / - Vindhya range ( , , , 24370N, 8200E).
2 : , : , , , 2009, . 15,
/
:
: /
/ (): -
(), - ,
()
-
111
.
, (/). -3 Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970.,
. 77,4 Lancelot Hogben , , , 1970.,
. 150,
,
- .
( ) 72 110. 350. ....
()73
-
112
.
. a ( God/ Gott/),
, , ( ), , (
). , , -, . -
( )
()
-
113
/ . 12 . , - . , - 5000 .... Cervus/Rusa hippelaphus.
- , - , , , :
, , ,
() , , , -
, , , -
:- 22. 21. -
- 21.
22. , - , -.
. , , . -
( ) - -, , , , . , - .
()
(): -
-
114
/
-
, AFIRA (afi ra
), - /!!
/ / .
. (/) , - ( /), . - ( , - ) , , .
- / :
,
- .
S (//) :
509. .... - /// :
( /0)S (/0) , (-
) .
, - , - 10.000 (/) , 20000 / , !!
- - . -
/ -
- ()
-
115
,
, S.
, V ,3 , 4. - / .
1 , 3, , , 1961., . 35,
2 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 34; : , , , 2011.., . 56,
3 , 3, , , 1961., . 35,
4 , 3, , , 1961., . 35,
(- ) :
, - , , , , ?
. . , , - - / (, )5 ,
5 (, ; -) : , , , 2009 ., . 172,
74
- 75
-
116
- : / - / .
, -
/ () - 1 :
( ) ( )
-, SVina/SeFira/.
-. (, b, c, x, y, n) . 2// / , - , - , , , , .
/-
( S) , , 3
1 : : IV V , , , 1981., . 33; , 3, , , 1961., . 36,
2 : -, , , . 25
3 : linea ecliptica, .
(S/ ) .
4 5
() ( ) 6
, , / -/ :
(), , () , () - .
/ -