( )

( )1- 1-1- . . ( ) . 1-2- . 1-3- : 1-3-1- A .1-3-2- B 1-3-3- . 1-3-4- A . . .1-3-5- B . . . . 1-4- . . 2- 2-1- ASTM : * D2399 * D4442 . 3- .3-1- ( ) ( ) ( ) . . 3-2- A ( ) . 3-3- . . . . A . 3-4- . . 4- 4-1- . 2%+65 . . . A 5- 5-1 . . . . 6- b in in18 (2) . . 12 . 6-2- (a) . . (b ) . 16.3 . 6-3- 01/0 001/0 . 16.1 16.2 . 16.3 . 7-1- (1) (2) . . 4/1 . . . . 18 1 . v . . . v . . . .7-2- - 3 12 . :

N = MIN/ IN (MIN/ON) = IN (CM)R = 8 ( )

= .

7-2-1- . 3 12 . . 7-3- . . .

. . .8- 8-1- 0.0001 in (mm 0.002) 12 . 2 3 . .9- - 9-1 :

= psi (mm/N) p= () bf1(N)

W= in (mm)

L= in (mm)

.

9-2- :

G= psi (mm/ N)T= in (mm)

= in/ bf 1 (mm/N) 9.1 .

. B- -

10- - 10-1- 4 . . . 1- . .

11-

11-1 . . 4.5 in (mm 115) 10 in (mm 255) .2- . .

11-2- - 0.001 in (mm 0.02) . .

12- 12-1- :

L= (in)

d= (in)

fb= (psi)

Fv= (psi)

12-2- 16 11 .

3: . . 15% 15% . . 10% .13- 13-1- . . .

14- 14-1- 4 6 . 0.05 mm/ in .

14-1-1- - ( ).

15- - 15-1- - :

Fv= (psi)

p= (1bf)B= (in)

d= (in) 4: .

15-2- - :

Fb = (psi)

p= (1bf)L= (in)

b= (in)

d= (in) 5: .

16- - 16-1- - . in2 4 (26cm2) . .

16-1-1- . .

16- 1-2- d4442 .16-2- - d2395 . 2in3 (cm3 33) . .

16-3- - - . . in- 3 (7.5 cm) 6 in (15cm) . - . ( ) .16- 3-1- . . . 16-3-2- 16.3.1 . .

16-4- - . .

17- - w 1- . . : 17-1-1- 17-1-2- 17-1-3-

17-1-4- 17-1-5-

17-1-6-

17-1-7-

17-1-8- .

17-2- .

18- - 18-1- . .

19- - 19- 1- - - -

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