. . . (early warning devices) . 1900 1976 2.7 40000 .

.

1975 1.000.000 . 1976 . 1990 30 29 1999 .:

- 6 !!! 6 : 6

1970 1980 . 1995 . . .

1981 28 1981 . .

2009 2009 . . . :

. . 5 . 5 the Elastic Rebound Theory .

. . . . . . . . uplift .

() . . . . . . . () .

. . . .

. . . .

. . . 100 .

P-waves () . P . P primary wave pressure wave ( ) . . .

:K ( ) ( G ) . K .M M = K + 4 / 3 . 5 8 . 6 13 .

Representation of the propagation of a P-wave on a 2d grid (empirical shape)

Plane P-wave

VAN Varotsos, Alexopoulos and Nomicos 1980 . . "seismic electric signals" (SES) . . .National and Capodistrian University of Athens

VAN 5 magnitude 0.7 magnitude 2 11 . . . .

( ) . 21 7 () . .

2009 . . . Journal of Zoology 74 . . Open University .

1970 1980 . 2009 . Giampaolo . worldwide seismic early warning system .

Radon concentration changes in ground water prior to and after the 1966 Tashkent earthquake in the USSR [Asada, 1982].

. 2 3 . 10 15 . . . .

Changes in the electrical resistivity of the rocks in the Garm region in the USSR between 1967 and 1972. The vertical lines indicate the scales of the earthquakes. K is the exponent of 10 when earthquake energy is measured in ergs [Asada, 1982

. . .

Diagram of a water-tube tilt meter. As the ground tilts, the water level in the tanks will change. The change in water level height is proportional to the amount of ground tilt

Foreshocks ( ) . Foreshocks 1975 Haicheng earthquake 1 . 50 % 5 10% .

. - 100 . .

2005 Physical Review Letters . . . .

. . .

( ) 7.1 2004 . .

4"x4"x12 . (low earth orbit) . 0.6 .

. ( )- ( ) . .

http://tc.engr.wisc.edu/http://iran-newspaper.comhttp://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papershttp://en.wikipedia.orghttp://www.fujitaresearch.comhttp://www.indianexpress.com/news/earthquake-predictionhttp://earthquake.usgs.govhttp://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.nethttp://www.chipr.sunysb.edu/

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