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1.Kurt Lewin , Psychological Ecology (1943), Field Theory in Social Science (New York: Harpers,1951), PP. 170-187. 2.David M. White , The Gatekeeper: A Study in S election of News, Journalism Quarterly, 27: 383-390 (Fall 19750) 3. Ibid ., P. 385. 4. Paul B.snider , Mr. Gates Revisited: A 1966 Version of the 1949 Case Study, Journalism Quarterly, 49:419-427 (Autumn 1967). 5. Ibid., P. 427. 6. Walter Gieber, Across the Desk: A Study of 16 Telegraph Editors, Journalism Quarterly, 33:423-432 (Fall 1956); John T. Mc Nelly.

Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News ,Journalism Quaterly ,36:23-26 (Winter 1959); Abraham Z. Bass, Refining the Gatekeeper Concept :A UN Radio Case Study , Journalism Quarterly , 96:69-72 (Spring 1969): Richard M. Brown, The Gatekeeper Reassessed : A Return to Lewin, Journalism Quarterly,56:595-601, & 679; (Summer 1979); D.Charles Whitney and Lee B. Becker. Keeping the gates for Gatekeepers: The Effect of Wire News, Journalism Quarterly, 59:60-65 (Spring 1982);Daniel Riffe, et al., Gaatekeeping and the Network News Mix,Journanism Quarterly, 63:315-321 (Summer 1986).

7. Bruce H. Westley and Malcom S. Mac Lean, Jr., A Conceptual Model for Communication Research, Journalism Quarterly, 34:31-38, (Winter 1957)

8. Walter J. Ward, News Values, News Situations, and News Selections: An Intentensive study of Ten City Editors, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Lowa, 1967.

9. Lorenzo E. Carter, News Values of Editor-Reporters on Five Oklahoma Newspapers, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1970; George R. Rhoades, News Values and News Decisions of Selected Associated Press and United Press International Newsmen in Oklahoma, unpublished Masters thesis, Oklahoma State University,1970; Ronald L. Snipec, News Values and News Decisions of High and Low Authoritarian Editors, unpublished Ed.D dissertation. Oklahoma State University,1973; L.Erwin Atwood, How Newsmen and Readers Perrceive Each Others Story Preferences,Journalism Quarterly, 47:296-302 (Winter 1970 ) ; Carl F. Galow, A Comparison of One Newspapers Editors and Suvscribers News Values, unpublished Ed. D dissertation. Oklahoma State University, 1973: Naiim Badii, The Nuture of News in Four Dimensions: Normality. Prominence, Significancs . Reward, unpublished Masters thesis, Oklahoma State University, 1976; Naiim Badii and Walter J. Ward, The Nuture of News in Four Dimensions, Journalism Quarterly, 57:243-248, (Summer 1980).

10. :

William Stephenson, The study of Behavior: a Technique and Its Methodology, (Chicago: University of Chikago Press, 1953) Fred N. Kerlinger, Foundations of Behavioural Research (New York: Holt . Rinehart and Winston, ine .1973). pp . 582-598.

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2. "Measuring the Coneept of Credibility", Journalism Quarterly, (Autumn 1986), pp.451-462. 3. Newspaper reporting accuracy. 4. Belivability of Soure as a Component of Persuasive Communication impact. 5. Journalism Quarterly, 58:411-419,433 (1981): Gantz, op.cit. Timothy J.Meyer: Media Credibility: The State of the Research". Public

Telecommunications Review, 2(4): 48-52 (1974); Michael Burgoon; Judeek. Burgoon, and Miriam Wilkson, Newspaper Image and Evaluation.

6.Television news items separated into two Factors. Containing the same items as the newspaper credibility factor. No new items grouped with these. There appeared to be no reason not to use the same 12 items in a television credibility score.

7. H.Alen White is the assistant professor at Murray state university in Murray, Kentucky. 8. Juliel-Andsager, is a doctoral student at the Univresity of Tennessee at Knoxiville. 9. "Newspaper Column Readers' Gender Bias: Perceived interest and Credibility", Journalism Quarterly, (Winter 1991), pp.709-718. 10. Philip Goldberg, "Are women prejudiced Against Women?", Transaction, 5:28.30. 11. Ford Burkhart, "When Readers Prefer Women", Editor and Publisher, July 22, 1989. 94; 54:Hanna Levenon, Brent Buford, Bonno and

Lorer Davis, "Are Women Still prejudiced Against Women ?A Replication and Externation of Goldbery Study," the Journal of Psychology, 86, 67-71; Glendal. Sueger, Credibilitily of Male and fenale Reporters: Differences in Resders' Perceptions. Unpulished thesis M.S. Colifornia State University Fullerton, 1981.

12. Donaldl Shaw, Lynap. Cole, Royl. Moor and Richard R. Cole. "Men Versus Women in By Lines", Joumalism Quarterly, (No.58):103-106. 13. Burkhart, op. cit. 14. Sweyer'op.cit. 15. Judy. C. Pearson, "The Role of Gender in Source Credibility". Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication

Association, Louisville (KY.1982) 16. Richard and.Mary J. Allen, "Sexand Ethnic Bias in the Evaluation of Student Edito rials', the Journal of Psychology, (94,1976):53-56. 17. Fred R.Brame, "A Study of Effectiveness of Gender Upon Percieved Source Credibility and the Effectiveness of Army Speokes Persons"

(Unpublished thesis m.s. University of Gorgia 1983) 18. Journalism Quarterly (Vol.68, No.4, Winter 1991), p.718.

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ni draweR deyaleD .sv etaidemmI" ,allteP .V ;5-38 .pp .2691 ,93 .loV ,ylretrauQ msilanruoJ ",stnecselodA yb srepapsweN fo esU ",snoisnemiD ruoF ni sweN ot erutaN ehT" ,draW .retlaW dna iidaB miiaN ;9691,21.loV ,acigoloicoS atcA ".gnidaeR repapsweN draweR deyaleD dna draweR etaidemmI fo ytilibaileR" ,yratelgniS .W leiahciM ;8-342 .pp ,0891 ,75l oV ,ylretrauQ msilanruoJ ",tnetnoC sweN fo yroehTa gnidliuB" dleifyaM .K.E dna rekamaohS .J.p ;02-611 .pp ,5891 ,26 .loV ,ylrelrauQ msilanruoJ ".seirogetaC .631-1 .pp ,7891 ,301 .oN ,shpargonoM msilanruoJ


76

: . 1 1) 1369 :(40 45 .

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3. Robert F. Garst and Theodor M. Bemstein, Headlines and Deadlines, New York: Columbia University Press, Third edition, 1961: Edward J.Smith and Gilbert L. Fowier. Jr.."How Comprehensible are Newspaper Headlines," Journalism Quarterly, Vol.59.1982-, pp.761-66; Arthur Wimer and Dale Brix, Workbook for Head Writing and News Editing. Dubuque. Lowa: Wm C. Brown Company Publishers, Third edition, 1974; Jak B. Haskkins and Lois P. Flynne, "Effects of Headline Typeface on Reading Interest." Journalism Comparative Approach, New York: Longiman Inc., 1989, pp. 103-110.

4. Theresa G. Siskind. "The Effects of Newspaper Design on Readers." Journalism Quarterly, Vol.56, 1977, pp. 54-61; Gerald C. Stone, John

C.Schweitzer and David H. Weaver, "Adoptation of Modern Newspaper Design," Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 55, pp. 761-66; E. Katz, J. Blumler and M. Gurevitch, "Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual, "in Jay G. Blumler and Elihu Katz, est., The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Grattficaltions Research, Beverty Hill, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1974, pp. 19-32.

:

: . ) : 1368 3 :(109 125 : . ) :

1368 :(23-28 . ) : 1368 .( 5 . ) ( :

Maxwell E.McCombs and Donald L. Shaw. "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," Publi Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 36, Summer 1972, pp. 176-87; Donald L. Shaw and Maxwell E.McCombs, The Emergence of American Political Issues: The Agenda-Setting Function of the Press, St. Paul, Minn West Publishing Co., 1977; Lynda Lee Kaid, Kathy Hale and Jo Ann Williams, "Media Agende-Settung of a Specific Political Event," Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 54, Autumn 1977, pp.584-587; L. Erwin Atwood, et al., "Daily Newspaper Contributions to Community Discussion," Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 65, Autumn 1978, pp. 570-76; William Thomas Gormley Jr., "Newspaper Agendas and Political Elites," Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 52, Summer 1975, pp. 304-308; D.H. Weaver, D.A. Graber, M.E McCombsand C.H. Eyal, Agenda-Setting in a presidential Election, New York; Praeger, 1961.

6. Charls Atkin, "Instrumental Utilities and Information Seeking," in Peter Clarks, ed., New Models for Mass Communication Research, Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973, pp. 205-242; L.Donohew, L. Tipton and R. Haney,"Analysis of Information-Seeking Strategies," Journalism Quarterly, Vol, 55, Spring 1978, pp. 25-31; Michael L. Ray and Scott Ward, "The Relevance of Consumer Information Processing Studies to Communication Research." Communication Research, Vol, 2, 1975, pp. 195-202; R.Kleinhesselik and R. Edwards, "Seeking and Avoiding Belief-Descrepant information as a Function of its Perceived Refutability," Journal of Personality and Social Psycology, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 787-90: M. Manis et al., "The Transmission of Attiude-Relevant Information Through a Communication Chain," Journal of Personality and Social Psycology, Vol, 30, 1974, pp. 881-94: M.Hazen and S. Klesler. Communication Strategies Affected by Audience Opposition. Feedback and Persuasibility," Speech Monographs. Vol,42. March 1975, pp. 56-68.


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