ΡΥΠΑΝΣΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΟΓΕΙΩΝ ΝΕΡΩΝ ΛΑΡΙΣΑΣ
DESCRIPTION
Υπόγεια νερά ΛάρισαςTRANSCRIPT
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2007
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2006-2007,
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ABSTRACT
The specific diplomatic dissertation, taking into consideration the immediate need for
environmental protection which had been passed over in favour of the economic development, is
focused on the soil and underground water contamination. The factor that cause this are focused on
the human activities and are classified in urban and industrial waste, as well as in agricultural
activities.
Besides the presentation of the recent situation and the methods of soil and water
remediation in European and International level, the prefecture of Larissa has been chosen, being
the city of Larissa its centre and the fifth largest populated city in Greece as well. Furthermore, it
gathers a great number of economic activities of primary, secondary and third section.
In particular as far as the primary agricultural section is concerned, a questionnaire was
drawn up and distributed to the farmers of the prefecture of Larissa.
Its main goal is to thoroughly present the profile of the farmer in the prefecture of Larissa and to
investigate his relation with the natural environment and natural resources. Especially, to what
extent this correlation is affected by factors such as educational economic level and age.
Due to the fact that the natural resources globally are considered limited, it is vital to secure
them in favour of sustainable development and the high living standards of future generations.
Bearing that in mind, not only the possibilities of their remediation are investigated, but also the
perspectives of sustainable development of the prefecture, the protection of their quantity, quality
and last but not least the most vital factor which is their renewability.
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.........................................................................................................................................9
1. .........................................................11
1.1 .............................................................................................................................11
1.2 ...................................11
1.3 ..................................................................................12
1.4
......................................................................................................................................13
1.5 : ..........15
1.5.1 ..............................................................................................................15
1.5.2. ........................................................................................................19
2. ..................................................................22
2.1 .............................................................................................................................22
2.2 ...............................22
2.2.1 ....................................................................................................22
2.2.2 .....................................................................................................................22
2.3 ......................26
2.3.1 ........................................................................................................26
2.3.2 ......................................................................27
2.4 ..................................................33
2.5 ......................................................................................................37
2.5.1 - .................................................................................37
2.5.2 ....................................................................................................................38
2.5.3 .............................................................................................38
2.5.4 - ..............................................................38
3. .........................................................................40
. ............................................................................................................40
3.1 .............................................................................................................................40
3.2 - ...............................................................40
3.3 ......................................................................................................43
. ..........................................................................................................44
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6
3.4. .
..........................................................................................................44
3.4.1 ..............................................................45
3.4.2 .....................................51
3.4.3 ...................................................................................52
3.4.4 .... ...........................................................................................................53
3.4.5 ....................................................................................................................56
3.4.6 ..................................................................57
3.5 ................................................................58
4. - .................60
. ............................................................................................................60
4.1 .............................................................................................................................60
4.2 ................................................................................................61
4.2.1 ................................................................................................................61
4.2.2 ................................................................................64
4.3 ...................................................................................................66
. ........................................................................................................70
4.4
.......................................70
4.4.1. ........................................................................................71
4.4.2 ..................................79
4.5
.......................................................................................................80
4.6 ................................88
4.6.1. ..................................................................................................................88
4.6.2 ...................................................................................................88
4.6.3 ..............................................................................................90
4.6.4 .....................................................................92
4.6.5 - .......................................................................................92
4.7 ..........................................................................94
4.7.1 , , ....................95
4.7.2 "" - ..................................................................95
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7
4.7.3 ..........97
5. : ...................................................................................................................100
- .......100
5.1 .....................................................................................100
5.2 .................................................................................................................100
5.3 ................................................................................................102
5.4 ............................102
5.4.1 ....................................................................102
5.4.2. , .........................................................107
5.4.3 /
. ........................................................................................127
5.5 / ...........131
5.6 .....................................................................................147
5.7 .....................................................................................................152
6. - ......................162
. ..........................................................................................................162
6.1. ..........................................................................162
6.1.1. ............................................................................................................162
6.1.2. .....................................................................................................167
6.2 ......172
6.2.1 .....................................................................175
6.2.2 .....................................................................175
6.2.3. ...................................................................................................176
6.2.4. ........................................................................176
. ........................................................................................................177
6.3 .......................................177
6.4 ................................................................177
6.4.1 ................................................177
6.4.2 ........................................................178
6.4.3 .................................................................................179
6.4.4 ......................................................................................181
6.5 ........................................................183
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8
7. - ................185
. ........................................................................................................185
7.1 ....................................................................185
7.1.1. ...........................................................................................................185
7.1.2. .....................................................................................................193
7.2 - ..........200
7.2.1 ..............................................................................................200
7.2.2 .............................................................200
7.2.3 ............................................................201
7.2.4 .........................................................................201
7.2.5 ..........................................................202
7.2.6 ..................................................................................................202
. ......................................................................................................202
7.3 ................................................................202
7.4 .........................203
7.5 ........................................................206
7.6 ....212
7.7 ...........................................................................................................213
7.8 .............................................................215
8. ...................................................................................................217
................................................................................................224
...............................................................................................................................234
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UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
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(World Health Organisation WHO) : http://www.who.int/en/
(International Maritime Organisation IMO) : http://www.imo.org/
(Food and Agriculture Organisation FAO) : http://www.fao.org/
, (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO) :
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-
URL_ID=29008&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
:
(World Wildlife Fund WWF) : http://www.worldwildlife.org/
(International Union for the Conservation of Nature - IUCN) : http://www.iucn.org/
(International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS) : http://www.icomos.org/
Green Peace : http://www.greenpeace.org/international/
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2001, 279.305 : , , ,
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23
2.1.
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2.1: .
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
17.420 15.631 14.447 14.862 14.121 51.644 44.927 41.979 42.999 37.264 101.234 113.226 139.738 151.223 161.566
36.800 35.186 35.788 38.945 42.823 27.218 24.189 22.313 22.583 23.531
234.316 233.159 254.295 270.612 279.305
: ...., 1961,1971,1981,1991,2001.
1961-1971 1971-1981,
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, 1991-2001
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2.2.
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2.2:
,1971-2001
1971 1981 1991 2001 1971-81 1081-91 1991-01
. 7.4 72 7.087 7.411 6.458 -5,43% 4,37% -14,76% . 7.685 8.007 8.545 8.407 4,02% 6,30% -1,64% . 4.418 4.250 4.335 3.951 -3,95% 1,96% -9,72% . 2.716 2.509 2.626 2.273 -8,25% 4,46% -15,53% . 3.683 4.864 6.327 10.022 24,28% 23,12% 36,87% . 4.453 3.931 3.622 3.119 -13,28% -8,53% -16,13% . 15.741 14.442 15.637 14.563 -8,99% 7,64% -7,37% . 5.415 5.174 4.838 4.526 -4,66% -6,95% -6,89% . 2.586 2.421 2.522 2.428 -6,82% 4,00% -3,87% . 5.319 4.657 4.753 4.375 -14,22% 2,02% -8,64% . 3.270 2.909 3.096 2.834 -12,41% 6,04% -9,24% . 3.989 3.625 3.514 3.305 -10,04% -3,16% -6,32% . 4.505 3.800 3.275 3.274 -18,55% -16,03% -0,03% . 2.546 2.186 2:109 1.763 -16,47% -3,65% -19,63% . 73.848 103.468 114.334 126.076 28,63% 9,50% 9,31%1 . 3.782 3.710 3.378 3.187 -1,94% -9,83% -5,99% . 3.281 3.267 3.004 2.976 -0,43% -8,75% -0,94% . 3.526 3.154 3.278 3.472 -11,79% 3,78% 5,59% . 2.277 1.899 1.811 1.781 -19,91% -4,86% -1,68% . 6.261 5.579 5.588 5.486 -12,22% 0,16% -1,86% . 6.743 6.249 6.863 6.540 -7,91 % 8,95% -4,94% . 5.091 4.726 4.410 3.588 -7,72% -7,17% -22,91% . 7.585 7.658 8.203 8.292 0,95% 6,64% 1,07% . 7.823 6.953 6.470 6.412 -12,51% -7,47% -0,90% . 5.745 5.528 5.451 5.065 -3,93% -1,41 % -7,62% . 4.302 3.874 3.946 3.588 -11,05% 1,82% -9,98% . 15.320 15.581 16.923 16.900 1,68% 7,93% -0,14% . 8.674 8.287 9.464 10.812 -4,67% 12,44% 12,47% . 801 561 554 510 -42,78% -1,26% -8,63% . 1.565 1.146 1.351 1.086 -36,56% 15,17% -24,40% . 2.733 2.793 2.974 2.236 2,15% 6,09% -33,01% . 233.159 254.295 270.612 279.305 8,31 6,03% 3,11 % : ...., 1971, 1981, 1991,2001,
-
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26
... 30 (1971-2001).
2.3:
%
1971 1981 1991 2001 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01
233.159 254.295 270.612 279.305 8,31 6,03 3,11
30.558 25.411 25.776 26.332 -20,26 1,42 2,11
40.874 39.558 41.434 38.037 -3,33 4,53 -8,93
161.727 189.326 203.402 214.936 14,58 6,92 5,37
/.
13,11% 9,99% 9,53% 9,43% -31,16 -4,91 -1,03
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17,53% 25,56% 15,31% 13,62% -12,69 -1,60 -12,43
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69,36% 74,45% 75,16% 76,95% 6,83 0,95 2,33
: ...., 1971, 1981, 1991,2001,
75%
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2.3 2.3.1
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2.5.1 -
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(, 2000).
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3.3
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3.4.1
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0,8 kg
. 1,096 kg
( .., 1995).
2001,
. .
3.1.: .
(2001)
(Kg / /)
( / )
14.121 0,8 4.015
37.264 0,8 10.950
42.823 0,8 12.410
23.531 0,8 6.935
124.786 1,096 50.005
36.780 0,8 10.585
279.305 94.900
: .., 1995,
-
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. : 61% , 18%
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2000).
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12.000
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3.2.: .
( /)
() 45.883
() 137.062
() 11.181
() 32.520
62.916
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26.006
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(, 2000).
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( & , 1997).
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( & , 1997). DELMONDE
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DELMONDE,
Intercom Foods.
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(,
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(, 2000).
EXALCO
( & , 1997).
. , 80%
, 10% 10%
.
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3.3.: .
( / )
47.250
11.550
31.500
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3.150
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650 237 (,
2000).
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66% . ,
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(16%).
. .
3.4.: .
( / )
103.106
95.550
389.440
. 5.483
593.579
: , 2000
. ,
.
3.5:
.
-
- . &
52
2154
9571
2.194.800
5.677.100
100 1.000
CONTAINER -
14
7
32
23
1
350
272
9
1
: , 2000
, , ,
,
.
3.4.3
. ,
- , .
.
.
.
.
80,
-
- . &
53
. ,
.
. 7
141 . , ,
, , , (, 2000).
. 51
312 .
: , , , , , , ,
, , , (, 2000).
,
. . ,
,
, (, 2000).
.
(, 1993):
3.4.4 ....
...
, 3. .
25 . . 1998 50 ,
60.000 (, 2000).
560 , 200
.
-
- . &
54
,
. 300
. . , 730 . .
390 . . 2 ( , 1998).
, 3 1 . 100 . (
, 2003).
.... +185 +230
. ,
+60
.
...., -,
.
,
,
...., .
,
( , 1998).
, (15-
25%). , , 850 .
13 ,
. ,
.
....
,
. .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
-
- . &
55
....,
( , 1998).
....
3 .
3 33 ,
.
150 kg BOD5 / ( ) 3 kg BOD5 / m3
( , 1998).
,
. .
,
.
1 ,
( ,
1998).
....
,
.
,
, .... :
, ,
, ,
( , 1998).
....
.
, ,
,
( , 1998).
-
- . &
56
3.4.5
1998 , ,
, ..
, .
. , . . ,
. ,
, ,
.
(, 2000).
22,9%, 800
( .., 2000).
, ,
...., (,
, , , , )
.
, , ,
, , ,
(, 2002, Tchobanoglous, 2002).
.
.
..
.
.. 7 .
, ( ).
:
(/) 0,035 () 0,005
-
- . &
57
0,36 1 0,8 0,5 0,07 0,15 0,18 0,06
40.000 / , .
:
(/)
0,009
0,006
0,006
.
, ,
(
).
.
. ,
, .
( .., 2000).
.
3.4.6
.
:
-
- . &
58
(, , ) .
.
(, , ).
. , :
.... ,
... ....
,
, , .
.
3.5
. :
(pH
-
- . &
59
15.000
180.000
: .... & ...., 2001
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
(.... & ...., 2001).
-
- . &
60
4. -
.
.
4.1
, , ,
, .
( .., 1998).
(.1739/87) 14 ,
,
, , ,
.
(..) (..08),
,
, , ,
.
, , .
13.162km2, 285m.
( 2.400 km2) ( 1.100 km2)
5 2.000
m, (2.917 m).
.. , ,
, ,
, , ,
. ..
. ( ..,
1993).
-
- . &
61
, ,
, ,
(, .).
4.2 ,
) )
.
4.2.1
,
, (, 2001):
(Total Solids - TS) (Suspended So1ids SS)
(Dissolved Solids - DS)
.
10 22C
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
, , .
,
, .
,
. ,
.
, , ,
-
- . &
62
, , .
: - (DO): ,
' .
.
.
- (CH4):
.
(Kooo,
2001).
,
,
.
, Escherichia Coli Enterobacter
Aerogenes.
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
. ' ,
, (,
1990).
,
(..).
.
:
-
- . &
63
) : ,
( , ,
..) , ,
,
200 m .
, ,
(, 1995). .
,
(, 2001).
) :
, 0,1 - 0,001 mm, .
( ) (, 2001).
35-50% (, 1990).
) :
.
( ,
) ( , ).
,
(,
2001).
( ) 80 90% (, 1990).
) :
.
.
,
,
(, 2001).
) : ,
.
-
- . &
64
, , , ,
, .
(, 2001) ..
,
.
: )
, )
, )
(,
2001).
4.2.2
(-3), ().
'
. ' ,
.
.
,
( , 1995).
, .
.
.
()
.
, ,
( .., 1993).
-
- . &
65
o ,
( ),
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
( 50%) ,
.
( .., 1993).
,
, , ,
, .
, ' .
.
,
( .., 1993).
,
,
, . , , ,
, , , , , .
-
- . &
66
4.3
:
1. 221/65 (... 138/24.2.1965) "
"
1/17831/7.12.1971 (... 986/10.12.1971) 4/1305/2.8.1974 (...
80l/9.8.1974). 1 ,
.
.
1650/1986 (... 160A/16.10.1986). 9 & 10
,
. 16
.
.....,
, ,
.
(...)
(...). :
... 144/2.11.87 (... 197A/11.11.87): "
, (HCH)" ... 73/90 (...
90/11.7.90) 255/94 (... 123/ 21.7.94)
.
... 26857/553/88 (... 196/6.4.88): " " .
... 55648/2210/91 (... 323/13.5.91): "
-
- . &
67
".
... 80568/4225/91 (... 641I7.8.91): ",
.
21 1991 (91/271/...)
... 5673/400/97 (... 192/14.3.97):
" ",
.. 19661/1982/99 (... 1811/29.9.99).
. :
) :
31/12/1998 (..) 10.000 " ",
31/12/2000 .. 15.000 31/12/2005 .. 2.000 15.000. )
:
31/12/2000 .. 15.000 31/12/2005 - .. 10.000 15.000,
- .. 2.000 10.000
.
...
2.000 10.000
1.500 :
4.1.:
BOD5 25 mg/l 70 90%
COD 125 mg/l 75 %
-
- . &
68
TSS 35 mg/l* 90 %
(*)
8 9
,
.
...
...,
....
, .
96/61/... 1996
" ".
1999
2007.
,
: , ,
.
, .
.
,
.
91/689/... ...
19396/1546/97 (... 604/18.7.97): "
".
.. 46399/4352/86 (... 438/3.7.86) : "
, ,
, , ,
,
75/440/..., 76/160/..., 78/659/..., 79/923/... 79/869/...".
-
- . &
69
1739/87 (... 201/20.11.87) "
".
.
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
, , ,
&
.
,
,
(....), , ,
, , , ,
, .
2000/60/ 23 2000
,
,
. 3199 /2003
23 2000.
91/676/ ...
16190/1335/97 (... 519/25.6.97):
.
-
- . &
70
.
4.4
, ... 5673/400/97
( 192/14.3.97),
.
4.2.
/
1 12.4786 2 3.027 3 5.920 4 3.021 5
5.997
6 4.025 7 2.288 8 7.762 9 2.507 10 3.624* 11
15.434*
12 2.714
-
- . &
71
13 26.261* 14 2.379 15 3.149 16 2.700 17 1.803 18 12.451 19 9.870 20 2.236
*
: ...., 2003
,
4.3.
:
145.906 52 % 133.399 48 % > 2000.
200.725 72 %
< 2000 . 78.580 28 % : , 2002
4.4.1.
,
,
, , , ,
.
2001 11.700.000 m3. o
,
. ( .., 2002)
-
- . &
72
1989
.... .
(
)
. 1984
, 1987
, ( , 1991).
,
, .
2,04 .,
198 . . ,
. 14 ( ..,
2001).
( ,
1996):
. 1989 115.000 ( 20.000 m3 / ) 230.000 ( 40.000 m3 /
) 2008.
3 m3/sec.
BOD5 11 mg/L
30 mg/L.
. . .
.....
(....., 1990):
-
- . &
73
,
.
4.4.: .
1 2
V. . m3/ 19.600 39.200 Q1 m3/ 816,7 1633,3 V. m3/ 28.750 57.500 Q2 m3/ 1.198 2.396 Q m3/ (500 L/sec) = 1800 (1m3/sec) = 3.600 Q m3/ (600L/sec) = 2.160 (1,2 m3/sec)= 4.320 BOD5 kgr/ 7.490 14.980 SS kgr/ 8.780 17.560
- 30x106/100ml
120.000 240.000
: .. , 2007
(1995-1997)
.
.
( ,
,
,
)
.
-
- . &
74
. ,
,
.
,
.
( , 2002).
,
.
, .
.
,
, , ,
16-20-0 .
.
.
( .., 1994).
.
4.5
, % 16,5 - pH 6,8 - Cd, ppm 4,1 20-40 Ni, ppm 77 300-400 Fe, ppm 7014 -
-
- . &
75
Mn, ppm 187 - Zn, ppm 137 2500-4000 Cu, ppm 101 1000-1750
: .., 1994
1998
. 4.500 .
4.200
. .
,
.
:
. . : . .
:
BOD5 = 11,2 mg/lt COD = 120 mg/lt SS = 25 mg/lt = 7 mg/lt = 1 mg/lt (, 2002)
1995 7.000 ,
10.500 . .
2000,
-
- . &
76
,
. ,
12.000 . ,
50%, ,
.
,
.
()
. ,
. ,
15.250
15 18.000 35.
50%.
,
.
:
, ,
.
, .
.
.
. .
-
- . &
77
.
.
.
.
, (UV).
.
106090/18-12-1998, 95% :
BOD5 = 20 mg/lt COD = 90 mg/lt SS = 20 mg/lt = 10 mg/lt = 5 mg/lt ( .. , 2007)
(....) ( .., 2001).
1996.
,
2016,
, 2036.
,
:
4.6.:
.
(m3)
1996 9.077 2.178
-
- . &
78
2016 12.225 2.934
2036 16.465 3.952
: , 1997
, :
,
:
= 30 C pH = 6,5 8,5 BOD5 = 40 mg/lt COD = 80 mg/lt SS = 80 mg/lt > 3 mg/lt ( , 1997)
2015 2000 .
,
,
.
.
:
, :
BOD5 = 15 mg/lt COD = 50 mg/lt
-
- . &
79
SS = 10 mg/lt = 120 mg/lt = 15 mg/lt ( .. , 2007)
4.4.2
vo .
, ,
,
.
.
2022-.. 9.000
) ( ),
2042-.. 12.000 ) ( ).
: ) - , )
, ) , ) , )
- - , ) ,
) , ) ,
) , ) , )
, ) , )
,
,
:
BOD5 = 16 mg/lt SS = 14 mg/lt = 5 mg/lt = 6 mg/lt (, 2005)
v
-
- . &
80
.
(..)
12.000 2036 4.200 m3/d,
860 kg BOD5/d
BOD5 > 90%, COD > 75% TSS > 90%.
:
- . . . . . 4 . . (UV). .
-
3 .... . 3
, .
( ,., 1997)
4.5
,
..
.
.., 50%,
.
..
-
- . &
81
.. 60%.
..
.
4.7: ..
.
.. LARCOM FOODS S.A.
.. . . ..
..
() ..
() .. () . . .. .. . & AROFARM A.E.
A.E. PLAST FOOD HELLAS ABEE . . : .. , 2007
. .. ,
, .
.. ,
.
-
.
21
.
,
-
- . &
82
,
.
.
(air lift).
.
,
, .
( )
. ,
,
. ( ..
, 2007)
, ,
, (
).
.
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
.
(
.. , 2007)
-
- . &
83
.
, &
.
20.000 m3.
. .
8.000 . -
.
500 m3
/ . 9-10 .
110.000 m3.
(BOD5= 3.000-3.500 mg/L).
.
( .... )
( .. , 2007)
o .
. ,
,
.
-
, , .
-
- . &
84
2.000.000 m3 ,
23.000 m3 90 .
,
,
. ( .. , 2007)
(, )
. 8.520
m3/,
- - 40.000 m3 / ,
48.520 m3 / .
. ,
, ,
(, ,
, , .).
.
. ,
/ , .
, ()
.
(
.. , 2007)
.
, .
-
- . &
85
54 , 2
. 50%
,
.
2/3
, . ,
,
, ,
.
1.400 m3 ,
240 ,
336.000 m3. ( .. ,
2007)
.
.
205.000 m3.
( .. , 2007).
.
4.000 m3 .
11 .
440.000 m3 .
.
45.000 /.
-
- . &
86
( .. , 2007)
.
.
EXALCO ALBI. EXALCO 1.500 m3
,
.
ALBIO 22.000 m3 .
.
410.000 m3 ( .. , 2007)
o
( ) & ( ).
60 m3 .
,
.
240 m3
.
. 100.000
m3 .
,
( , 1997).
BOD5.
-
- . &
87
4.8.
(m3/)
% BOD5 (mg/l)
, 20.000 0,5 40-60 110.000 3,0 3.3000-
3.700
2.000.000 54,4 800-1200
- -
9.000 40.000
0,3 1,1
14.000-16.000
- &
335.000 9,1 2.000-2.400
- - - 205.000 5,6 200-600 440.000 12,0 800-900 - - - - - - - - 1.000-1.200 - - - 410.000 11,2 - - - - - - -
- - -
- - - 105.000 2,8 - 150.00 0,4 500-700
3.674.000 100 : , 1997
,
.
4.9.
% (, , )
27 26
( )
55 52
( )
13 12
-
- . &
88
)
10 10
105 100 : , 1997
4.6
4.6.1. ,
(. ), (. ),
1988, 1990, .....
....., . ,
,
,
.....
,
.
,
.
.
, , ,
,
. ,
,
.
. (
, 2003)
4.6.2
2000
.. ... :
-
- . &
89
:
: .
: .
: . .....: .
1990.
.
: , .
: . 20 ,
.
-: .
:
: .
-: ,
.
:
: -, .
: .
:
: , ,
.
-
- . &
90
:
: .
4.6.3
.
,
. 23
(12 , 2 , 3 , 4 2 ),
,
( "", 2003):
: ' TOC
,
.
( - ) ,
.
0,5 () 10 ppm ( ),
0,45 17 ppm ().
, '
.
: .
0,2 () 17 ppm,
0,7 28 ppm. '
- -
. , 1 ppm,
.
15 ppm.
: . 0 0,6 ppm (),
.
-
- . &
91
.
: 0 1,3 ppm (Av), 0 0,51 ppm.
- , '
.
.
: 1980-91 80% .
DO 1980-90
1980.
,
(, .., 2001):
: 5C 28-30oC,
.
,
.
12C.
:
.
. ,
5 20 mg/L,
100 mg/L.
: 7,8 8,2, 7,5
. .
,
. ....
-
- . &
92
100 100.000 / mL,
- 240.000 / 100 mL 0 -
80.000/100 mL (, .., 2001).
4.6.4
.
6.250 m . 1938
,
- .
, .
.
. ,
,
.
, .
1995
.
2,5 km
.
,
, .
.
.
,
. ( .. , 2007)
4.6.5 -
.
-
- . &
93
. .
,
().
, .
.
,
.
.
. ,
,
. .
1980.
,
.
4000 .
.
.
22 km
- (
"", 2003).
,
:
1.700 8.630 mhos/cm, .
28% 109%, .
, .
(COD) 4-94 mg/L
-
- . &
94
25 mg/L.
, , , .
. BOD5
3
( .., 2001).
4.7 ,
.
T 40%-60%
. T
. M, ,
, .
E,
3%.
1,5% ,
. (, 2005)
A, A, A ,
. (, 2003)
,
, 1970 10-60 m. ,
,
.
, ()
.
,
.
.
. , .
-
- . &
95
, , ,
,
. (, 2007)
, ,
.
4.7.1 , ,
1993
. 57
, 2 (,
), '
.
4
:
15 mg/L, . 25 mg/L, . 50 mg/L, ,
801778/.O.K.
,
:
- : .K (55 mg/L), (102 mg/L), (84 mg/L), (119 mg/L), . (150 mg/L),
: (35mg/L), : (27 mg/L), ( .., 1993)
4.7.2 "" -
-
(-3) ( )
,
-
- . &
96
.
,
. .
, .
, 4, 2,
,
.
,
.
,
:
, .
. ,
.
,
, . ,
,
,
,
, .
2005 ,
(. 3199/2003)
( 2006) .
-
- . &
97
,
.. 2000/60,
.
,
. 800
, . ( ..
, 2007)
4.7.3
&
& , ,
(), . (/ ), , &
.
, 117
.
13 , 78 , 26 91
. 250
, .
,
.., .
, ..
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
4.1.
-
- . &
98
: ..
EUROWATERNET.
30
39 ,
139. ( ..
, 2007)
, 1999 262
-
40,5 mg/L. 278 2000
36,5 mg/L, 9,9%.
,
.
... ..... 98
, 42 50 mg/L,
-
- . &
99
. 23
25 50 mg/L,
. , 33
25 mg/L, .
:
195 . , 23,1% >
50 mg/L, 26,7%
25 - 50 mg/L, 50,2% 25 mg/L.
- ,
, 272
17,2 mg /L(.... ..., 2001).
-
- . &
100
5. :
-
5.1
. ,
(, ),
:
(, ).
(- ).
(- ).
5.2
:
1) , .
9
.
9 .
9 , , .
9 .
9 . .
-
- . &
101
2)
26 2007 7 2007 :
3)
Excel-Spss v.11
.
( )
.
, ,
,
.
(Boxplot)
.
, 50%
(), 50%
.
.
, .
(
) (
). (
)
.
-
- . &
102
, , .
5.3 1
258 ..
( ),
5.1:
35 13,4 13,4 13,463 24,4 24,4 37,869 26,7 26,7 64,511 4,1 4,1 68,615 5,8 5,8 74,426 9,9 9,9 84,312 4,7 4,7 89,029 11,0 11,0 100,0
258 100,0 100,0
Total
ValidFrequency Percent Valid Percent
CumulativePercent
3,8% (10 ).
5.4 2
5.4.1 ,
, , ,
, , .
5.1:
1 ( missing). 2
-
- . &
103
97,6%
2,4%
.
97,6% 2,4% . 5.2
,
-
.
5.2:
48%
18,7%
27,5%
5,8%
25-30
30-40
40-50
50
, 48% 50 ,
,
. 27,5%
30 40 , 18,7%
40 50 , (5,8%)
25 30 , ,
. 5.3:
-
- . &
104
27,9%
26,7%
34,3%
4,7%2,3%
4,1%
(.. )
(/)
5.3
,
(26,7 27,9 ). /
(2,3%),
. ,
.
5.4:
77,2%
19,9%
2,3% 0,6%
5.4
.
(77,2%), ,
(19,9%) .
5.5:
-
- . &
105
9,5%
90,5%
/
5.6: ;
90,5%
9,5%
5.5 5.6 ,
. 90,5%
, ,
9,5%, ,
, ,
.
.
5.7: ;
-
- . &
106
6,7%
26,7%23,6%
20,6%18,2%
4,2%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-75
%
5.7 26,7% 30 39
, 23,6% 40 49
,
, ,
.
5.8:
87,2%
11%0,6% 0,6%
0,6%
5.8 .
(87,2%), 11%
. 5.9: :
-
- . &
107
86%
13,5% 0,6%
5.9
86% , 13,5%
. 5.10: ;
21,9%
14,8%
5,9%
17,2%16%
24,3%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60
%
5.10 ( 1 10 )
14,8% . (24,3%)
21 30 .
( 11 20 ), 5,9%
51 60 ,
.
.
5.4.2. ,
5.11
(36,3%) 51 100 . ,
(25,7%) 101 150 ,
-
- . &
108
201 , ,
14,1% . ( 20 50 )
13,5% . 5.11: ;
13,5%
5,3%5,3%3,5%
10,5%
25,7%
36,3%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20 50
51 100
101 150
151 200
201 250
251 300
301
%
5.12: ;
31,8%
15,9%
5,1% 2,5%
44,6%
1 50
51 100
101 200
201
5.12
(44,6%) . ,
(31,8%) 1 50 ,
7,6% 101 .
5.13: ;
-
- . &
109
14%
3,5%
8,7%
14%
37,8%
22,1%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
5.13
, 22,1% ,
(14%) . 3,5%
3 6
(). , , ,
. .
5.14: -;
98,8%
1,2%
-.
5.15: ,
;
-
- . &
110
84%
11,8%
, 4,1%
5.15 (84%)
, 11,8%
.
5.2:
(kg/)
Descriptive Statistics
170 15,0 150,0 63,518 23,0065
170
; (kg/)Valid N (listwise)
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
. ,
15 / , 150 .
64 23 / .
5.16: ;
-
- . &
111
170N =
;
kg/
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
5.16 50%
45 88 / , 99% 20 100
/ . , 140 150
/ .
(kg/)
,
, .
.
.
,
.
(9 )
.
, 258 170
,
.
-
- . &
112
4
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
5.3: ( , )
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: ;(kg/)
31937,029a 18 1774,279 4,323 ,000400632,943 1 400632,943 976,149 ,000
44,710 3 14,903 ,036 ,9917177,865 4 1794,466 4,372 ,0029490,473 11 862,770 2,102 ,022
80853,133 197 410,4221009212,500 216
112790,162 215
SourceCorrected ModelIntercept* ErrorTotalCorrected Total
Type III Sumof Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
R Squared = ,283 (Adjusted R Squared = ,218)a.
,
.
(p-value=0,022). ,
,
.
,
-
- . &
113
5.17:
Non-estimable means are not plotted
50 40-50
30-40 25-30
Est
imat
ed M
argi
nal M
eans
(kg/) 90
80
70
60
50
40
1
,
.
, , ,
40 50
, 30 40
. ,
,
.
,
,
40 50
, .
,
( )
.
-
- . &
114
( )
, . ,
,
,
. 17
, .
5.4: ( ,
)
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: ;(kg/)
45197,304a 20 2259,865 6,146 ,000252155,451 1 252155,451 685,801 ,000
5435,778 5 1087,156 2,957 ,01320785,460 4 5196,365 14,133 ,000
15057,029 11 1368,821 3,723 ,000
72432,971 197 367,6801009662,500 218
117630,275 217
SourceCorrected ModelIntercept *ErrorTotalCorrected Total
Type III Sumof Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
R Squared = ,384 (Adjusted R Squared = ,322)a.
. ,
(p-value
-
- . &
115
Non-estimable means are not plotted
Est
imat
ed M
arg.
Mea
ns (k
g/) 140
120
100
80
60
40
20
1
: ,
. ,
.
.
.
,
. 18
, .
5.5: (
, )
-
- . &
116
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: ;(kg/)
44493,047a 20 2224,652 5,992 ,000291279,234 1 291279,234 784,580 ,000
2624,196 4 656,049 1,767 ,13713625,795 4 3406,449 9,175 ,000
18841,601 12 1570,133 4,229 ,000
73137,228 197 371,2551009662,500 218
117630,275 217
SourceCorrected ModelIntercept *ErrorTotalCorrected Total
Type III Sumof Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
R Squared = ,378 (Adjusted R Squared = ,315)a.
5.5
.
(p-value
-
- . &
117
Non-estimable means are not plotted
-
-
Est
imat
ed M
argi
nal M
eans
(kg/
) 120
100
80
60
40
20
1
.
5.6: (
, )
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: ;(kg/)
45734,314a 23 1988,448 5,366 ,000257629,120 1 257629,120 695,172 ,000
7737,322 6 1289,554 3,480 ,003
8963,659 4 2240,915 6,047 ,000
10939,256 13 841,481 2,271 ,008
71895,962 194 370,5981009662,500 218
117630,275 217
SourceCorrected ModelIntercept*ErrorTotalCorrected Total
Type III Sumof Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
R Squared = ,389 (Adjusted R Squared = ,316)a.
-
- . &
118
5.6
.
(p-value=0,008). ,
5.20:
(20 50 )
70 () 80 ,
. , 51 150
.
, ( 251
),
. ,
151 200 201 250
. (
251 )
. 20
Non-estimable means are not plotted
;
301
251-300
201-250
151-200
101-150
51-100
20-50
Est
imat
ed M
argi
nal M
eans
(kg/
)
120
100
80
60
40
20 0
1
-
- . &
119
,
.
5.21: ;
53,9%
6,7% 3,6%
35,8%1 /
2 /
3 /
4 /
(53,9%) -
2 . (35,8%)
1 , 10,3%
3 4 .
5.22: ;
6,7% 6,1%
87,2%
(87,2%)
, 6,7%
-
- . &
120
,
6,1% .
,
.
,
.
,
.
:
5.7: (
)
ANOVA
; (kg/)
5865,793 2 2932,897 5,952 ,00381306,891 165 492,76987172,684 167
Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal
Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.
5.7,
(p-value=0,003). 5.7 ,
. Scheffe (
), 74 /
5.8.
. ,
-
- . &
121
.
5.8:
Descriptives
; (kg/)
144 60,807 22,7967 1,899717 79,091 20,0183 4,9282
8 74,000 10,9545 4,0000
168 63,192 22,8471 1,7627
Total
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
5.23: ;
1,8%
38%
8,6%4,3%
23,9%
3,7%4,9%2,5%
12,3%
05
10152025303540
NP
NPK
(NP NPK)
( )
(
)
5.23 38%
, 23,9% 12,3%
. 1,8%
.
5.24
.
,
, ,
.
5.24:
-
- . &
122
2,
(2=195,244, p-value
-
- . &
123
5.26:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
20-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 251-300 301
3-5
6-8
9-11
12-15
, (2=56,091, p-
value=0,003).
. ,
( )
51 150 , (3-
5 ) .
(12-15 )
.
5.9:
( / )
Descriptive Statistics
126 15,0 90,0 52,054 18,2202
126
;( /)Valid N (listwise)
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
-
- . &
124
15 90 . 52
, 18 / .
5.27: ( / )
126N =
kg/
100
80
60
40
20
0
50%
45 63 / , 99%
20 90 / . 15
/ .
( / )
,
5.10: (
)
-
- . &
125
ANOVA
; ( /)
10180,726 6 1696,788 6,448 ,00031316,037 119 263,16041496,763 125
Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal
Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.
(p-value
-
- . &
126
38,6%
4,1% 5,8%
41,5%
1,8%
8,2%
05
1015202530354045
5.28 41,5%
,
(38,6%)
. 5.29:
2,3%
50,9%
9,9%3,5%
33,3%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
()
,
(33,3%) .
5.30: :
30,9%
6,4%
18,2%
44,5%
, ..
-
- . &
127
44,5%
. 6,4%
2 , 6
.
5.4.3 / .
, ,
. ,
.
.
, , ..
, .
5.31:
25,9%
5,6%
19,1%
38,9%
12%8,3%
0,9%
5,6%
41,7%42,3%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
45,0%
2,
(2=22,162, p-value=0,005). ,
-
- . &
128
. ,
. (42,3%)
. , 0,9%
5.32:
58,4%
68,6%
41,6%
31,4%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
80,0%
5.32
, .
(2=2,65, p-value= 0,266),
.
58,4%
. 5.33:
-
- . &
129
15%
5,6%
35%
11%
4%0%
38,9%35,5% 42%
13,9%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
-
-
2=15,991 (p-value=0,043),
.
5.33 (15%)
, 75,5% .
4% .
5.34:
23,1%
8,6%
31%
40%
32,6%
51,4%
10%
0%3%
0%0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
2=18,629 (p-value=0,017).
. , (23,1%)
, 63,6%
-
- . &
130
. 3%
.
5.35:
6% 5,6%10,9%
6%
26%
66,7%
31%
17%
26%
6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
X2=30,44 (p-value
-
- . &
131
30,6%
38,9%
9%5,6%
2,3%
8,3%
16,7%
42,8%
27,0%
18,9%
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
45,0%
(2=22,301, p-value=0,004),
. 42,8%
,
2,3% .
5.5 / 1
.
.
5.37
(70,9%)
.
5.37: -
-
- . &
132
20,9%
70,9%
8,1%
(2=0,909, p-
value=0,340).
(98,8%)
-,
. ,
5 245
.
,
,
,
.
, .
. .
5.38: -
;
-
- . &
133
78,6%70,2% 69,8%
21,4%
8,5%
29,8% 30,2%
91,5%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
80,0%
90,0%
100,0%
25-30 30-40 40-50 50
X2
- ,
12,777 (p-value=0,005).
. , 5.38
, ( 40 )
.
30 40 ,
.
,
(2=8,749 (p-value=0,120) 2=3,213 (p-value=0,523)
.
,
5.39: -
;
-
- . &
134
100%
79,7% 77,3% 75,7%
50%
71,4%
0%
20,3% 22,7% 24,3%
50%
28,6%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
(.. )
(/)
,
(11 12 ).
,
,
. , 2=1,805, p-
value=0,179. ,
. ,
2=16,180 (p-value=0,003),
, ,
.
. ,
, .
5.40:
-
- . &
135
40,8%
50%
0%
6% 5,6%
17,9%
33,3%
17,4%
11,1%
17,9%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
,
,
5.40
, 40,8%
.
,
33,3% , 50%
.
,
35,3%
,
.
.
.
5.41: ;
16,9%
16,3%5,2%
41,3%
20,3%
,
,
-
- . &
136
5.40
, (41,3%)
.
258 14 (5,2%)
. 11 14
,
3
.
2=65,995 (p-value
-
- . &
137
,
,
.
, 43,5%
, 22,4%
,
15,6%
.
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
.
(2=40,311, p-value
-
- . &
138
,
.
30-40 , . ,
, 30-40
, 0%.
, (2=52,882, p-value
-
- . &
139
. , 5.45
5.45:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
20 50 51 100
101 150
151 200
201 250
251 300
301
,
,
, 51
.
151 200 ,
.
.
( 51 100
) ( 151 200 ).
(2=24,688, p-
value=0,076),
. ,
.
.
,
. ,
. .
-
- . &
140
(2=9,717, p-value=0.045). 5.46
5.46:
20,3%24%
39%
8%
0%
4,8%
12%
56%
18,2%17,7%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
/
,
,
.
,
. ,
2=4,247 (p-value=0,039). 5.47
5.47: ,
;
88,9%
73,9%
11,1%
26,1%
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
80,0%
90,0%
100,0%
/
-
- . &
141
.
,
.
2=3,343 (p-value=0,342) 2=7,623 (p-value=0,106) .
,
.
2=43,245 (p-value
-
- . &
142
(X2=33,587, p-value
-
- . &
143
(78,5%) ,
(9,3%), (7%), (5,2%).
5.51: ;
25,1%
74,9%
(74,9%) .
5.52: ;
65,5%
34,5%
, (34,5%)
.
-
- . &
144
. ,
2=0,765 (p-value=0,382).
5.53: ;
20%
10,9%
20%
27,3%
21,8%
5.53 27,3%
,
, ,
.
6 , 3
.
. ,
.
.
.
5.54 (55%)
.
.
-
- . &
145
5.54: ;
55%
5,8% 6,4% 1,8%
31%
-
/
/
/
,
.
2=39,778 (p-value
-
- . &
146
, . ,
. ,
,
30 .
(2=53,997, p-value
-
- . &
147
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
80,0%
-
-
-
/
/
/
. , ,
.
. ,
.
5.6
.
. ,
, ,
.
5.57:
-
- . &
148
73,1%
26,9%
26,9%
.
, .
5.58: , ;
, ;
2,3%8%6,8%3,4%
9,1%10,2%
60,2%
010203040506070
/
.
, 10,2%
, 9,1%
.
,
. ,
-
- . &
149
2=55,911, (P-value
-
- . &
150
0%
21%
54,2%38,5%
28,6%
100%87,6%
79%
61,5%71,4%
12,4%
45,8%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
(..
(
/
5.61 23,3%
,
. (29,1%)
.
5.61: /
29,1%
1,7%
29,7%
16,3%
23,3%
5.62: ;
-
- . &
151
2,9 7,67,6
12,2
69,8
5.62
, 12,2% ,
2,9% .
5.63 : ;
66,2%
4,7%10,1%
0,7%
18,2%
, 5.63
(66,2%)
, 4,7% .
-
- . &
152
5.7
. 5.64: ;
26,2%
9,3%
64,5%
(64,5%) .
5.65: , ;
2,8%9,3%
21,3%
12%
54,6%
1980
1980-1990
1990-2000
2000
1980. ,
, 2000
. , (12%)
, . 5.66:
-
- . &
153
14,4%4,8%
5,8%
5,8%3,8%
17,3%30,8%
17,3%
30,8% ,
17,3%. (14,4%)
.
5.67:
;
13,4%
86,6%
(86,6%)