/ -

.

:

1

1 ( ) ( ). , , . . . , , . . E, . . . . . . , , , . , . . . , .

2

, . (syntax) , . . (semantics) - , . () , . (pragmatics) . , . , , , ( , ) . . . [1] . , , . [1] : - ; : - ; , , .

3

, . . , . , , . , ( ;) . , , , . , . ( ), , . , . : . . , , [2]. [2] . . . , ( ). , [2] [3].4

[3] . . . . . ( ). , , . . , , , .

T , , . . , , , . , . . . , . , , .

5

. [4]. [4] . * . ( _ ) , . , . , , [4]. , , . () (). , , . . p, q r. p q. , &. , [4] [5]. [5] p&q p q , p&q . p q ( ), p&q . . , , p&q , q&p . 6

q&p, [6]. [6] . , [4]. , , . p q , &, . . [7]. [7] . [7] . . , . 2, : , . (.. ;). .

7

2 (deixis) ( ) . . (deictic expression). ;, () . (indexicals). . (person deixis) (, ), (spatial deixis) (, ), (temporal deixis) (, ). . , -- , [1] , . [1] . (, .) , . (proximal) , , . (distal) , , . , (deictic center), 8

. , , , . , , , sore, , are , , kore, .

() (). ( ) . , . , , ( ) . , (), () (, ). ( - - ( )) ( , ). (honorifics). (social deixis). . / (T/V distinction), tu () vous ( ) , (du/Sie) 9

(tu/Usted). ( ) / . , , tu , , Usted. , , ( ) ( ), ; , , tu Usted. (Usted) () (), ( ). , (-) , , , , . , , ( ). , , , , , [2]. [2] ; ( , ) , [3], , , [3]. [3] . . . .

10

, , (), [4]. [4] . . (exclusive we) ( / , ) (inclusive we) ( ). ( , keimami keda ). H [4] . / ( , ) ( , ). [4]. - (Lets go) ( ) (Let us go) ( ). , .

, . , , , here there , , , . yonder ( ) , hither ( ) thence ( ) . . , , 11

( !) ( !). ( ) (= ). (= ). , , . ( ) , . ( ) , (= ). (deictic projection) . ( ), [5] . [5] . , [5] , , . , [5] . , , . , , [6]. [6] . , ;12

( ), . (psychological distance). . , ( , ). , ( , ) : I dont like that ( ). , that (/) ( ) , . .

( ). , [7] [7] . [7] . 22 1963; . . 8:30; , . (, [7]) (, [7]). , , , , , , , . . 13

, , [8], . [8] . , [9], () . [9] . . ( ) ( ). ( , , ) ( , , ). , , ( ) ( ) . ( ) . , , [10] [10]. [10] . I live here now / . . I lived there then / . (present tense) (past tense) . , [11], . , ( ) () , [11].

14

[11] . I could swim (when I was a child) ( ). . I could be in Hawaii (if I had a lot of money) ( ). past tense [12]. [12] . If I had a yacht / , . If I was rich / , [12] . . , ( ). ( ), , .

, - . , (), () ( ) [13]. [13] . ; . . , [13], , 15

. [13] [13]. . , , . . . ( ), . , .

16

3 , . , . . . (reference) . (referring expressions), ( , , Cathy Revuelto, ), , ( , , , ) ( , , , ), ( , , , , //). , , . , ( , !) , , , ( , ;). , , ( , ) ( ;) . , (inference). , . 17

. ( , , , ), . . , [1]. [1] . [1] ( ) , ( ) . [1] , .

. [2], , , [2], , ( [2]). [2] . . . . . . [2], , . 18

. (attributive use), / . (referential use) , , [2], . . , [3] . ( , ), . [3] . , , , [3] , . ( ), . , , , , [2]. , .

. 19

, , . . . , , . . . , [4] [4]. [4] . ; . , . , . , [5] [5] . [5] . ; . . , , . [4] [5] . [4] ( ) . 20

. [6]. [6] . . . . . . , , ( [7]), ( [7]), ( [7]) . [7] . . . . . Rolling Stones . (pragmatic connection) , , . ( , ) . , . , [8] , , [8] , . [8] . . . .

, 21

. ( ) , (co-text), . [8] , ( ). . . (range of reference), . , , , [9] [9] ( [9] [9]). [9] . . . . , . , (context), . , , [9]. , [10], [10] [10]. [10] . . . -- . . - . [10] . ( , 22

, ). . , , . , .

. , , . , [11]. [11] . . . , , ( , , ). [11] ( , , ) (, , , ) , , . , (anaphor) (antecedent). ( ). , , , . [12] , 23

, . [12] . . , [13]. [13] . . () . (cataphor) . . [14], , [14]. [14] . . . . . , [14] (;) , , (zero anaphora or ellipsis). , . E . .

24

K 1 [15]. [15] . . . . . . . , . To [15] ( , ) . , , [15], ( ). , ( , ), , [15]. ( ) () ( ). , , , . . . . , ( , ), , , . , , . , .

25

4 , . , . . , . , . , , . . . (presupposition) . , , . (entailment) , . , , . [1]. [1] . [1], . . 26

. [1] , , , . . , . , , .

, . [2] p [2] q, >> , [2]. [2] . . . . . p >> q (=p) (=q)

, [2], (= p), [3], . , q, [3], p, [3]. [3] . . . p >> q (= p) (=q)

(constancy under negation). , ( ), . , [4].

27

[4]

. . (=p) . (= p) . (=q) . p >> q & p >> q

, p ( [4]), q ( [4]) . q, [4], , p p, .

, , . (potential presuppositions), . [1] [3], . (existential presupposition) ( , >> ), . [5], . [5] , , , .... , [4]. [4], q, q . (factive presupposition). , 28

[6] [6], [6], [6] [6] . [6] . . ( >> ). . . ( >> ) . . ( >> ) . . ( >> ) . . ( >> ) . , (lexical presupposition), ( ) . , . , . , , ( ) . , . , , , [7]. [7] . . ( >> ) . . ( >> ) . . ( >> )

, () , , , . , (structural presuppositions). , 29

. ( ) . , , [8] [8], . [8] . ; ( >> ) . ; ( >> )

[8] , . , . . , . [9]. [9] ; ( !) , (, >> ). . , . , , - . - (non-factive presupposition) . , , , [10], , .

30

[10] . . ( >> ) . . ( >> ) . . ( >> ) , - ( ,...). , - (counter-factual presupposition), , , , , . [11], , . [11] , . ( >> ) - , () , . 4.1.

- -

; ,

>> >> >> >> >> >>

4.1

31

. . , ( ) ( ). (projection problem). [12], q ( ), [12], [12]. , : . [12] . . (=p) . . (=q) . p >> q ( , [12] [12].) . . (=r) . . ( = q) . r >> q ( , [12] [12], [12].) . . (=r&p) . r& >> q ( , r&p, q .) [12], , . [13] . , [13]. [13] : . . : . .

32

[13], , , . , [14], [14] [14]. [14] . . (=p) . . (=q) . p >> q . . (=r) . , . (= p&r) . p&r >> q [14] . q ( ) [14]. . . [13], , . , , , q q. ( ) ( ). . ( , ), , [15]. , , [15], . , [15] ;

33

[15] . . . ! [15] (=) (=), . . , 4.1 . . (, ), () , [16]. [16] . ; . . [16], ( ) . , , . .

, ( ), -. [17] [18]. [17] . [18] . . . . . . . .34

(=p) (=q) (=r) (=s) (=t)

[17] [18] p - q, . , [17], (background entailments) ( [18-]). [17], , . , , ( ), , , . , [19], (foreground entailment), , . [19] . . . . [19], . ( ) , , . , . , [20]. [20] . . . . [20], , ( ). [20] ( ) , . [20] ( ) ( , ). .

35

5 , . , , . , , . , . , . [1]. [1] . , [1], , . [1] , , (tautologies). , . [1], . , . (implicature). [1], 36

. , [1] , , , . , ( , ) . , , .

. . . [2] : ; : . ( . ). : ! ! . : . .

. , . : ( ) . ; , . , . , . , , . , , . 37

. (, [2] ( ) ). , , (cooperative principle) - (maxims), 5.1.

: , . 1. ( ). 2. , . . 1. , . 2. . . . 1. . 2. . 3. ( ). 4. . 5.1 ( Grice 1975)

. ( [2]) , 38

. , . , , . .

(quality) , . [3-] [3] . [3] . . . , . . , . . .

[3] . , (hedges), (quantity), [4-], . [4] . , . . , , . . , .

( (relation)) , 39

. , , - . [5-] . [5] . , . . , ; . , ; (manner) [6-], . [6] . , . . , . . , . , . . , , . , ( ). , . , , 40

. , , ( ). ( ) .

, , . [7], . [7] : . : , . [7], . , . , , . . , (conversational implicature). (=) (= ) [8]. +> , . [8] : &; : (+> )

. .

41

[7], [8], , . (=) (=) , [9], [9]. [7], [8]. [9] . : ; ( & ;) . : . ( +> ) , [7] [9], (generalized conversational implicature). // , [10]. : +> . [10] . . [10], , ( , ), . .

. ,42

[11], . [11] < , , , , > < , , > , ( ), , [12]. [12] . [12], (+> ). [12]. (scalar implicature) , , . [11] , . , , , ( , +> , +> ). [13], . [13] . , , , (+> , +> ). . , [14] +> [14] +> +> . [14] . . . .43

, [15]. [15] - , . [15] +> , . , (+> ).

. , , , . (particularized conversational implicatures). [16], . ( .) [16] : ; : . , . ( +> ). , , . ( ) [17].

44

[17] : ; (): . , , , . [18], . . [18] : , ; : . , ( , ) . . , [19] [20], . [19] : ; : ; [20] : ; : , ; [19] . , . , , , !. . [20] , ! .

45

. , . . ( ) . : , , [21]. [21] ! (+> )

, [22], (+> ) [22], , [22], , [22]. [22] . ! . , ! . , ! . , , , . .

, (conventional implicatures) . 46

. , . . p q p&q p q. [23], (=p) (=q). [23] . , . . p&q (+> p q ) . , . , [24] ( ) . [24] . . . . , . [25], (=p), [25]. [25] . . (= p) . p. (+> p ) ( 1) . , [26], . , ,47

[26], . [26] . . (p&q, +> p q) . . (p&q, +> p q) , [26] , [26]. , . . , .

48

6 , , . , [1] . [1] . [1] . , [1]. , [2], [2], [2]. [2] . (-). . . . E (-)! (speech acts) , , , , . , . . . , , (speech event). . , , , [3]. .49

[3] . , , [3], . , . .

. (locutionary act), , . ( ), . , [4]. [4] . . , . , (illocutionary act). . [4] , , , . (illocutionary force) . , . , (perlocutionary act). , [4] 50

( , , ). / (perlocutionary effect). , . , . ( ). , [5], [5], [5], [5]. [5-] [5] . [5] . . (=) . [ ] . . [ ] . [ ] . [5] ( , ). ; : / (Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices) (felicity conditions).

..../.... ( / , ..../....) [6], . () (performative verb, Vp). [6] () [5,], , ,51

..../..... , . [7], . [7] : ; : . : - ; : - ! ( ) . . ..../.... , , () [8]. [8] . ! . ; . ; [ ] [ ] [ ]

, , , .

, (felicity conditions), . , [9], () ( ). [9] .

52

. (general conditions) , , , . (content conditions). , , . - - . (preparatory conditions) . , : , . , : , , . (sincerity condition), , , , , , . , (essential condition), , , . , - . , , . , , , ().

53

() , [6] , () . (performative hypothesis) [10]. [10] () () . , (). , () (() ). , [11] [11], [11] [11] (-). [11] . ! . . [12] . . . . [11] [12], (explicit performatives). [11] [12] (-) (implicit performatives), (primary performatives). . , , [13], (-) . [13] . , ! . , ;

54

[13] [13] ( ). . , ( [11]) (-) ( [11]). , . ( ) . [14] , [14] . [14] . . . ; . , , . , .

: , , , . (declarations) . [15], , , . [15] . : . . : ! . : .

55

, . (representatives) . , , , [16], . [16] . . . . . , . , ( ). (expressives) . , , , , , . [17], , . [17] . ! . ! . , , , , ! , ( ). (directives) . . , , , , [18], . [18] . . . . , ; . . , ( ). (commissives) . . 56

, , , , [19], . [19] . . . . . . , ( ). 6.1.

. . [20], (, , ) (, , /). [20] . . . ; . . () () ()

- 57

= =

6.1 ( Searle 1979) , (direct speech act). , (indirect speech act). , , , , . [21], [21] . , [21], . /, [21], . [21] . . . ( ) . . ( ) . , [22], . [22] /, [22] . [22] , . [22] [22] . [22] . , ! . ; . . . . , [23], , (, , ). [23] .58

[23] . ; . ; , ( ;) ( ;, ;) . , . , .

( , [23]) . , , , . [24]. [24] ; (= ) . ; (= ) . , , . , [24]. /, . 59

.

/ , , , . , . . , , . . (speech event). . , , , . , . , [25]. [25] : ! ! . : ; : . : ; : . : ; : . . : ; : Macintosh. Macintosh; : . : ; : . : , . [25] / /. . ; 60

-, . , , . . . , .

61

2

1 1 GEORGIA GREEN: Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding. Lawrence Erlbaum 1989, page 3 . , . , , ( ), . / , , -, -, - , , , . . , .

62

, . ; ; . ; , ; 2 Pragmatics: meaning and context. File 70 in Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Linguistics. (6th edn.). Ohio State University Press 1991, page 223 , . . , , . , , , . , , , . , . . , . , , . - , . . ; 63

; ( ) ; () ; , ; 1;

2 3 CHARLES FILLMORE: Santa Cruz Lectures on Deixis. Indiana University Linguistics Club 1975, pages 40-2 , . , . , , . / , (coreferential) . . . 64

, . . , ;. . . , . , . , . , , , , . , . ( 2) ( ) , ; , ; , , , . , , , , , . . , , , . , , .

65

, . , Fillmore; , , ( ), , . 4 QUENTIN SMITH: The multiple uses of indexicals in Synthese 78, 1989, pages 182-3 . . , 10, . ! . - . , , . ! ! , 10, 3! ( ) ; ; , ; , ; 5 GEOFFREY NUNBERG: Indexicality and deixis in Linguistics and Philosophy 16, 1993, page 41 , -

66

, : (94) ( - , ). , , - , - . , , ; , (, ) ; ; ; , ( ); ( ) 4;

3 6 KEITH DONNELLAN: Reference and definite descriptions in Philosophical Review 75, 1966, pages 285-6 . 67

. , , . , , - - , , , , . , , . , , , . . , , . , , () ( ). , , . ( ) , , . Donnellan, , . Donnellan ; Donnellan ( ), ( ); - Fillmore ( 3) , ;68

7 ... HALLIDAY and RUQAIYA HASAN: Cohesion in English. Longman 1976, page 31 , , , , . , . . . , . () , () . . . . . . . (), (), Gloucester (), . . . , , . , , , . , . ; ; (), ;69

() , () ; ; Donnellan 6 ;

K 4 8 ROBERT C. STALNAKER: Pragmatic presupposition in Milton Munitz and Peter Unger (eds): Semantics and Philosophy. New York University Press 1974, pages 199-200 , , , . , , , , , . . ( ). , , , . , . , . , , , .

70

; , , , ; ( 4, 25-30) ; 9 GERALD GRAZDAR: Pragmatics. Implicature, Presupposition, and Logical Form. Academic Press 1979, page 106. (65) . (66) . (66) , (66) , (65) . , . , , - , . (65), (66); , , ; ; , ;

71

5 10 PAUL GRICE: Logic and conversation in P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (eds.): Syntax and semantics Volume 3: Speech Acts. Academic Press 1975, page 48 , , . CP (cooperative principle, ) - . , , , ( ) : 1. , . , , - . , , , , . 2. . 3. ( , ) . . , - , 72

, , . ; ; Grice . , ; 11 J. L. MORGAN: Two types of convention in indirect speech acts in P. Cole (ed.): Syntax and Semantics Volume 9: Pragmatics. Academic Press 1978, pages 277-8 , , , ;. /. : ; . , - , , : [37] /; [38] ; [39] ; . , : [40] ;73

[41] ; . : / . , , - (42): [42] , . , , , : , . (/, , , ); ; . ( 5); , ; ;

6 12 JOHN SEARLE: Speech acts. Cambridge University press 1969, pages 58-974

, , , , . , - . , , , . (, .) (, .). . . ; ; , . , , . ; , , . , , ; . , . , . . , , . : , ;. : , , . ; . 75

. , ; .... ; , 10; ( 6, 51-2) 13 GEOFFREY LEECH: Principles of Pragmatics. Longman 1983: pages 177-8 , , . . , /, , , , , , , . /, , . , Searle: , ; , , , . (Searle, J. 1979.: Expression and Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, page 2.)

76

: , ; , . Searle , , : ( ) , . : () ( ) () , , : , , . ; Leech, 12; Leech , ; Searle Leech;

77