თანამედროვე ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია

winasitKvaTanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis akademiuri kursidaefuZna besarion jorbenaZis programa-prospeqts `qarTuli enis morfologia~, romelic gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Seiqmna (gamosca `mecnierebam~ 1995 wels). kursi `qarTuli enis morfologia~ ivaraudeboda erT nawilad mravaltomeuli sistemuri kursisa `qarTuli ena~. es sistemuri kursi daigegma arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutSi. morfologiis kursis dawinaurebas mravaltomeulidan imJamad hqonda safuZveli. b. jorbenaZis udroo gardacvalebam es gegma Seaferxa... 2008 wels Cven SesaZleblad miviCnieT winamdebare proeqtis Seqmna da Cveni ZalebiT misi ganxorcieleba. sabednierod, 2009-2011 wlebSi es proeqti dafinansda rusTavelis fondis mier. gacnobierebuli gvqonda, rom tvirTi mZime iyo, magram aseTi kursis saWiroebis SegrZnebam gvaiZula, SevWidebodiT mas. Teoriul enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTadad ganixilaven gramatikis sxvadasxva tips: mecnieruls, aRweriTs, normatiuls... akademiuri gramatika garkveulwilad aerTianebs am yvela tipis gramatikas: igi, erTi mxriv, enobriv sistemas Seiswavlis erTiani Teoriuli koncefciis safuZvelze, aRwers enobriv movlenebsa da faqtebs da axdens Sefasebas enobrivi variantebisa, ayalibebs wesebs. winamdebare proeqti qarTuli enis morfologiis amgvari akademiuri kursis Sedgenas isaxavda miznad... is faqti, rom Cven xelTa gvaqvs umdidresi memkvidreoba Cveni klasikosebisa _ akaki SaniZisa, arnold Ciqobavasi, varlam Tofuriasi da sxvaTa _ erTi mxriv, saqmes gviiolebda; xolo, meore mxriv, gvirTulebda mdgomareobas: advili ar aris, Tavmoyra, Sejereba, ama Tu im Tvalsazrisis wina planze wamoweva... da, miT umetes, metad rTulia arsebuli memkvidreobis safuZvelze axali interpretaciebis warmodgena, movlenaTa axleburi gaazreba...

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Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia

am ramdenimewlianma muSaobam kidev erTxel dagvarwmuna im WeSmaritebaSi, rom, rac ufro meti keTdeba, gasakeTebeli ufro meti Cans... Tu rogor SevZeliT Cveni amocanis Sesruleba, amas obieqturi mkiTxveli Seafasebs. koleqtiur naSroms erTi principuli Tavisebureba isic aqvs, rom xSirad TanaavtorTa Sexedulebebis Tanxvedrac ar aris; arc kompromisia ioli. yovelnairad vecadeT, es problema mogvexsna, Tumca, yovelTvis albaT ver movaxerxeT; ra da rogor SevZeliT, amasac mkiTxveli gansjis. winaswari madlierebis grZnobiT veliT keTilmosurneTa SeniSvnebs, azrs... ramdenadac winamdebare kurss safuZvlad daedo besarion jorbenaZis programa-prospeqti, b. jorbenaZe SeiZleba am wignis Tanaavtoradac moviazroT; es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis morfologiis pirvel nawilebze. Tanamedrove qarTuli ena rTuli fenomenia: igi aris erToblioba qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da qarTuli enis Tanamedrove dialeqtebisa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebs ganixilaven saerTo-erovnuli enis nairsaxeobebad; maTi urTierTmimarTeba _ urTierTgavlena da urTierTSepirobebuloba _ gardauvali aucileblobaa. winamdebare gamocema Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis erT _ ZiriTad _ nawilad moiazreba. meore nawili _ qarTuli dialeqtebis morfologia _ Sesaqmnelia. am ori nawilis erToblioba mogvcems Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis srul kurss, risi Seqmnis aucileblobac mwvaved igrZnoba.

arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics

SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondiShota Rustaveli National Science Foundation

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiasaliteraturo ena

giorgi gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT

Tbilisi 2011

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proeqti _ Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis akademiuri kursi (A-06-09) _ ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT. winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli nebismieri mosazreba ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa ar asaxavdes fondis Sexedulebebs.

The Project An Academic Course of the Morphology of Present-day Georgian Language (A-06-09) has been made possible by financial support from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. All the ideas expressed herewith are those of the author, and may not represent the opinion of the Foundation itself.

giorgi gogolaSvili avTandil arabuli murman suxiSvili mariam manjgalaZe nino WumburiZe nino jorbenaZeasistenti rusudan landia

redaqtorebi: giorgi gogolaSvili

avTandil arabuli

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa rusudan grigoliasi teqnikuri redaqtori levan vaSakiZe

nawili I.

morfologia _ zogadi sakiTxebi

I. 1. morfologiis sagani. gramatika enaTmecnierebis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis enis agebulebas. igi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. morfologia aris nawili gramatikisa. gramatikis nawilia agreTve sintaqsi. morfologia swavlobs sityvas, sityvis agebulebas, sityvis formacvalebas. sintaqsi Seiswavlis sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebas. gramatikis dayofa morfologiad da sintaqsad zogjer pirobiT xasiaTs iZens: morfologiuri sakiTxebis garkveva sintaqsuri urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ar moxerxdeba iseve, rogorc sintaqsuri problemebis garkveva _ morfologiis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. amitomac zogjer enaTmecnierebi saubroben morfosintaqsis sakiTxebze, morfosintaqsur kategoriebze. sxvagvari ganmartebiT, morfologia aris enaTmecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis enobriv formas missave dinamikaSi; sityvis formas da am formis cvlilebis kanonzomierebebs; sityvis struqturas da am struqturis Semadgenel elementebs. Cveulebrivi gagebiT, morfologiis Seswavlis sagania sityvis yovelgvari cvla: amgvari gagebiT sityvawarmoebac isevea morfologiis sagani, rogorc formawarmoeba. I. 2. sistema da struqtura. paradigmatika da sintagmatika. sistema da qvesistema. ena sistemaa. es niSnavs: ena aris enobrivi niSnebis, enobrivi erTeulebis mowesrigebuli simravle; erToblioba im mimarTulebisa da kavSirebisa, romlebic aris enobriv elementebs Soris. es niSnavs, rom enaSi yvelaferi aris urTierTSepirobebuli da urTierTgansazRvruli. Sesabamisad, nebismieri enobrivi faqti Tu movlena, yoveli elementi enobrivi sistemis wevria; is ar SeiZleba sistemis gareT idges; yvela maTgans aqvs Tavisi adgili da funqcia sistemaSi. amitomac enobrivi gamonaklisi (`sistemidan amovardnili faqti~) mxolod pirobiTi cnebaa: gamonaklisi arsebobs ara eno-

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brivi sistemis doneze, Cveni codnis doneze; enobrivi faqti gamonaklisad rCeba manam, sanam misi adgili moiZebneba sistemaSi. `gamonaklisi aris gaWirvebis axsna~ (v. Tofuria). x-ar, x-val formebi piris niSanTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisad iTvleboda manam, sanam gairkveoda `xanmetobis~ saidumlo. rogorc Cans, x-ar, x-val Zveli sistemis kanonzomieri wevrebi iyo; am sistemaSi igi naSTia Zveli sistemisa. ram Seuwyo xeli am formaTa SenarCunebas, rogor aRmoCndnen isini axal sistemaSi, _ es kiTxva pasuxgasacemia; arada, es orive forma rogorc Zveli, ise axali qarTulisaTvis kanonzomieri formebia... sistemis wevri romelime enobrivi erTeulis (enobrivi faqtis) cvla iwvevs am sistemis sxva elementTa Sesabamis cvlas. anu, sistemis romelime elementis cvlilebis Sedegad sistema ar irRveva; sistemis calkeul elementTa cvla xdeba, magram Sesabamisoba, sistemis erTianoba daculia. sistemis wevrebi (enobrivi erTeulebi) qmnian Tavisebur struqturas, agebulebas. àseTi struqtura SegviZlia amovicnoT misi raRac nawilis mixedviT iseve, rogorc, magaliTad, SegviZlia avagoT samkuTxedi, Tu mocemulia misi erTi gverdi da ori kuTxe (isini samkuTxedis danarCen elementebs erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven)~ (T. gamyreliZe). enobrivi erTeulis mimarTeba sistemis wevr sxva erTeulebTan SeiZleba iyos sintagmaturi da paradigmatuli: `sintagmatur mimarTebas erTeuli amyarebs mimdevrobaSi winamaval an momdevno erTeulebTan; paradigmatuli mimarTeba gvaqvs, rodesac mocemuli erTeuli raRac TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba sxva erTeulebs sistemaSi (da ara mimdevrobaSi). zogadad, Tu sistemaSi gvaqvs raRac [aktu], [agtu], [antu] gamosaxulebebi, maSin [k] elementi sistemur mimarTebaSia a, t, u elementebTan da paradigmatul mimarTebaSi _ [g], [n] elementebTan, romlebic imave garemocvaSi (poziciaSi) gvxvdeba~ (T. gamyreliZe). swored paradigmatul mimarTebaTa arseboba ganapirobebs imas, rom enobriv erTeulTa simravle aris ara ubralo simravle, aramed _ sistema. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, enobrivi sistema aris paradigmatuli monacemebis erToblioba. enobrivi struqtura ki aris sintagmaturi monacemebis erToblioba.

I. morfologia _ zogadi sakiTxebi

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struqturis Semadgeneli elementebi formobrivad urTierTSepirobebulia. magaliTad, struqturaSi _ tyem moisxa foToli _ TiToeuli elementis forma sxva elementebis mixedviT aris gansazRvruli; romelime maTganis formis cvla struqturas daarRvevs (SeuZlebelia am struqturaSi formaTa _ tye, tyes, tyis... _ Canacvleba...). magram am struqturis erTi elementi SeiZleba CavanacvloT imave formis sxva elementiT ise, rom struqturis wevrTa Soris formaluri mimarTeba ar dairRves: tyem moisxa foToli. xem moisxa foToli. xem moisxa nayofi. e. i. struqturas qmnis formaTa garkveuli mimarTebani. Tu es formobrivi mimarTebebi ar Seicvala, Semadgenel elementTa cvla struqturas ar daarRvevs; yvela varianti struqturulad identuria. struqturis elementebs aqvT TavianTi ganawilebis wesebi. `faqtobrivad struqtura warmoadgens garkveul adgilTa mimarTebas da es adgilebi molaparakes survilisamebr SeuZlia Seavsos sxvadasxva konkretuli erTeuliT. mocemuli sasruli raodenobis struqturebiT SegviZlia SevadginoT winadadebaTa usasrulo raodenoba~ (T. gamyreliZe). sistema da qvesistema. ena erTiani sistemaa. am erTiani sistemis yoveli calkeuli nawili, romelic TavisTavad, aseve sistemuri agebulebisaa, SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc am enobrivi sistemis qvesistema. roca vsaubrobT qarTuli enis sistemaze, misi TiToeuli ubani, vTqvaT zmna, saxeli, qmnis qvesistemas, Tumca zogjer saubroben zmnis sistemaze, saxelis sistemaze. aseve: roca saubroben enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimarTebaze, dialeqts ganixilaven erTiani enobrivi sistemis nairsaxeobad _ qvesistemad. aseve: ramdenadac qarTuli ena aris erTiani sistema, misi istoriuli nairsaxeobani _ Zveli qarTuli, saSuali qarTuli, axali qarTuli _ moiazreba qvesistemebad. Tumca zogjer terminebi _ sistema, qvesistema _ pirobiT xasiaTs iZens. ramdenadac sistema moiazreba erTmaneTTan mizez-Sedegobrivad SekavSirebul erTeulTa erTobad, zmnaze saubrisas

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msjeloben zmnis sistemaze, saxelze msjelobisas _ saxelis sistemaze. Sesabamisad, am `sistemis~ nawili gaiazreba qvesistemad; mag., piris niSanTa qvesistema. Tumca, roca msjelobisas sagania piris niSnebi da ara mTlianad zmna, saubroben `piris niSanTa sistemaze~, `subieqturi mesame piris niSanTa sistemaze~ da a. S. rogorc Cans, morfologiuri analizisas am pirobiTobas ver avcdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi sistemiT saxeldeba enobrivi elementebisa gulisxmobs, rom ganxilvis sagania sistemurad SekavSirebuli enobrivi erTeulebi sxva rigis elementTa gauTvaliswineblad; qvesistemad saxeldeba elementTa erTobisa xdeba maSin, roca es erToba ganixileba sxva rigis enobrivi faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva magaliTi: megruli aris qvesistema (nairsaxeoba) zanuri enobrivi sistemisa, magram i. yifSiZis monografiaSi (`megruli enis gramatika~) igi sistemad moiazreba, radgan ar xdeba am sistemis warmodgenisas gaTvaliswineba sxva qvesistemisa (am SemTxvevaSi Wanurisa). arn. Ciqobavas monografiaSi (`Wanuris gramatikuli analizi~) Wanuri ganixileba rogorc qvesistema (nairsaxeoba) erTiani enobrivi sistemisa _ zanurisa, ramdenadac xdeba am sistemis sxva qvesistemis (megrulis) gaTvaliswinebac.I. 3. morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi. morfologiis erTerTi ZiriTadi cneba aris sityva, romelic aucileblad aris warmodgenili raime formiT. sityva aris leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone umciresi enobrivi erTeuli. enobriv movlenaTa ierarqiaSi sityvaze mcire erTeuli aris morfema, ufro msxvili erTeuli _ winadadeba. sityva Sedgeba morfemebisagan; Tavis mxriv, sityva Sedis winadadebis SemadgenlobaSi. sityva SeiZleba daiSalos Semadgenel morfemebad. morfema aris gramatikis ZiriTadi erTeuli, romelic morfologiur doneze ar daiyofa _ is umciresi morfologiuri elementia. formalur struqturaSi garCeulia gramatikuli da leqsikuri (Zireuli) morfemebi. gramatikulia morfema, romelic gamoxatavs srulmniSvnelobian sityvebs Soris mimarTebebs, gramatikul kategoriebs, an awarmoebs axal sityvebs. gramatikuli


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morfemebi _ igive afiqsebi _ damoukideblad ar arseboben; maT damokidebul morfemebsac uwodeben. gramatikuli morfema sityvaSi SeiZleba nulovani saxiT (nulovani alomorfiT) iyos warmodgenili (ar iyos gamoxatuli). sityvis birTvs qmnis Zireuli morfema. masTan aris dakavSirebuli sityvis leqsikuri mniSvneloba. morfema morfologiuri struqturis agebaSi monawileobs rogorc damoukidebeli elementi. igi xasiaTdeba sakuTari formobrivi TvisobiTa da qmedebis unariT. morfemis Tvisoba _ morfemiseuli xmovnis fonetikuri cvlis unari. mag.: xat-av-s _ xat-v-a, -av aris morfema, romlis Tvisobac aris gaxmovanebis nulTan monacvleoba; awv-en-s _ daawv-in-a, en morfemis Tvisoba e- xmovnis i-sTan monacvleobaa. akeT-eb-s _ -eb morfemis Tvisobaa gaxmovanebis ucvleloba. morfemis qmedeba _ morfemis unari, cvalos im morfemis (Zireulis Tu afiqsuris) gaxmovaneba, romelsac daerTvis: movkal _ mo-kl-a -a morfemis qmedebis Sedegia winamavali morfemiseuli xmovnis reduqcia. morfemis Tvisoba da qmedeba vlindeba sxva morfemebTan mimarTebisas. gramatikuli morfema igivea, rac formanti anu afiqsi (qarTuli terminiT _ sarTi). afiqsebi Zireul morfemasTan mimarTebiT sami saxisaa: prefiqsi anu TavsarTi, sufiqsi anu bolosarTi da infiqsi. prefiqsia sityvis birTvis _ Zireuli morfemis _ win mdgomi afiqsi; sufiqsia _ Zireuli morfemis momdevno afiqsi. v-i-keT-eb-T formaSi v- da i- prefiqsebia (anu TavsarTi); -eb, -T sufiqsebia (anu bolosarTi). infiqsi _ afiqsi, romelic gaTiSavs da CaerTvis Zireul morfemas, zogadad araa damaxasiaTebeli qarTulisaTvis. ramdenime SemTxvevaSi metaTezisis Sedegad fuZeSi gadanacvlebuli sufiqsuri elementi SeiZleba infiqsad ganvixiloT: x-v-n-a : xnav-s xn-v-a xvn-a; na-v-x-e v-nax-e da sxv. saxelur sityvawarmoebaSi gamoiyofa prefiqs-sufiqsuri warmoeba, roca prefiqssa da sufiqss cal-calke funqcia ar gaaCnia _ saerTo funqcia aqvs: me-xuT-e, u-did-es-i... si-yvar-

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ul-i... m-Seneb-el-i... prefiqs-sufiqss erTad konfiqss (an cirkumfiqss) uwodeben. fuZe _ morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebaa. fuZe Cveulebriv ganimarteba ori TvalsazrisiT: leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT da formobrivi mniSvnelobiT. pirveli TvalsazrisiT, fuZe aris sityvis is Semadgeneli nawili, romelTanac dakavSirebulia leqsikuri mniSvneloba. formobrivi TvalsazrisiT, fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia; igi ganimarteba, rogorc sayrdeni formaTa sistemisaTvis. Sesabamisad: erTi da imave sityvis sxvadasxva formobrivi sistemisaTvis fuZe sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos. mal-av-s u-mal-av-s u-mal-av-d-a u-mal-av-d-e-s yvela safexurze xazgasmuli monakveTi fuZea; TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva formobrivi sistemisaTvis aris sayrdeni: pirveli safexuri _ mal-av- awmyos mwkrivis formobrivi sayrdenia; meore _ sayrdenia imave mwkrivis saobieqto qcevis formaTaTvis, mesame _ uwyvetlis formaTaTvis da a. S. saxelis SemTxvevaSi viTareba ufro martivia: vsaubrobT mxolobiTis fuZeze (kac-i, mama...) da mravlobiTis fuZeze (kaceb-i, kac-n-i...). morfologiuri analizis miznis Sesabamisad, rogorc iTqva, fuZe SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, magram yvela SemTxvevisaTvis saxelisaTvis fuZeSi ar Sedis brunvis niSnebi (kac-i, kac-ad...); zmnisaTvis _ pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi (v-ar-T, x-ar-T, ar-i-an...). saxelisaTvis fuZe SeiZleba iyos martivi: kac-i, kedel-i, mama, wyaro... warmoqmnili: kac-ur-i, sa-kac-e, u-mam-o, mam-obriv-i... rTuli: deda-kac-i, Zal-gul-ovan-i... fonetikuri struqturis mixedviT _ sruli da arasruli (SekumSuli an Sekvecili): srulia _ kedel-i, mama... arasrulia _ kedl-is, mam-is... zmnisaTvis _ martiv fuZes vuwodebT im nawils zmnuri formisas, romelic saerToa zmnis sruli paradigmis yvela wevrisaTvis: xat-av-s _ xat-av-d-a _ da-xat-a _ da-u-xat-av-s... martivi fuZe _ pirobiTi terminia: SedgenilobiT igi SeiZleba iyos warmoqmnili an rTuli _ a-gul-ian-eb-s, did-kacob-s; an etimologiurad ar iyo martivi dr-ek-s _ (Sdr. Zv.


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qarT.: Sev-der-k...). zmnuri sistemisaTvis yvela es varianti (gulian-, didkac-, drek-) martivad gaiazreba, ramdenadac zmnis sruli paradigmis yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo sayrdeni monacemia. zmnisaTvis _ rTulia yvela is varianti fuZisa, romlis martivi fuZec garTulebulia zmnuri sityva- Tu formawarmoebiTi elementiT xat-av-s, xat-av-d-e-s, da-u-xat-av-s... zmnis fuZec SeiZleba iyos sruli da arasruli. srulia _ mo-v-kal, gav-Wer, dav-wer-e, arasrulia _ mokl-a, ga-Wr-a, da-wer-a ( da-wer-e-a) fuZis im nairsaxeobas, romelic sayrdenia I an II seriis formaTaTvis, Tema hqvia (terminic da cnebac a. SaniZes ekuTvnis); zmnas aqvs I seriis Tema (a-keT-eb-s, drek-s...) da II seriis Tema (a-keT-a, mo-drik-a...). Tu I seriis fuZe (e. i. Tema) gansxvavebulia II seriis fuZisagan (Temisagan), aseT zmnebs orTemianebs vuwodebT. warmodgenili orive zmna orTemiania; erT SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rTuli da martivi Tema (keT-eb _ keT), meore SemTxvevaSi _ sxvadasxva gaxmovanebis fuZeebi (drek _ drik); aris erTTemiani zmnebic _ roca orive seriaSi erTgvari Tema gvaqvs (wer...). (Temis sakiTxi specifikuria III seriaSi. amis Taobaze qvemoT visaubrebT). erTi mwkrivis formaTaTvis sayrden fuZes mwkrivis fuZes uwodeben; mwkrivis fuZea keTdebode-s (I kavSirebiTisaTvis) an xat-o-s (II kavSirebiTisTvis)... gramatikul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba cneba Zirisa. `Ziri ar ganekuTvneba enis realuri funqcionirebis sferos; e. i. Ziri uSualod ar funqcionirebs enaSi da funqcionirebas iwyebs mxolod mas Semdeg, rac igi fuZis SemadgenlobaSi Seva. enisaTvis moqmedi (`cocxali~) elementi fuZea da ara Ziri. Ziri abstrahirebuli cnebaa, im rigis wminda monacemia, romelic mxolod `laboratoriuli wesiT~ miiReba~ (b. jorbenaZe). amgvari gaazrebiT zustad ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros Ziris raoba: igi zogjer emTxveva fuZes, sxvadasxva gagebiT warmodgenils (mag.: keT, wer...), zogjer mxolod ìstoriuli monacemia, Teoriulad dasaSvebi SesaZlebloba da ara Tanamedrove enis faqti. ase magaliTad, a-naT-eb-s formaSi Zirad ivaraudeba -T-, xolo naZirs mixorcebuli prefiqsia. es -T- ki arc klasikur da arc Tanamedrove qarTulSi araviTar urTierTmimarTebaSi ar Sedis da,

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bunebrivia, arc raime leqsikuri mniSvneloba moepoveba. igi wminda abstraqcias warmoadgens; elements, romelic gamoyofilia da ganyenebuli naT-el-i _ a-Ten-eb-s _ a-Tev-s _ gan-Ti(v)ad-i (*gan-Tev-ad-i) formebis Sedareba-Sepirispirebis safuZvelze~ (b. jorbenaZe).I. 4. morfemaTa funqciuri klasifikacia. funqciuri TvalsazrisiT morfemebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad: a) morfemebi, romlebic monawileoben fuZis formobriv SenebaSi (moqmedi afiqsebi arian), magram ar cvlian sityvis mniSvnelobas arc gramatikuli da arc leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT. am tipis morfemebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT e. w. Temis niSnebi: Cex-a da Cex-av-s -av morfemas formaSi ara aqvs arc gramatikuli da arc leqsikuri mniSvneloba. SesaZlebelia, istoriulad mas hqonda amgvari mniSvneloba, anda dResac aqvs CvenTvis SeumCneveli funqcia, magram dRevandeli morfologiuri analizis doneze CvenTvis misaRebia Tvalsazrisi, rom ar visaubroT am SemTxvevaSi sufiqsis gramatikul Tu leqsikur mniSvnelobaze.

b) meore jgufSi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen morfemebi, romlebic cvlian sityvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas. es iqneba saxelisaTvis brunvisa da ricxvis niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s... kac-eb-i, kac-n-i... zmnisaTvis _ piris niSnebi, ricxvis niSnebi, mwkrivis niSnebi... mag.: v-wer, wer-s, wer-en... v-wer-e v-wer-o... g) mesame jgufSi Seva morfemebi, romlebic cvlian sityvis leqsikur mniSvnelobas: kac-ur-i kac-i sa-kac-e kac-oba zmnisaTvis es jgufi gacilebiT rTuli iqneba: aq Semova qcevis, gvaris, kontaqtis... niSnebi: a-keTebs, i-keTebs... akeTeb-inebs... keT-d-eba... (Tumca am afiqsTa funqciebis Sesaxeb arsebobs gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi).


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I. 5. morfemaTa ganawilebis Tanrigebi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria afiqsuri morfemis mimarTeba Zireul morfemasTan, SeiZleba gamoiyos afiqsur morfemaTa sami Tanrigi: a) morfemebi, romlebic uSualod mierTvian Zireul morfemas (`martiv fuZes~): saxelebSi _ ricxvis niSani, sityvaTwarmomqmneli afiqsebi... mag.: kac-eb-i, kac-n-i... kac-ur-i, sa-kac-e zmnebSi _ xmovanprefiqsebi, e. w. gvaris niSnebi _ -d, -n -en (Zveli qarTulisaTvis)... mag.: a-keT-eb-s, u-keT-eb-s... keT-d-eb-a... gan-Wapuk-n-eb-is mimRebisa Tu masdaris mawarmoeblebi: na-tex-i, sa-wer-i... da misTanani.

b) morfemebi, romlebic uSualod ar mierTvian Zireul morfemas: Tandebulebi: dedas-Tan, ded-is-ken... uwyvetlis mwkrivis niSani: v-wer-d-i, v-tir-od-i... nawilakebi: deda-s-a-c, kac-i-Ra da misTanani. g) morfemebi, romlebic mierTvian rogorc Zireul morfemas, aseve afiqsur morfemebs. anu: romelTaTvisac sayrdeni SeiZleba iyos rogorc Zireuli, ise afiqsuri morfemebi: brunvis niSnebisaTvis sayrdenia rogorc Zireuli (kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s...), ise sufiqsuri morfemebi (kac-eb-i, kac-eb-ma, kaceb-s...) aseve: kac-ebr-i da kac-isebr-i. zmnisaTvis _ v-wer da v-a-wer, v-i-wer; anda: wer-s da werd-e-s da misTanani.I. 6. morfemaTa daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba. daniSnulebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos morfemaTa sami jgufi: mimarTebiTi, warmomqmneli da damazustebeli morfemebi. a) mimarTebiTi morfemebia is morfemebi, romlebic gamoxataven mimarTebas winadadebis romelime wevrisadmi. saxelis sistemaSi mimarTebiTi morfemebia brunvis niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s...

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zmnis sistemaSi mimarTebiTad ganixileba pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi: wer-s, wer-en (isini). mimarTebiTad ganixileba e. w. deiqturi xmovani prefiqsebi: a-q, i-q, a-ase, i-se... am rigis movlenasTan aTanabreben zmnur xmovanprefiqsebs a-wers, i-wers, u-wers (b. jorbenaZe). b) warmomqmneli morfemebia is morfemebi, romlebic warmoqmnian axal fuZes da ar arian damokidebuli winadadebis sxva wevrebis formasa Tu mniSvnelobaze. warmomqmneli morfemebi cvlian sityvis leqsikur an gramatikul mniSvnelobas. leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis magaliTebia: wigni _ wign-ian-i, wign-ier-i, u-wign-ur-i... balaxi _ a-balax-eb-s. balax-ob-s... g) damazustebel morfemebad miiCneva Tandebulebi, nawilakebi: saxli _ saxl-Tan, saxli-c... morfemebma SeiZleba icvalon daniSnuleba: erT SemTxvevaSi samimarTebo morfema sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmomqmnel morfemad mogvevlinos: kac-ad maSin xar saqebi... -ad samimarTebo morfemaa. eri gul-ad-i, pur-ad-i... -ad warmomqmneli morfemaa _ leqsikur mniSvnelobas awarmoebs. mniSvnelobis mixedviT morfemaTa klasifikacia ufro rTulia da mravalferovani. saxelis sistemaSi daniSnulebis mixedviT mimarTebiTi morfema mniSvnelobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos brunvis niSani, ricxvis niSani; warmomqmneli morfema mniSvnelobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos mqoneblobis, uqonlobis da sxva. zmnis sistemaSi mimarTebiTi daniSnulebis morfemebi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba iyos piris niSani, ricxvis niSani... warmomqmneli morfemebi _ qcevisa, gvarisa... mag.: kac-ma; -ma daniSnulebiT mimarTebiTi afiqsia, mniSvnelobiT _ moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani. wer-s _ s- daniSnulebiT mimarTebiTi afiqsia, mniSvnelobiT _ mesame subieqturi piris niSani.


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gul-ian-i _ -ian daniSnulebiT warmomqmneli afiqsia, mniSvnelobiT _ mqoneblobisa. awer-in-eb-s _ -in daniSnulebiT warmomqmneli afiqsia, mniSvnelobiT _ kauzativisa... faqtia, sxvadasxva morfemas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs: kac-s uTxra da kac-iT amayobs _ am magaliTebSi -s da -iT morfemebi sxvadasxva mimarTebebs gamoxataven, magram SesaZlebelia moxdes maTi mniSvnelobebis damTxveva: dila-s movida da dil-iT movida _ am SemTxvevaSi -s da -iT morfemaTa mniSvnelobebi neitralizebulia. msgavsi magaliTebi zmnur sistemaSic SeiZleba daiZebnos (waxd-en-a da waxd-om-a...).I. 7. morfemoidebi anu modaluri elementebi. morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebebia, rogorc iTqva, sityva, morfema... enaSi gvxvdeba agreTve damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone is formebic, romlebic sxvadasxva konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen Tandebulebis, nawilakebis an meSveli zmnis daniSnulebiT. win damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: megobrebo, win, win gaswiT!... Tandebulis mniSnelobiT gamoiyeneba: saxlis win Caiara... aseve: unda, aris formebs damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs: mas unda TamaSi; igi aq aris... nawilakis (an meSveli zmnis) daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba igive sityvebi: unda gavakeTo... is Cemi megobari aris (megobaria)... morfemis daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli warmoSobiT aramorfemuli (damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone) elementebi iwodeba morfemoidebad. morfemoidebad gaiazreba agreTve modaluri elementebi: unda, iqneb, xolme, Turme... unda wavide... iqneb movides... ambobs xolme... Turme dauweria...

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I. 8. sityvis daSla. sityvis analizis mizniT SeiZleba sityva davSaloT. yovelgvar analizs aqvs Tavisi mizani _ risi dadgena gvsurs, risTvis vaxdenT daSlas. sityvis daSlisas unda gamoiyos fuZe da mawarmoebeli morfemebi. ramdenadac fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia, analizis dros vsaubrobT im fuZeze, ra saxis analizsac vaxdenT. Tu vsaubrobT ama Tu im mwkrivis formaTa Sesaxeb, fuZed miviCnevT am mwkrivisaTvis sayrden fuZes: v-a-keT-eb-d-e; am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa fuZe keTebd da formanti -e. zmnuri formis mdgomareobs analizisas gamoiyofa fuZe mdgomare da morfemebi -ob da -s. TavisTavad mdgomare rTuli Sedgenilobis monacemia, magram analizis am konkretuli miznisaTvis igi erTi morfologiuri odenobaa, iseve rogorc kac formisaTvis _ kac-ob-s. Sesabamisad, Tu Cven vsaubrobT mdgomare mimReobis Sesaxeb, am SemTxvevaSi sawarmoebeli (sayrdeni) fuZe iqneba dgom, m-are mawarmoebeli afiqsebi; masdaris analizis SemTxvevaSi daiSleba dgoma formac _ dg-om-a. viTvaliswinebT imas, rom morfologia swavlobs formis cvlilebas. formobrivi cvlilebis Sedegad, rogorc viciT, icvleba sityvis an gramatikuli, an leqsikuri mniSvneloba. swored es gansazRvravs morfologiuri analizis mizans. magaliTad: saanalizo formaa cxenosani. Tu Cveni mizania gramatikuli mniSvnelobis cvlilebis gamorkveva, am SemTxvevaSi fuZed gamoiyofa cxenosan, mawarmoebelia -i. am SemTxvevaSi igi Seudardeba brunvaTa sxva formebs (cxenosan-ma, cxenosan-s...). Tu analizis mizania leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebis Seswavla, igive forma ase daiSleba: cxen-osan-i da Seudardeba cxen fuZisagan warmoqmnil sxva sityvebs: cxen-ian-i, u-cxen-o... I. 9. morfemaTa relacia. yovel morfemas Tavisi statusi aqvs. morfemaTa statusis dadgena sxva morfemebTan mimarTebis mixedviT xdeba. erTsa da imave formaSi erTsa da imave elements SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva statusi hqondes imisda mixedviT, Tu ra paradigmis wevria. magaliTad: formaSi Sind-is -is formantis


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funqcia formawarmoebiTia (brunvis niSania), roca igi paradigmaSi miemarTeba (da enacvleba) brunvis niSnebs _ -i, -ma, -s... Sind-i Sind-ma Sind-s Sind-is -is morfemis funqcia sityvawarmoebiTia, roca igi miemarTeba sityvawarmoebiT -el, -ur morfemebs: Sind-is-i Sid-el-i (// Sind-is-el-i) Sind-ur-i (// Sind-is-ur-i) semantikuri analizis dros SesaZlebelia visaubroT morfemaTa semantikur relaciaze, magaliTad: mqonebloba _ uqonloba wign-ian-i _ uwign-o: sagnobrivi, fizikuri mniSvneloba. wign-ier-i _ uwign-ur-i: Tvisobrivi, Sinagani mniSvneloba.I. 10. fuZis Senebis (agebis) ori principi. vTqviT, fuZe (formobrivadac da funqciuradac) unda ganimartos im urTierTmimarTebaTa mixedviT, romlebsac igi amyarebs struqturis Semadgenel sxva elementebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes is urTierTmimarTebani, romlebic fuZis statuss qmnian. ramdenadac fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia, Cveulebrivi movlenaa erTi romelime fuZisagan axali fuZis warmoqmna. erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan (am SemTxvevaSi Zirisagan) SeiZleba vawarmooT mravali fuZe: a-keT-a _ a-keT-eb-s _ ga-keT-eb-ul-i _ sa-keT-eb-el-i da sxva... imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria urTierTmimarTeba erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan warmoebuli fuZeebisa mizez-Sedegobrivi TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba visaubroT fuZeTa warmoebis or principze: 1) SesaZlebelia, erTi fuZe iyos amosavali (sayrdeni) meorisaTvis, meore _ mesamisaTvis da a. S. anu: erTi fuZe srulad ganmeordes meore fuZeSi, meore _ mesameSi da a. S.: a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-d-a

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aseTi jaWvuri principiT erTmaneTze agebuli fuZeebi enaSi xSirad sakmaod mravalricxovania. fuZeTa warmoebis am princips vuwodebT fuZeTa warmoebis xazovan princips. arsebobs fuZeTa warmoebis meore principi _ Canacvlebis principi. am SemTxvevaSi erTi fuZe ki ar aris sayrdeni (amosavali) meore fuZisaTvis, aramed orive maTgans aqvs saerTo sayrdeni fuZe: ga-keT-eb-ul-i a-keTeb-s sa-keT-eb-el-i akeTebs da gasakeTebeli, erTi mxriv, akeTebs da sakeTebeli _ meore mxriv xazovani principiT miemarTeba erTmaneTs, xolo gakeTebuli da sakeTebeli _ Canacvlebis principiT. erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan (am SemTxvevaSi Zirisagan) warmoebul formaTa sqemaze fuZeebi Cveulebriv an erTi principiT miemarTeba erTmaneTs, an _ meore principiT. magaliTi erTi zmnuri ZirisaTvis: m-keT-eb-el-i ga-keT-eb-ul-i a-keT-eb-d-a a-keT-eb-d-e-s a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s ga-a-keT-eb-in-a a-keT-eb-in-eb-s ga-keT-d-a keT-d-eb-a keT-d-eb-od-a... keT-il-i u-keT-ur-i a-u-keT-ur-eb-s

horizontaluri mimdevrobiT warmodgenili fuZeebi erTmaneTs xazovani principiT miemarTeba, vertikaluri rigebiT warmodgenili fuZeebi _ Canacvlebis principiT. am sqemis mixedviT akeTebdes da keTdeboda erTimeores uSualod ar miemarTeba. am sqemidan formaTa ganviTarebis dinamika ase SeiZleba gamovweroT: a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-d-a a-keT-eb-d-e-s ga-keT-d-a keT-d-eb-a keT-d-eb-od-a...


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SeniSvna: am SemTxvevaSi zmniswinsa da xmovanprefiqsebs mwkrivis fuZis elementad ar ganvixilavT. sqemebSi warmodgenili yvela fuZe aris sayrdeni formaTa garkveuli sistemisaTvis: mwkrivis paradigmisaTvis (mag.: akeT-a, akeTebd-a...), an brunebis paradigmisaTvis (mag.: sakeTebel-i...) SeiZleba Segvxvdes SemTxvevebi, rom esa Tu is safexuri fuZeTa ganviTarebis dinamikaSi ar Candes sayrdeni konkretuli paradigmisaTvis... mag.: dg-om-a m-dg-om-i deg dg-om sa-dg-om-i na-dg-om-i mesame rigis formebi urTierTCanacvlebadi fuZeebia; maTTvis saerTo amosavali (sayrdeni) fuZe aris dg-om, Tumca es fuZe damoukideblad ar aris sayrdeni formaTa sistemisaTvis. dg-om tipis fuZes faruli fuZe ewodeba.I. 11. `faruli fuZis~ principi. e. i. faruli aris fuZe, romelic uSualod ar aris sayrdeni formaTa sistemisaTvis; misgan iwarmoeba axali fuZe, romelic ukve sayrdeni xdeba formaTa sistemisaTvis. enaSi gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca romelime warmoebuli forma amosavlad varaudobs garkveul formas (fuZes), romelic damoukidebliv enaSi ar aris realizebuli (ar ixmareba). magaliTad, sa-dgur-i amosavlad varaudobs dgur- fuZes, romelic damoukidebliv enaSi ar ixmareba. aseve: `modernizebuli~ agebulebiT mimReobaa, nazmnari saxelia, daiSleba ase: modernizeb-ul-i, sadac -ul mimReobis mawarmoebelia. mimReoba amosavlad zmnur fuZes varaudobs, aseTi fuZe unda yofiliyo a-moderniz-eb-s (a- dieqturi nawilaki, formanti, moderniz- nasesxebi Ziri, -eb Temis niSani), magram qarTulisaTvis ucnobia amgvari zmnuri fuZe. igi mxolod `saSen masalad~ aris gamoyenebuli. `dg-ur~, `moderniz-eb~ monacemebs pirobiTad farul fuZeebs vuwodebT. wesi aseTia: faruli fuZe aucileblad monawileobs ama Tu im formis agebaSi, magram damoukidebliv enaSi ar aris xmarebuli.

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I. 12. gramatikuli mniSvneloba da leqsikuri mniSvneloba. sityva icvleba orgvarad: leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT da gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT. leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis SemTxvevaSi icvleba sagnobrivi mimarTeba: kac-i da sa-kac-e ori sxvadasxva sagania; anda: kac-ur-i _ Tviseba aRiniSneba... bar-i _ bar-av-s _ ori sxvadasxva movlenaa. leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis dros xdeba sityvawarmoeba. gramatikuli mniSvnelobis cvlis dros icvleba enobriv monacemTa Soris urTierTmimarTeba; sagnobrivi mimarTeba ucvleli rCeba:

kac-i kac-ma kac-s anda: v-xatav xatav xatav-s

(xatavs), (daxata), (dauxatavs)...

(me mas), (Sen mas), (is mas)...

gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa cvlis dros xdeba formawarmoeba.I. 13. gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa gamoxatvis saSualebani. gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs; igi SeiZleba gamoixatos: a) specifikuri formantiT (morfemiT): kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s... _ brunvis gramatikuli mniSvneloba gamoixateba brunvis niSnebiT _ -i, -ma, -s... v-wer, wer-s... _ piris gramatikuli mniSvneloba gamoixateba piris niSnebiT _ v-, -s... b) yalibiT: magaliTisaTvis: moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris zmnebs ara aqvT specialuri mawarmoeblebi (arsebobs aseTi gagebac), magram maTi uRlebis paradigmaTa Sedareba dagvanaxebs, rom funqciuri sxvaoba gamoixateba gansxvavebuli yalibebiT:


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moqmedebiTi v-a-Tb-ob v-a-Tb-ob-d-i v-a-Tb-ob-d-e (ga)-v-a-Tb-e (ga)-v-a-Tb-o (ga)-m-i-Tb-ia (ga)-m-e-Tb-o (ga)-m-e-Tb-o-s

vnebiTi v-Tb-eb-i v-Tb-eb-od-i v-Tb-eb-od-e ga-v-Tb-i ga-v-Tb-e ga-v-mTbar-var ga-v-mTbar-iyavi ga-v-mTbar-iyo

b) fuZis gaorkecebiT: vkece, vkece... iara, iara da... g) supleturi formebiT (Zireuli morfemebis) monacvleobiT: me _ Cven Sen _ Tqven zis _ sxedan ambobs _ ityvis aris _ iqneba _ iyo... d) konteqstiT (morfosintaqsuri saSualebiT): kargi wera warmoCenilia masdaris zmnuri funqcia kargad monaberi _ gamosvliToba sarkmliT damSvenebuli _ Wurviloba rom mosuliyo dawerda _ pirobiToba... adgeboda, dawerda _ xolmeobiToba... e) aRweriTad, modaluri elementebis gamoyenebiT: unda gavakeTo _ valdebuleba; gauqmebul iqna _ gauqmda... v) fonologiurad (morfonologiuri saSualebiT) _ fuZis gaxmovanebis cvliT: v-drek _ v-drik-e, v-Tl-i _ v-Tal-e... warmoCenilia masdaris saxeladi funqcia

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z) gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gansxvavebis funqcia zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba itvirTos intonaciam: _ me gavakeTe. _ Seen? (CakiTxva) _ is mova. _ Sen? (kiTxva _ ar moxval?) gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa gamoxatvis es mravalferovani SesaZleblobani SeiZleba dayvanili iqnes sam ZiriTad saxeobaze: 1. wminda morfologiuri; 2. morfonologiuri; 3. morfosintaqsuri. Tumca enaSi am saxeobaTa ase mkveTrad gamijvna ar xdeba. xSiria SemTxveva, roca formaTa erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvaveblad erTdroulad ramdenime gramatikuli saSualeba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli: v-drek _ v-drik-e am SemTxvevaSi dapirispireba xdeba morfologiuri (-e) da morfonologiuri (xmovanmonacvleoba) saSualebebiT.I. 14. mniSvnelobis morfologiuri gamoxatvis nairsaxeobani. enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen enaTa sam morfologiur tips, esenia: maizolirebeli, fleqsiuri da aglutinaciuri. Tanamedrove interpretaciiT es tipebi ase ganisazRvreba: `maizolirebelia enebi, romlebSic advilad xorcieldeba s e g m e n t a c i a, anu gamonaTqvamTa danawevreba morfemad, magram Znelia k l a s i f i k a c i a, anu sityvaTa paradigmatuli klasebis gamoyofa. `fleqsiuria enebi, romlebSic advilia k l a s i f i k a c i a, magram Znelia s e g m e n t a c i a. àglutinaciuria enebi, romlebSic advilad xorcieldeba rogorc s e g m e n t a c i a, ise k l a s i f i k a c i a~ (T. gamyreliZe...). segmentacia da klasifikacia Rrma lingvisturi azris Semcveli procedurebia: segmentacia gulisxmobs imas, Tu rogor Seesabameba erTmaneTs morfemebi da is mniSvnelobebi, romlebic maT miewereba; anu _ erT morfemas erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba Seesabameba Tu ramdenime.


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`klasifikacia gulisxmobs imas, Tu ramdenad qmnian gamoyofili morfemebi dapirispirebaTa Sinagan sistemas, rogoria maTi paradigmatuli urTierTmimarTebani~ (T. gamyreliZe). qarTuli ZiriTadad aglutinaciuri tipis enaa. amitomac, upiratesad, gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatva aglutinaciurad xdeba: erT morfemas erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba Seesabameba, anda erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba formaSi Sesabamisad erTi morfemiT gadmoicema: kac-eb-i _ ricxvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas -eb formanti gadmoscems, brunvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas _ -i formanti. v-wer-T piris gramatikuli mniSvneloba v- prefiqsiT gadmoicema, ricxvis gramatikuli mniSvneloba _ -T sufiqsiT. Tumca qarTulSi araa iSviaTi gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gadmocema fleqsiurad, roca erTi formanti ramdenime gramatikul mniSvnelobas iTavsebs: kac-T(a) _ T(a) formanti gamoxatavs rogorc mravlobiT ricxvs, ise _ irib brunvas; wer-en _ -en sufiqsi mianiSnebs rogorc subieqtur mesame pirze, ise subieqtis ricxvze (mravlobiTi).I. 15. paradigma. formaTa simravle SeiZleba dajgufdes da dalagdes sxvadasxva principiT gansazRvruli wesiT. swored gansazRvruli wesiT dalagebul formaTa simravle qmnis paradigmas. paradigma SeiZleba iyos semantikuri da gramatikuli. erTi da imave semantikis mqone sxvadasxva fuZis mqone sityvaTa garkveuli wesiT SekavSireba-dalageba qmnis semantikur paradigmas. ambobs _ ityvis _ Tqva aris _ iqneba _ iyo gramatikuli aris paradigma, romelic erTi da imave Zireuli morfemebisagan sxvadasxva gramatikuli saSualebebiT warmoebul formaTa simravles qmnis: wers _ werda _ werdes... kaci _ kacma _ kacs... gramatikulad rTuli forma SeiZleba iyos miRebuli derivaciiT (anu warmoqmniT) da fleqsiiT (anu mimoxriT). Sesaba-

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misad, gramatikuli paradigma SeiZleba iyos derivaciuli da fleqsiuri. dervaciuli paradigmaa: kac-i sa-kac-e kac-ur-i kac-oba... fleqsiuri paradigmaa: kac-i kac-ma kac-s kac-is...I. 16. morfemaTa gamoyofis principebi. tradiciulad morfemis gamoyofa xdeba ori pirobis dacviT: a) sityvis cvladi da mdgradi monakveTebis urTierTSefardebiT: kac-i kac-i kac-ma qal-i kac-s qar-i... pirvel SemTxvevaSi kac-i ucvlelia, cvladia -i, -ma, -s... Sesabamisad, gamoiyofa kac- fuZe (fuZiseuli morfema) da -i, -ma, -s... morfemebi. meore SemTxvevaSi cvladia kac-, qal-, qar-... ucvlelia -i. amis mixedviTac gamoiyofa kac-, qal-, qar- fuZeebi da -i morfema. b) gamoyofil elements unda hqondes an leqsikuri, an gramatikuli mniSvneloba. morfema, romelsac leqsikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, fuZiseuli morfemaa, oden- gramatikuli mniSvnelobis mqone morfema _ Cveulebrivi morfema, formanti, afiqsi. morfema morfologiuri odenobaa, amitomac upirveles yovlisa misi morfologiuri (formobrivi) Tvisebani unda warmoCndes. qarTulSi xerxdeba gamoyofa ramdenime principisa, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba morfemis morfologiuri (wminda formobrivi) daxasiaTeba. esaa flagitaciis, dispoziciis, dizunqciis principebi.


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I. 17. flagitaciis principi varaudobs morfemaTa iseT urTierTobas, roca erTi romelime morfema SeeTavseba (ramdenime SesaZleblidan) mxolod erT morfemas (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ sxvas). amrigad, flagitacia (laT.: flagitatio `daJinebiTi moTxovna~) erTi morfemis mier meore morfemis daJinebiTi moTxovnaa, anu: erTi morfema meore morfemis aucilebel povnierebas Seapirobebs. magaliTad, Sedegobis gamomxatvel (namyo drois saobieqto) mimReobas ori sufiqsi awarmoebs -il da -ul. semantikurad maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris, maTi ganawileba wminda formobriv princips emyareba. Sdr.: Reb-av-s Se-Reb-il-i a-R-eb-s ga-R-eb-ul-i anu: Tu zmnur formaSi gvaqs -eb Temis niSani, mimReobis sufiqsur mawarmoebelTagan mas mierTveba mxolod da mxolod -ul. Tu fonetikurad imave Sedgenilobis -eb fuZiseuli gamounawevrebeli elementia, maSin mimReobis mawarmoebeli iqneba -il. ena zustad asxvavebs am or sxvadasxva -eb elements (Sdr.: ga-Reb-ul-i da Se-R-eb-il-i, an: Se-kreb-il-i...) (b. jorbenaZe). flagitaciuri mimarTebaa -i da -od morfemebs Soris uRvlilebis paradigmaSi (mRer-i-s _ mRer-od-a, Sdr.: mRer-s _ mRer-d-a). flagitaciis principi moqmedebs moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis formaTa urTierTimarTebisas: a-naT-eb-s naT-d-eb-a a-nT-eb-s i-nT-eb-a yalibi a + fuZe + eb SeiTavsebs sufiqsian vnebiTs, Tu fuZe marcvlovania, prefiqsian vnebiTs _ Tu fuZe umarcvloa. I. 18. dispozicia Tanamimdevrobas, Tanaganlagebas gulisxmobs. is faqti, rom nebismier morfemas Tavisi mkacrad gansazRvruli adgili aqvs struqturaSi, dispoziciis principis moqmedebis Sedegia. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad warmoCndeba materialurad identuri, magram semantikurad gansxvavebuli morfemebis Sedarebisas: vnebiTiseuli -d yovelTvis sayrden fuZesa da Temis niSans Soris moeqceva (Sen-d-eb-a), xolo uwyvetlis -d yovelTvis uSualod mosdevs Temis niSans (a-Sen-eb-d-a). dispozici-

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as Tavis mizezi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi dispoziciis mizezi nairgvari sayrdeni fuZis mqoneblobaa: Sen-d-eb-a formisTvis amosavalia wyvetilis fuZe: a-Sen-d-a Sen-d-eb-a. bunebrivia, -eb moeqceoda -d elementis Semdeg. meore SemTxvevaSi sayrdenia awmyos fuZe: a-Sen-eb-s a-Sen-eb-da.I. 19. dizunqciis principi gulisxmobs SemTxvevebs, roca erTi da igive morfema ixamebs xan erT, xan meore morfemas, magram urTierTSenacvlebis gareSe. magaliTad, -av TemisniSniani zmna Sedegobis mniSvnelobis gamomxatvel mimReobas ikeTebs xan -il, xan -ul morfemiT: mal-av-s da-mal-ul-i, magram: nayav-s da-nay-il-i; dauSvebelia da-mal-il-i, ar gvxvdeba danay-ul-i. amgvar ganawilebas Tavisi istoriuli mizezi aqvs: is -av TemisniSniani zmnebi, romlebic mimReobas -il morfemiT iwarmoeben, istoriulad uTemisniSnoni iyvnen: nay-s, xoc-s, rek-s... amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi istorias eweva angariSi, sinqroniulad ki dizunqciis principis moqmedebaze SegviZlia laparaki.

SeniSvna: aq saliteraturo enis monacemebzea saubari. dialeqtur nairsaxeobebs Tavisi mizezi da axsna aqvs. zemoxsenebuli principebi SesaZloa kombinaciuradac moqmedebdnen. magaliTad, ga-R-eb-ul-i _ -eb Temis niSani flagitaciis prinicipis Sesabamisad ixamebs -ul morfemas, magram TviT -ul ki ukve dizunqciurad exameba ara mxolod -eb, aramed, -av, -am da -em Temis niSnebsac.I. 20. konfiqsi TavsarT-bolosarTis (prefiqsisa da sufiqsis) erTdrouli gamoyenebaa erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad. m-Seneb-el-i, m-dum-are, si-Tb-o, si-xar-ul-i, sa-Coxe, sa-jar-o... _ konfiqsebiT (m-el, m-ar, si-o, si-ul, sa-e, sa-o...) nawarmoeb formebad miiCneva. formaTa martivi Sepirispireba naTels xdis, rom konfiqsur warmoebas sul sxvagvari kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieces. Sdr., magaliTad:


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a-m-Seneb-el-i a-sa-Seneb-el-i a-u-Seneb-el-i am formebisaTvis saerTo mawarmoebelia -el; samive mimReobaa, nazmnari zedsarTavi, atributivi. imave formebs ganasxvavebs sami sxvadasxva prefiqsis mqonebloba (m-, sa- da u-). bunebrivia, davaskvnaT: a) saerTo mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs saerTo elementi _ sufiqsi -el. b) gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs gamoxataven gansxvavebuli elementebi m-, sa- da u-. anu: -el awarmoebs mimReobis (nazmnari zedsarTavis) fuZes. igive -el gvaqvs arqaul `mimGeobebSi~ vrc-el-i, Tx-el-i, grZel-i... formebSi. m-, sa da u formantebs sxva, damatebiTi mniSvneloba SeaqvT imave fuZeSi; kerZod, m- gamoxatavs moqmeds, sa_ daniSnulebas, u- _ uaryofas. analogiurad daismis sakiTxi sxva konfiqsebis mimarTac...I. 21. morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis sakiTxisaTvis. morfema, rogorc wesi, garkveul semantikur informacias gamoxatavs. qarTulSi, rogorc aglutinaciuri tipis enaSi, umetesad advilad xerxdeba morfemaTa gamoyofac da maTi mniSvnelobebis dadgenac. v-mal-av-T: v- I subieqturi piris morfemaa, -T _ imave piris mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli, mal- fuZiseuli morfemaa, -av _ Temis niSani (I seriis fuZis mawarmoebeli). asea mravlisagan mraval SemTxvevaSi. SevudaroT axla erTmaneTs ori forma: i-xrC-ob-a _ i-xrC-v-eb-a -v fuZiseuli elementia. naTelia, rom -ob aq utoldeba ara -eb morfemas, aramed -v-eb kompleqss, romelSic -v amosavali fuZis kuTvnilebaa, anu: -ob `difuzurad~ gamoxatavs im semantikas, romlis gamoxatvac sxva SemTxvevaSi -v-eb kompleqss akisria. amave rigisaa -o i-y-o formaSi *i-yav-a.

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aqedan gamomdinare, rogor davSaloT ìxrCoba~ an ìyo~ tipis formebi? -ob, -o elementebSi Serwymulia morfemaTa zRvari, es elementebi erTdroulad gvawvdian informacias rogorc fuZiseuli elementebis, aseve sakuTriv morfemis Sesaxeb. morfologiuri analizis dros unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes es momenti. aqve dadgeba sakiTxi mniSvnelobagauCinarebuli formebis gamoyofis Sesaxebac. rogor unda daiSalos formebi `dRisiT~ (Sdr. `Ram-iT~), wign-i(v)-an-i, gon-i(v)-er-i, om-i(v)-an-oba? dR-is-iT _ ras mivakuTvnoT -is _ fuZes (dRis-), Tu morfemas (-isiT)? ratom warmogvidgeba -ian morfemad? -i -iv xom fuZis mawarmoebeli elementia, iseve, rogorc -ier morfemis -i -iv! e. i. gvaqvs warmoebuli fuZe *wign-iv- (faruli fuZe), romelsac erT SemTxvevaSi mierTvis -an, meore SemTxvevaSi -er morfema. marTalia, wign-iv- damoukideblad ar ixmareba, magram: a) damoukideblad ar ixmareba arc om-ian-i, arc qal-aC (Sdr. qalaC-una)... b) gvaqvs formebi, sadac -iv produqtiuli mawarmoebelia: mxr-iv, damoukidebl-iv. Semdeg: ra klasifikacia unda mieces -ier formants, Tuki viciT, rom garkveul garemocvaSi igi iqceva -ivr monacemad: gon-ivr-ul-ad? gamoiyos Tu ara -ir elementi stv-ir-i formaSi, Tuki arsebobs stv-en-s? -ir araproduqtiulia, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi morfema ar aris.I. 22. araproduqtiuli morfemebi. zemoxsenebuli svams sakiTxs araproduqtiuli morfemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic or jgufad nawildebian: a) iSviaTi xmarebis morfemebi: -iv (mxr-iv), -av (ficxl-av), -ir (stv-ir-i, xS-ir-i, Sdr.: si-xS-o), ne- (ne-rwyv-i, Sdr.: rwy-avs) da misT. b) morfemebi, romlebic mxolod fuZis an sxva morfemebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, magram formaTa Sedarebisas mainc calke elementebad gamoiyofa (Sdr.: qal-i _ qal-aC-un-a da kac-un-a)...


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I. 23. nasesxebi morfemebi. nasesxeb morfemaTa gamoyofis principi: morfema gamoiyofa maSin, Tuki damoukidebliv iqna gamoyenebuli sxva fuZesTan. magaliTad, -ist gamoiyofa imitom, rom dasaSvebia ful-ist-i. magram fostalion-i formaSi ar gamoiyofa -lion elementi, radgan igi mTlianad nasesxebia sityvasTan erTad. amasTan dakavSirebiT gasarkvevi xdeba: a) nasesxeb sityvaTa klasifikaciis principi: sesxeba sityvis enaSi Semosvlis faqtia, magram moxvdeba ra enaSi, igi ukve am enis kuTvnileba xdeba Tavisi fonetikuri da gramatikuli iersaxiT. `sesxeba~ _ wminda enaTmecnieruli kvalifikaciaa, ontologiurad (sakuTriv enaSi) nasesxebi sityva arafriT gamoirCeva sxva, aranasesxebi, sityvebisagan. b) fosta da fostalion-i _ orive nasesxebi sityvaa, magram fonetikurad ise cvlili, rom arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tavisi pirvandeli saxisagan. `fosta~ aSkarad gaqarTulda (iseve, rogorc, vTqvaT, `lursmani~ arab.: `musmar~) da es gaqarTulebuli forma aris sityvaSi fosta-lion-i. gvaqvs ki SesaZlebloba nasesxebi sufiqsis kvalifikacia mivceT am SemTxvevaSi -lion elements?.. nasesxebi formantebi qarTulSi sakmaodaa: magaliTad, -nair (am-nair-i...), zogi kninobiTi sufiqsi, -ist, anti- (maristi, antisaxelmwifoebrivi) da sxva.

I. 24. fonetikuri da morfologiuri faqtorebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis. morfologiis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas gverds ver avuvliT fonetikas, fonetikur cvlilebebs; iseve, rogorc ver moxdeba sintaqsuri faqtorebis ignorireba (zog SemTxvevaSi sintaqsuri principi morfologiur faqtTa klasifikaciis safuZveli xdeba; mag., metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciuli klasifikacia, brunebis problemebis ganxilva _ raoba, dalageba; seriebad dayofa mwkrivebisa da sxva). morfologia da sintaqsi enaTmecnierebis erTi dargis ori nawilia da amiT SeiZleba aixsnas es Sepirobebuloba; fonetikafonologia ki calke dargia enaTmecnierebisa. miuxedavad amisa, imdenad mWidroa kavSiri fonetikasa da morfologias Soris, rom zogjer gramatikis kursSi fonetikac SeaqvT, rogorc aucilebeli nawili (ix. mag.: a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZ-

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vlebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 7-30). cxadia, aq igulisxmeba mxolod fonetikuri sistema qarTuli enisa da ZiriTadi fonetikuri procesebi; Tumca aqvea miTiTeba, rom fonetika da gramatika sxvadasxva dargia enaTmecnierebisa (gv. 1). sityvaSi fonetikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia Sesabamisi garemo _ pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoris mqonebloba. cxadia, amaTgan erT-erTi faqtoris arseboba ar iqneba sakmarisi fonetikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, magram fonetikuri cvlileba SeiZleba ar moxdes maSinac, roca es orive piroba arsebobs _ pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoric; amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom fonetikurma cvlilebam morfologias gauwios angariSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fonetikuri procesi morfologiurad unda iyos nebadarTuli, ar unda iyos morfologiurad akrZaluli. ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi: fuZeTa erTi nawili zmnis sistemaSi dasturdeba sxvadasxva gaxmovanebiT: s-dev-s / s-di(v)-a, Tvlem-s / Ca-Tvlim-a, i-lxen-s / moi-lxin-a. isini ganixileba erTimeoris fonetikur variantebad: i xmovniani fuZe aris reducirebuli variantebi e-xmovniani fuZisa. roca gvaqvs i- xmovniani varianti, aucileblad gveqneba e > i fonetikuri procesis gamomwvevi momdevno xmovani (cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori). wesi piruku ar moqmedebs. SeiZleba fuZes daerTodes xmovani (cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori), magram e gaxmovanebiT iyos warmodgenili: m-dev-ar-i, m-Tvlem-are, mo-lxen-a... am da msgavs magaliTebSi fuZiseuli xmovnis sareduqcio poziciac aris da mareducirebeli faqtoric, ra xdeba? saqmeSi morfologia Caeria: e/i xmovanTa dapirispirebis morfologizacia moxda. zmnaTa ZiriTad nawilSi I da II seriis fuZeTa dapirispirebisaTvis Temis niSani aris gamoyenebuli. amave morfologiuri daniSnulebiT enam am tipis zmnebSi e/ i xmovanmonacvleoba gamoiyena. e-xmovniani fuZe I seriis kuTvnilebad iqca, i-xmovniani _ II seriisa (xmovanTa dapirispirebam itvirTa is funqcia, rac aqvs Temis niSans rTul da martiv TemaTa dapirispirebisas); amis gamo fonetikuri cvlileba aikrZala I seriaSi (Sdr.: s-dev-en, Tvlem-en, i-lxen-en...). es morfologiuri statusi SenarCunebulia nazmnar saxelebSic: rogorc cnobilia, nazmnari saxelebis sayrdeni awmyos fuZea.


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amgvar SemTxvevaSi e/i procesi morfonologiur procesad unda iqnes gaazrebuli; mas ver miviCnevT wminda fonetikur procesad, Tumca fuZeebs ganvixilavT, rogorc erTimeoris fonetikur variantebs. Slis / Sla, Tlis / Tla SeiZleba aseve ganvixiloT, rogorc fonetikuri variantebi erTi da imave fuZisa, magram mas ver ganvixilavT moqmed fonetikur procesad; moxda fonetikuri procesis morfologizacia _ II seriaSi srulxmovani fuZe damkvidrda, miuxedavad fonetikuri cvlilebis mosaxdenad aucilebeli poziciisa da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoris mqoneblobisa. wminda fonetikur (moqmed fonetikur) procesad miviCnevT iseT fonetikur variantebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, mov-kal _ mo-kl-es: Tu aris fonetikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdeni pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori, xmovani yovelTvis reducirebulia (kl-av-s, mo-kl-av-s, mo-kl-uli...), ganurCevlad misi morfologiuri statusisa. aq unda mivaqcioT yuradReba imasac, rom garkveuli morfologiuri faqtebi SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli istoriuli fonetikuri procesebis Sedegad, vTqvaT S3 -o (a), S3 -n (en), magram dRevandel viTarebaSi isini damoukidebeli morfologiuri odenobebia. I. 25. morfemaTa identurobis sakiTxisaTvis. roca vsaub-

robT morfemaTa identurobaze, gavarCevT ori saxis identurobas _ funqciursa da formobrivs.funqciurad identurni arian is morfemebi, romlebic erTsa da imave sistemaSi erTsa da imave funqcias asruleben. mag., saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoeblebi -n da -eb (kac-ni / kac-eb-i), e. w. Temis niSnebi -av (xat-av-s), -am (dg-am-s), -eb (akeT-eb-s), -ob (gm-ob-s) da misTanani. formobrivi identifikaciis sakiTxi ufro rTulia. am SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes: a) materialuri Sedgeniloba, b) qmedebis unari, g) Tvisoba, d) pozicia struqturaSi.

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mxolod materialuri igiveoba ar aris sakmarisi morfemaTa identurobis dasadgenad. magaliTad: a-keT-eb-s da gaa-keTeb-ina _ materialurad da geneturad erTi da igive odenoba eb ver CaiTvleba morfologiurad identurad, ramdenadac pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi Temis niSania (mxolod I seriis formebSi gvaqvs), meore SemTxvevaSi ki igi fuZis gamounawevrebeli elementia srul paradigmaSi: awmyo: a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-in-eb-s wyvetili: a-keT-a a-keT-eb-in-a akeT-eb-in-eb-s formis meore -eb elementi aris akeT-eb-s formis -eb elementis identuri formobrivadac da funqciuradac. aseve -av elementi cur-av-s da i-cur-av-a formebSi. pirveli cur-av-s _ icura paradigmis wevria, meore _ cur-a{v}-ob-s _ icur-av-a paradigmisa. masalobrivi da funqciuri igiveoba -i elementisa wyvetilis formebSi mov-kal-i da gavSr-i ar aris sakmarisi maTi morfologiuri identurobis samtkiceblad _ gansxvavebulia maTi qmedebis unari: I SemTxvevaSi -i-s ar Seswevs Zala fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqciisa (Tumca a reducirebadi xmovania: mo-kl-a), meore SemTxvevaSi fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqciis mizezi (Sr Ser) -i elementi Cans. aseve ar SeiZleba visaubroT -e elementis identurobaze wyvetilis iseT formebSi, rogorebicaa v-wer-e da va-q-e; erT SemTxvevaSi paradigmaSi e S3 piris niSans -a-s Seixamebs, meore SemTxvevaSi _ -o-s; rogorc irkveva, am gansxvavebis safuZveli maTi geneturi sxvaobaa: erT SemTxvevaSi -e TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli sufiqsia (v-wer-e), meore SemTxvevaSi _ -ev sufiqsidan momdinare (va-q-e < *va-q-ev). Cven Tvisoba ganvsazRvreT, rogorc morfemiseuli xmovnis fonetikuri cvlis unari. am ori magaliTis mixedviT _ Tvl-em-s da sc-em-s _ ver visaubrebT -em elementis identurobaze, radganac erT SemTxvevaSi e xmovani monacvleobs i-sTan (Tvl-em-s _ CaTvl-im-a), meore SemTxvevaSi igi imave viTarebaSi cvlilebas ar ganicdis (sc-em-s _ sc-em-a)... gansxvavebulia maTi sxva morfemebTan Sexamebis unaric: erTi ixamebs -il sufiqss (CaTvlem-il-i), meore -ul-s (gamocem-ul-i) da sxva.


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ar SeiZleba morfologiuri igiveobis niSani daisvas or formaSi _ va-Sen-eb da v-Sen-d-eb-i _ gamovlenil -eb elements Soris: isini gansxvavdebian uRvlilebiT, sxvadasxva poziciiT struqturaSi, morfemebTan SexamebiT da a. S. magram, meore mxriv, garkveul morfologiur identurobaze SeiZleba visaubroT masalobrivad gansxvavebul odenobebs Soris. magaliTad, -av da -am Temis niSnebze. maTi qmedeba, Tvisoba, pozicia struqturaSi, uRlebis Taviseburebebi (-av da -am TemisniSniani zmnebisa) emTxveva erTmaneTs. es maTi identifikaciis safuZvels qmnis. I. 26. morfemaTa identifikaciis principisaTvis. Tu ma-

salobrivad gansxvavebul or morfologiur elements erTnairi gramatikuli datvirTva aqvs, erTgvarad iqceva paradigmatuli Tu sintagmaturi TvalsazrisiT, saqme gvaqvs morfologiur identifikaciasTan. magaliTad: -av da -am Temis niSnebi morfologiurad identurni arian.morfologiuri identifikacia ar unda avrioT tavtologiaSi. tavtologia iqneba imis aGniSvna, rom -av elementi malav-s formaSi da igive elementi gor-av-s formaSi erTi morfologiuri odenobaa. I. 27. morfemis struqtura. qarTulSi gvaqvs samgvari Sedgenilobis morfema: xmovani, Tanxmovani da xmovan-Tanxmovnis kombinacia. xmovani an Tanxmovani morfema SeiZleba iyos prefiqsulic da sufiqsuric (a-keTebs / keTeb-a, i-keTebs / Wr-i-s... m-xatav-s, da-g-xato-n...). Taviseburebas avlens xmovan-Tanxmovnis kombinaciiT Sedgenili morfemebi. Tavkidura poziciaSi ZiriTadad gvaqvs Tanxmovanxmovani (na-, sa-, ma-...), xolo bolokidura poziciaSi _ xmovanTanxmovani (-as, -an, -eb...). saubroben simetriis principzec: na-texi da mtkiv-an sa-naTi da pir-as si-lurje da lurj-is

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cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria zogadad morfemaTa struqturul Taviseburebaze da ara simetriul morfemaTa raimegvar funqciur igiveobaze. I. 28. mniSvnelobis gavlena formawarmoebaze. formawarmoebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mieqces mniSvnelobis gavlenas formawarmoebaze. magaliTad, s-cem-s is mas: iseT konteqstSi, rogoricaa `deda Svils scems~, zmnuri forma srul paradigmas qmnis (scems, scemda, scemdes, scema, scemos, ucemia, ecema, ecemos), xolo mniSvnelobiT `Tma koWebamde scems~, zmnas ewarmoeba mxolod I seriis 3 mwkrivis formebi (scems, scemda, scemdes). sxva magaliTi: adidebs formas mniSvnelobiT `didad xdis~ ewarmoeba Sesabamisi sufiqsuri vnebiTi (oTaxs adidebs _ oTaxi diddeba), magram mniSvnelobiT `xotbas asxams~ moqmedebiTma SeiZleba prefiqsuli vnebiTi gaikeTos (samSoblos adidebs _ samSoblo idideba viGacis mier).I. 29. determinaciis principi. enis yoveli forma, yoveli struqtura, yoveli sistema Tu qvesistema mkacrad determinirebulia, gansazRvrulia sxva formiT, struqturiT, sistemiTa Tu qvesistemiT da Tavadac ganmsazRvrelad evlineba sxva formas, struqturas, sistemasa Tu qvesistemas. determinizmi gulisxmobs enobrivi faqtebis urTierTSepirobebulobas, da ara mxolod amas, aramed moqmedi sistemisa Tu struqturis farglebSi am elementTa Soris mizez-Sedegobriobis dadgenasac. morfologiur kvleva-Ziebas swored es unda daedos safuZvlad: enobrivi formebis determinizmi _ mkacri mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTgansazRvruloba enobrivi elementebisa da amis safuZvelze urTierTmimarTebaTa dadgena. ras gulisxmobs enobriv formaTa determinizmi da rogor vlindeba igi konkretul enobriv sistemaSi, amis konkretul nimuSad aseTi magaliTi mohyavT: aviRoT wyvilebi: 1. a-TeTr-eb-s _ TeTr-d-eb-a 2. bar-av-s _ i-bar-eb-a || i-bar-v-i-s (b. jorbenaZe)


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tradiciuli ganmartebiT TiToeuli wyvilis Semadgeneli erTeulebi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rogorc gvaris konversiuli formebi: moqmedebiTi (aTeTrebs, baravs) da vnebiTi (TeTrdeba, ibareba). es am formaTa funqciuri, Sinaarsobrivi daxasiaTebaa. wminda formobrivi analizis safuZvelze xdeba formis Semadgeneli elementebis segmentacia, irkveva TiToeuli formis Semadgenel elementTa funqcia rogorc paradigmul, ise sintagmur formebTan, maTi urTierTmimarTebebi. `determinizmis principi ki varaudobs zemoaRniSnul formebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTgansazRvrulobis dadgenasac, imis gamokvlevas, Tu romeli forma romliTaa pirobadebuli. amgvari midgoma Cvens SemTxvevaSi maSinve gaarkvevs, rom e. w. moqmedebiTi gvaris a + fuZe + eb awmyoseul yalibs, rogorc wesi, vnebiTSi sufiqsiani formebi Seesabameba (yalibi: fuZe + d + eb), xolo fuZe + av yalibis mqone formebi e. w. prefiqsian vnebiTebs SeiTavseben (yalibi: i||e + fuZe + ebi, an: i||e + fuZe + v + i). rasakvirvelia, gamonaklisebi aris (...), magram es gamonaklisebi, jer erTi, ukeT warmoaCenen mTeli sistemis elementebis mkacr urTierTSepirobebulobas da, garda amisa, dasvamen axal sakiTxs: ra aris mizezi amgvari `gadaxrisa~, sad unda veZioT misi safuZveli? es ki SegvaZlebinebs axali kuTxiT SevxedoT arsebuli lingvisturi principebis safuZvelze ukve TiTqosda kargad cnobil da dadgenil sakiTxebs~ (b. jorbenaZe). rac ufro Rrmaa analizi, rac ufro Rrmad CavixedavT movlenis arsSi, `determinizmis aSkara qmedebis ufro farTo, SeiZleba iTqvas, globalur ares dagvalandinebs da naTlad dagvanaxebs enobriv formaTa mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTdamokidebulebis ucilobel faqts, rac agvaxsnevinebs kidec Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi arsebiTad ufro apriorulad SeniSnul, vinem faqtobriv dasabuTebul movlenas, rom yoveli cvlileba enis romelime monakveTSi arsebiTi xasiaTis Zvrebsa da cvlilebebs iwvevs TiTqosda savsebiT dacilebul formebsa da struqturebSi~ (b. jorbenaZe). morfologiuri analizis dros enobrivi monacemebis Semadgenel elementebad danawevrebisaTvis (segmentaciisaTvis), cxadia, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs am elementTa urTierTdeterminirebis faqtors. `determinacia enobrivi dinamikis TvalsazrisiTaa fa-

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seuli, enis Sinagani bunebiT gamowveul cvlilebaTa gamosaZieblad da ara enis abstrahirebuli statikuri sqemebis warmosadgenad~ (b. jorbenaZe). arsebobs determinaciis ori saxeoba: a) warmoqmniTi determinacia _ roca urTierTSepirobebuli formebidan erT-erTi formobrivad aris warmoqmnili meorisagan: a-keT-eb-s ga-keT-eb-ul-i; meore formisaTvis formobrivad sayrdenia pirveli. b) saurTierTo determinacia: roca erTi forma gulisxmobs meoris arsebobas da _ piriqiT, magram formobrivad erTi meorisagan warmoqmnili ar aris; magaliTad: TrT-i-s TrT-od-a: awmyoSi -i elementiani warmoeba gulisxmobs uwyvetelSi -od sufiqsian warmoebas da _ piriqiT: saubroben agreTve formobriv da funqciur determinaciaze. a) cur-av-s m-cur-av-i: forma m-cur-av-i formobrivadac da funqciuradac Sepirobebulia cur-av-s formiT. b) Can-s m-Cin-ar-i: forma m-Cin-ar-i funqciurad isevea Sepirobebuli Can-s formisagan, rogorc wina magaliTSi meore forma pirvelisagan, magram formobrivad m-Cin-ar-i Cin fuZis mqone formasTan (gamo-a-Cin-a) aris dakavSirebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mxolod funqciuri determinacia; wina magaliTSi _ formobriv-funqciuri determinacia.I. 30. metyvelebis nawilebi. enaSi arsebuli sityvaTa maragi _ leqsikur erTeulTa raodenoba _ ganusazRvrelia. sityvebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba gramatikuli (morfologiuri da sintaqsuri), leqsikologiuri, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. swored am niSanTa safuZvelze xdeba sityvaTa dajgufeba klasebad, romelTac metyvelebis nawilebs uwodeben. qarTulSi tradiciulad gamoyofen 10 metyvelebis nawils: 1. arsebiTi saxeli: kaci, saxli, ocneba, daviTi, rioni... 2. zedsarTavi saxeli: didi, patara, qudiani, uqudo... 3. ricxviTi saxeli: erTi, aTi, milioni, mravali, cota... 4. nacvalsaxeli: me, Sen, igi... yvela, TiToeuli... 5. zmna: wers, xatavs, dgas, dafrinavs...


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6. zmnizeda: guSin, xval, aq, ase... 7. Tandebuli: -viT, -Tan, -ze... mier, gamo... 8. kavSiri: da, Tu, magram, xolo... 9. nawilaki: ar, vera, ho, diax... 10. Sorisdebuli: eh! vai! yoCaR!.. tradiciul klasifikacias, rogorc klasifikacias, bevri nakli aqvs: irRveva saklasifikacio principi (monacvleobs morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri da leqsikuri principebi) (arn. Ciqobava); magram miRebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, `miuxedavad amisa, aseTi dayofiT tradiciulad SemuSavebul terminebs SeiZleba dResac hqondes teqnikuri gamoyeneba mecnierul gramatikaSi, radganac TviTeuli `metyvelebis nawili~ garkveuli gramatikuli niSnebis matarebelia, morfologiurisa an sintaqsurisa, da raime niSnis mixedviT gansxvavebuli danarCenebisagan~ (a. SaniZe). morfologiis winamdebare kursis Sedgenisas Cven vemyarebiT b. jorbenaZis qvewarmodgenil Tvalsazriss: tradiciul klasifikaciaSi morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa ori jgufi metyvelebis nawilebisa: formacvalebadi da formaucvleli metyvelebis nawilebi. pirveli xuTi _ arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli da zmna _ aris formacvalebadi nawilebi; momdevno xuTi _ zmnizeda, Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawilaki da Sorisdebuli _ miCneulia formaucvlel metyvelebis nawilebad. gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT metyvelebis nawilTa am jgufis gamoyofa gaumarTlebelia: Tandebulisa da nawilakis metyvelebis nawilad gamoyofa ver egueba sityvis enaTmecnierul gansazRvras; faqtobriv, Tandebuli da nawilaki (da Zveli qarTulisaTvis _ nawevari) arsebiTad aris morfema (nawevari ki _ morfemoidi). Sorisdebuli leqsikologiuri cnebaa da amitomac leqsikologiaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli, xolo morfologiurad igi an saxelis fuZed iqceva (vais gaveyare, uis Seveyare...), an _ zmnisa (viSobs, vaglaxebs...). kavSiri sintaqsuri cnebaa da sintaqsSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. zmnizeda zmnis msazRvrelia; rogorc msazRvreli, igi zmnas brunvaSi ver SeuTanxmdeba, amitomac tovebs formaucvleli sityvis STabeWdilebas. calke aRebu-

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li zmnizeda TavisTavad formacvalebadi sityvaa: misTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc sityvawarmoeba, aseve _ formawarmoeba: a) zmnizedisagan iwarmoeba msazRvreli (zedsarTavi): dRes _ dRevandeli weRan _ weRandeli... b) zmnizeda ibrunvis; marTalia, sxva saxelebTan SedarebiT misi bruneba SezRudulia, magram morfologiurad mainc angariSgasawevia misi formacvaleba: arsebiTi saxeli dRe dRe-m dRe-s dR-is dR-iT dRe-d zmnizeda _ _ dRe-s dRe-is (Semdeg) dRe-id-an dRe-mde

sax. moTxr. mic. naT. moq. viT.

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTi saubari iqneba kursis Sesabamis monakveTebSi (saxelTa bruneba, saxeluri sityvawarmoeba). morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT sityvaTa formacvaleba ori saxisaa: a) bruneba b) uRleba sityvebi swored amis mixedviT unda dajgufdes; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amis Sesabamisad unda gamoiyos: saxelebi da zmna metyvelebis nawilebi. yvela brunebadi sityva _ aris saxeli; yvela uRlebadi sityva _ aris zmna. formobrivi TvalsazrisiT saxelebi SeiZleba orad gaiyos: a) arsebiTi saxeli (anu substantivi); b) msazRvreli saxeli (anu atributivi). tradiciuli zedsarTavi, ricxviTi da nacvalsaxeli (nawilobriv) am meore jgufSi Semova. TiToeuli am jgufis saxelTa semantikuri daxasiaTebisas pirobiTad tradiciuli terminebis gamoyeneba SesaZleblad migvaCnia.


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faqtia isic, rom substantivebsa da atributivebs Soris mkacri semantikuri mijna ar aris: kargi eqimi _ eqimi aq substantivia; eqimi CxeiZe _ eqimi aq atributivia... formobrivi TvalsazrisiT sxvaoba gvaqvs: brunebis principia gansxvavebuli (ix. saxelTa bruneba). substantivebis semantikuri Taviseburebebi (rac tradiciulad sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawilad gaiazreboda) asaxvas povebs formawarmoebaSi. msazRvrel saxelebSi, anu atributivebSi, gamoiyofa ori jgufi: saxelis atributivi (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi...) da zmnis atributivi (zmnizeda). formobrivad es ori jgufic gansxvavebulia. `nacvalsaxelebi calke metyvelebis nawilad ar gamoiyofa, radgan nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis substantivs, rogorc metyvelebis nawili _ substantivia (misi ganzogadebuli saxeoba); nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis atributivs, rogorc metyvelebis nawili _ rCeba atributivad; rac Seexeba I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs, sinamdvileSi isini arc arian nacvalsaxelebi: `me~ aris mosaubre piris saxeli, misi saxeldeba da ara romelime saxelis Semcvleli; `Sen~ _ saubris adresatis saxeli (da ara nacvalsaxeli). ena solifsisturi sistemaa da misi es Tavisebureba Sesabamisad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. vuwodoT `me~ da `Sen~ formebs nacvalsaxeli, es igivea, `givi~, `daviTi~ formebis mimarT `kaci~ gamovacxadoT nacvalsaxelad~ (b. jorbenaZe). tradiciuli sistemis farglebSi saxelzmnis (sawyisisa da mimReobis) adgili sadavo iyo. mas damoukidebel metyvelebis nawiladac miiCnevdnen. aq warmodgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT, sawyisi da mimReoba substantivisa da atributivis jgufebSi ganawildeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoTqmuls da mkacrad gavatarebT morfologiur princips, tradiciuli sistema metyvelebis nawilebisa gamartivebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba; gveqneba ori metyvelebis nawili: substantivi 1. saxeli saxelis atributivi atributivi

zmnis atributivi

2. zmna

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I. 31. saxelzmna metKvelebis nawilTa sistemaSi. metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciul klasifikaciaSi garkvevas saWiroebs saxelzmnis adgili. Cveulebriv qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi araa erTgvarovani Tvalsazrisi. a. SaniZe saxelzmnas zmnis sistemaSi ganixilavs, arn. Ciqobava _ saxelis sistemaSi. SeniSvnebs orive Tvalsazrisi iwvevs. saxelzmna brunebadi sityvaa; Tu zmnaa, maSin brunva zmnis kategoriac yofila. Tu saxelia, ramdenadac saxelzmnas moepoveba drois, gvaris da a. S. gageba, gamodis, rom es kategoriebi saxelisac yofila... swored amgvari midgomis gamo daisva sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rom saxelzmna damoukidebeli metyvelebis nawilia (a. daviTiani). amgvari midgomac ver moxsnis problemas... b. jorbenaZis klasifikaciiT saxelzmna saxelis sistemaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli: ZiriTadi gansxvaveba zmnasa da saxels Soris formacvalebis saxeebia; zmna iuGvlis, saxeli _ ibrunvis. esaa morfologiuri daxasiaTeba am ori jgufisa. amgvari gaazrebiT, saxelzmna brunebadi sityvaa, e. i. saxelis sistemaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. mimGeoba rom dros ganarCevs, es semantikis sferoa: warsuli drois semantika iseve ilandeba nawerSi, rogorc naqalaqarSi; erTi nazmnari saxelia, meore warmoqmnili saxeli... gvaris gageba mimGeobaSi da gvaris gageba zmnur formebSi araa erTgvarovani movlena... amis Taobaze ufro vrclad qvemoT gveqneba saubari. I. 32. gramatikuli kategoriebi. kategoria `mecnierebisa da filosofiis uzogadesi cnebaa. igi asaxavs universalur obieqtur kavSirmimarTebebs~. zogadad kategorias ganixilaven, rogorc `logikur cnebas, romelic ganzogadebul formebSi asaxavs obieqturi sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxares, maT urTierTkavSirsa da mimarTebas~ (qegli). mecnierebis yovel dargSi mecnieruli codna kategoriaTa sistemebSia moqceuli, amitom kategoriaTa dadgena-dazustebas mecnierebis nebismier dargSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba; asea enaTmecnierebaSic, kerZod, gramatikaSi. specialur literaturaSi gramatikul kategoriaTa ganmartebisas araa erTgvarovani Sexeduleba. rig SemTxvevaSi gramati-


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kuli kategoria gaigivebulia morfologiur kategoriasTan. magram, ramdenadac morfologia ganixileba rogorc nawili gramatikisa (sintaqsTan erTad), morfologiuri da sintaqsuri kategoriebis erToblioba qmnis gramatikul kategorias. ase rom, morfologiuri kategoria aris gramatikuli kategoria, magram gramatikuli kategoria ar udris morfologiur kategorias. es aris safuZveli imisa, rom xSirad ar imijneba gramatikuli da morfologiuri kategoriebi. gramatikul kategorias `gramatikuli formisa da gramatikuli Sinaarsis erToblioba qmnis~ (v. gaki). gramatikuli (morfologiuri) kategoriisaTvis gramatikuli (morfologiuri) niSnis mqonebloba miiCneva arsebiTad. `morfologiuri kategoria saTanado afiqsebiT unda iqnes warmodgenili da ara fuZis mniSvnelobiT~ (arn. Ciqobava). ama Tu im enobrivi faqtis morfologiur kategoriad miCnevas `morfologiuri niSnis qonauqonloba wyvets~. morfologiur niSnad ganixileba, erTi mxriv, morfologiuri inventari _ afiqsebi da, meore mxriv, morfologiuri yalibi. magaliTad, piris morfologiuri kategoria afiqsebiT gamoixateba, gvaris formaTa ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli morfologiuri niSani formobrivi yalibebia. metyvelebis nawilTa formacvaleba gramatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT xdeba. b. jorbenaZe: TviT gramatikuli kategoria unda ganimartos rogorc gramatikuli sistemis agebis wesi (kanonzomiereba). magaliTad, wer-s forma enaSi imave fuZis mraval formasTan amyarebs kavSirs: i-wer-eb-a u-wer-s wer-s wer-en wer-a wers forma marjvena rigis sxvadasxva formasTan Sewyvilebuli sxvadasxva gramatikuli sistemis wevri aGmoCndeba: wer-s wer-s wer-s wer-s _ _ _ _ i-wer-eb-a erTi sistemaa (gvaris kategoria), u-wer-s meore sistemaa (qcevis kategoria), wer-en mesame sistemaa (ricxvis kategoria), wer-a meoTxe sistemaa (mwkrivis kategoria)...

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TiToeuli sistemis agebisas moqmedebs erTi zogadi wesi: Sewyvilebuli formebi mxolod erTi gramatikuli niSnis mixedviT arian gansxvavebuli; sxva gramatikuli niSnebi maT saerTo aqvT. magaliTad: pirvel wyvils (wer-s _ iwereba) yvela gramatikuli niSani (yvela kategoria) saerTo aqvT, garda erTisa _ gvaris kategoriisa; meore wyvils (wer-s _ u-wer-s) formebi imis mixedviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, Tu vis ganekuTvneba moqmedeba _ qcevis kategoria; mesame wyvils (wer-s _ wer-en) yvela kategoria saerTo aqvT, garda erTisa _ gansxvavebulia subieqtis ricxvi _ ricxvis kategoria; meoTxe wyvils (wer-s _ wer-a) gansxvavebuli aqvs mxolod mwkrivis kategoria... formaTa Sepirispireba SeiZleba gagrZelebuliyo... faqtia, is erTaderTi niSani, rac ganasxvavebs Sewyvilebul formebs, xdeba kidevac maTi Sepirispirebis mizezi; am niSnis mixedviT aigeba sistema. amgvarad agebul sistemas saxeli erqmeva imis mixedviT, Tu ra niSniT moxda misi ageba, rac warmoadgens kidec gramatikul kategorias. gramatikuli kategoriis gansazGvrisas daculi unda iqnes ramdenime piroba: a) gramatikuli kategoria efuZneba ori an meti formis Sepirispirebas; b) Sepirispirebul formaTa Soris (erTi kategoriis formaTa Soris) sxvaobas mxolod erTi gramatikuli niSani unda qmnides; g) Sepirispirebis principi niSandoblivi unda iyos yvela Sepirispirebuli formisaTvis. magaliTad, Sin da wer-s ver Seqmnian gramatikul sistemas; Sesabamisad, es ori forma ar aris erTi da imave gramatikuli kategoriis ori wevri... wer-s da uwer-s orive formisaTvis niSandoblivia qcevis semantika (moqmedebis gankuTvnis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan), amitom es ori forma qmnis sistemas. sistema SeiZleba aigos semantikurad dapirispirebuli sityvebiT, magram am sityvaTa Soris ar iyos formobrivi sxvaoba; sxvagvarad: sxvaobas ar qmnides morfologiuri niSani. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba semantikur kategoriasTan. qarTulSi semantikuri kategoriebia dro, kilo da sxva...


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33. metKvelebis nawili da gramatikuli kategoria. sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawils sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvs formacvalebisa. swored formacvalebis SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli gramatikuli kategoriebis raodenoba; erT metyvelebis nawils Cveulebriv ramdenime kategoria moepoveba, magram sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawils kategoriaTa gansxvavebuli raodenoba SeiZleba hqondes. qarTul enaSi saxeli gramatikul kategoriaTa raodenobiT Garibia, zmna _ gacilebiT mdidari. saxels moepoveba brunvisa da ricxvis kategoria; zmnas _ piris, ricxvis, gvaris, qcevis, mwkrivis da a. S. kategoriebi. morfologiuri kategoriebi SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegi niSnis mixedviT: a) kategoriebi, romlebic saerToa saxelisa da zmnisaTvis, b) kategoriebi, romlebic mxolod saxelebs axasiaTebT, g) kategoriebi, romlebic mxolod zmnebisTvisaa niSandoblivi.I. 34. qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizis mizani da amocanebi. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizis ZiriTadi mizani da amocanebi aris sityvis formis analizi, sityvis formacvalebis kanonebisa da kanonzomierebaTa gamovlena da Seswavla. srulyofili morfologiuri analizisaTvis aucilebeli aris: a) formis sintaqsuri funqciisa da b) formis semantikis gaTvaliswineba. sintaqsuri da semantikuri faqtorebi moqmedeben formawarmoebaze. ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi:

a) zmnur formebs SeiZleba erTnairi morfologiuri yalibi hqondes, magram sintaqsuri funqcia _ gansxvavebuli: mef-ob-s _ is Tavdeb-ob-s _ is mas... b) formebs morfologiuri yalibi da sintaqsuri funqcia SeiZleba erTnairi hqondes, semantika _ gansxvavebuli: mef-ob-s is _ `mefea, flobs, batonobs~ nadir-ob-s is _ `nadirs iWers, klavs~...

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g) formebs SeiZleba erTnairi morfologiuri yalibi hqondes, magram sintaqsuri funqcia da semantika _ gansxvavebuli: mef-ob-s is _ `mefea...~ mkurnal-ob-s is _ `mkurnalia~; is mas _ `kurnavs~; myofadi: umkurnalebs; is Tavs _ `(samkurnalod) eqimis pacientia~; `kurnavs Tavis Tavs~ _ myofadi: imkurnalebs... sxva magaliTi: vaWr-ob-s vaWaria (myofadi ara aqvs) yidis (`wigniT vaWrobs~ _ wigns yidis): myofadi _ ivaWrebs, wyvetili _ ivaWra.

saxelis SemTxvevaSi: kac-is x-is qorwineb-is saxli

sintaqsurad samive SemTxvevaSi marcxena rigis sityvebi msazRvrelia; morfologiurad _ naTesaobiTi brunva, magram mkveTrad gansxvavebulia semantika: kacis _ kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, xis _ masalas, qorwinebis _ daniSnulebas... erTi da igive sityva sxvadasxva semantikuri mniSvnelobiT formawarmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebs avlens: s-cem-s _ am zmnas, mniSvnelobiT `deda Svils scems~ eqneba sruli paradigma uGlebisa; mniSvnelobiT `Tma koWebamde scems~ _ eqneba mxolod pirveli seriis formebi... amgvarad, morfologiuri analizisaTvis aucilebelia sintaqsuri da semantikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba.

nawili II.

saxelisa da zmnis saerTo kategriebi. deiqsisis gamovlena saxelisa da zmnisformawarmoebaSi

II.1. saxelisa da zmnis formawarmoebis Sinagani urTierTkavSiri araerTgzis aris aRniSnuli. amas warmoaCens saxelis bruneba (anu saxelTa warmodgena aqtantebad), zmnis pirianoba (anu moqmedebaSi monawile saxelebis asaxva zmnaSi), saxelis ricxvis asaxva zmnaSi da misT. aRniSnul kavSirebs ufro metad warmoaCens formawarmoebis istoriuli viTarebis warmodgena. magaliTad, xelSesaxebad vlindeba masalobrivi Sexvedrebi, erTi mxriv, brunvis niSanTa konsonantur -s, -n, -d elementebsa da, meore mxriv, S3 piris niSanTa arqaul formantebs Soris (-s, -n, -d) (arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria); sainteresoa Tanxvedra S1 v- niSnisa vi-n nacvalsaxelis Zireul elementTan, anda O1 m- prefiqsisa -me nacvalsaxelTan da misT. igulisxmeba, rom saxelis morfologiuri potencia zmnis formawarmoebaSic tovebda kvals, ramdenadac moqmedi Tu `samoqmedo~ saxelis raimenairi warmoCena zmnis pirianobis aucilebeli piroba iyo. rac ufro vSordebiT gramatikuli kategoriebis Camoyalibebis istorias, miT ufro fermkrTaldeba da nakleb xelSesaxebi xdeba aRniSnuli Sinagani kavSirebi, magram es mimarTebebi morfologiisa Tu semantikis (leqsikologiis) doneze sinqroniuli analizis farglebSic SeiZleba iqnes danaxuli da kvalificirebuli. II. 2. ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze TvalsaCino suraTs iZleva ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria. miRebulia, rom ricxvi aris saxelisa da zmnis saerTo kategoria; amave dros, es kategoria aris erTaderTi, romelic saxelisa da zmnis gramatikul SeTanxmebas ganapirobebs. amave dros, ricxvis kategoria damoukideblad damaxasiaTebelia mxolod arsebiTi saxelisaTvis, ramdenadac arsebiTi saxe-

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li gamoxatavs (aRniSnavs) saganTa klass, saganTa klasi ki, TavisTavad, raodenobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. zmna, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, damoukideblad ricxvis gamoxatvasTan, raodenobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. man SeiZleba asaxos mxolod ricxvi aqtantebisa. is, rac zmnaSi ricxvis formantebis saxiT vlindeba, aris gamoZaxili saxelis Sesabamisi morfologiuri kategoriisa. amitomac aris, rom ricxvis gamoxatva zmnaSi pirianobasTan aris ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli. II. 3. orgvari mravlobiTi. arsebiTi saxeli orgvar mravlobiTs iwarmoebs: -eb-ians da narTanians; es ori mravlobiTi gansxvavebuli tipologiisa da funqcionaluri datvirTvisaa. -eb-iani mravlobiTi iyenebs mxolod -eb sufiqss da formas awarmoebs aglutinaciuri principiT: jer fuZe, Semdeg -eb, xolo Semdeg _ brunvis niSani: skam-eb-i skam-eb-ma skam-eb-s skam-eb-is skam-eb-iT skam-eb-o -eb formants saxelis morfonologiaSi iseTive Zala aqvs, rogoric -VC struqturis brunvis niSnebs (-is, -iT, -ad), anu ganapirobebs Sesabamisi saxeluri fuZis kumSvasa da kvecas (cxadia, yvela brunvaSi): mgl-eb-i Zm-eb-i m g l - e b - ma Z m - e b - ma da a. S. SeniSvna: -eb fuZis e xmovans ar kvecs: xe-eb-i... Tavad -eb formanti mosalodnel morfonologiur procesebs ar eqvemdebareba: is ucvlelia yvela poziciaSi (saxl-eb-is...). gansxvavebuli bunebisaa narTaniani mravlobiTi. gamoiyeneba ori sufiqsi: -n da -T(a). -n gamoiyeneba saxelobiTsa da wodebiTSi da misi gamoyeneba aglutinaciur princips icavs: kac-n-i (Sdr. kac-eb-i) kac-n-o (Sdr. kac-eb-o)

II. saxelisa da zmnis saerTo kategoriebi

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-T(a) daboloebiani forma asrulebs yvela danarCeni brunvis rols da misi gamovlena fleqsiuri xasiaTisaa: -T(a) iTavsebs brunvisa da ricxvis gramatikul Sinaarsebs. Sdr.: qal-Ta dRe _ qal-eb-is (dRe) narTaniani mravlobiTis morfonologia, Sesabamis sufiqsTa struqturidan gamomdinare, aqtualuri araa: arc ricxvis niSnebi iwveven fuZis cvlilebas, arc Tavad es niSnebi icvlebian: Zval-n-i, Zval-Ta (Sdr.: Zvl-is, Zvl-eb-i). II. 4. orgvari mravlobiTis funqciuri ganawilebisaTvis. sazogadod, -eb da -n(-T) sufiqsebi, rogorc morfologiuri elementebi, TiTqmis yovel fuZesTan Tanabari uflebamosilebiT arian aRWurvilni _ awarmoon mravlobiTi ricxvi. Tumca narTanian mravlobiTs upiratesad arqaulobis garkveuli stilistikuri elferi axlavs. funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadi adgili -eb formants ukavia. mainc rogoria maTi gavrcelebis zogadi suraTi? a) sazogado saxelebSi SeiZleba ugamonaklisod Segvxvdes rogorc erTi, ise meore saxis mravlobiTi, oRond -eb ufro bunebrivi, Cveulebrivi metyvelebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, xolo -n(-T) sufiqsTa gamovlena markirebulia raime saxis stilistikuri niuansiT. b) moqmedebis saxelebSi (masdarebSi) -n(-T) sufiqsia gabatonebuli, oRond am SemTxvevaSi xelSesaxebia Sesabamis formaTa met-naklebi terminologiuri datvirTva: sja-n-i, cdan-i, tanjva-ni, galoba-n-i... g) -eb da -n(-T) TiTqmis Tanabrad aris gavrcelebuli substantivis rolSi myofi Tu gasubstantivebuli zedsarTavi saxelebis mravlobiTis warmoebaSi. Sdr.: did-eb-i da patar-eb-i da `...mogrovdiT yvelani, did-n-i, mcire-n-i~... Tumca igive zedsarTavi, gasubstantivebuli Tanamedrove terminologiuri SinaarsiT, mxolod -eb-s moiTxovs: TeTr-eb-i, wiTl-eb-i, mwvane-eb-i, Sav-eb-i... am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa sufiqsis terminologiuri datvirTva. d) ricxviTi saxeli msazRvrelad Tu substantivis rolSi mxolod -n(-T) sufiqsebs iTavsebs: `Svid-n-i gurjanel-n-i~, às-n-i

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rad unda dedasa~... magram cifrebis (niSnebis) aRniSvnisas -eb gamoiyeneba: or-eb-i, xuT-eb-i... e) nacvalsaxelTa erT nawilSi narTaniani warmoeba erTaderTia... isi-n-i, ima-T... yvela-n-i... meore rigis nacvalsaxelebSi n-(-T) upiratesobiT aris aRWurvili: zog-n-i (Sdr. zog-eb-i), ra-n-i, sxva-n-i... mesame rigSi -eb sufiqss aqvs upiratesoba: Cven-eb-i, Taviseb-i... viRac-eb-i, raRac-eb-i... v) terminologiur (nomenklaturul) SesityvebebSi, faqtobriv, erTaderTia -Ta daboloeba: mweral-T-a kavSiri, mwvaneT-a moZraoba... gza-T-a saministro... z) mravlobiTebi, sazogadod, kisrulobs zogi specifikuri Sinaarsis gamoxatvas; magaliTad: _ sakuTar saxelebs, gvarebis garda, simravlis gamoxatva ar sWirdeba, magram garkveul (`ganzogadebis~) SemTxvevaSi amisi saWiroeba vlindeba: àkakiebi, bakakiebi...~ `naTiebo, leilebo...~ gvarsaxelebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs simravles da erTi gvaris warmomadgenelTa aRsaniSnavad mravlobiTic gamoiyeneba: burdul-eb-i, burdul-n-i... magram am or formas Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom -eb-ians SeuZlia gamoxatos rogorc konkretuli raodenoba (vTqvaT, òri burduli~), ise mTeli gvaric, xolo -n sufiqsiani gvaris mTel simravles gulisxmobs. _ nivTierebaTa saxelebi, sazogadod, mravlobiTs ver iguebs, magram romelime saxeldebuli nivTierebis nairgvarobis (formobrivi an Tvisobrivi nairsaxeobis) SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTis formebi aqtiurdeba: mineraluri wylebi... xorcebi daaglijes... `suls miuZRvis xorcT naqmari...~ am jgufSic mravlobiTis formanti terminologiur datvirTvasac iRebs: maril-eb-i, cil-eb-i... _ aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mravlobiTis forma arsebiTad imaves aRniSnavs, rasac TviT sityvis fuZe, anu formanti funqciurad neitralizebulia; Sdr.: kar-i _ kar-eb-i, Tma _ Tm-eb-i, saTval-e _ saTvale-eb-i...


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_ zogi sityva sabolood mravlobiTi formiT damkvidrebula, rac ucxoenovan gavlenas unda mieweros: gastrol-eb-i, ardadeg-eb-i, memuar-eb-i... II. 5. saxelis simravlis asaxva zmnaSi. rogorc iTqva, zmna asaxavs saxelis mravlobiTobas. ufro davazustoT: zmnaSi aisaxeba mxolod im saxelis mravlobiToba, romelic zmnasTan pirad aris Sewyobili, Sesabamisi moqmedebis aqtantia; metic SeiZleba iTqvas: daCndeba im saxelis ricxvi, romlis piric asaxulia zmnaSi. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sewyobil pirTa mravlobiTis asaxvis TvalsazrisiTac erTgvarovneba ar aris: a) subieqturi piris mravlobiToba aisaxeba samsave pirSi: subieqturi wyoba: 1 2 3 moqmedebiTi v-xatav-T xatav-T xatav-en vnebiTi v-rCebi-T rCebi-T rCebi-an e. w. saSuali v-kankaleb-T kankaleb-T kankaleb-en

amgvarad: I-II pirebSi aglutinaciuri principia daculi: calke _ piris niSani, calke _ ricxvis niSani: 1. v _ T 2. _ T III piri sxva princips gviCenebs _ pirisa da ricxvis gagebas erTi sufiqsuri formanti iTavsebs: -en, -n, -an. III piris mravlobiTobis gamoxatva, piris aGniSvnis msgavsad, sxvadasxva sufiqsiT xdeba: -en (xatav-en) -an (rCebi-an) -n (xat-o-n), (darC-n-e-n) -nen (xatavd-nen), (darC-nen) -es (daxat-es) ..... subieqtis mravlobiToba, Sesabamisi potenciis SemTxvevaSi, erTnairad aisaxeba zmnaSi, ganurCevlad imisa, -eb-iania saxeli Tu narTaniani; oRond gasaTvaliswinebelia: III piris mravlobiToba, Cveulebisamebr, ar aRiniSneba, roca subieqti usulo sagania: xe-eb-i dga-s saxl-eb-i Sendeb-a

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SeniSvna: 1. es wesi moqmedia -eb-iani mravlobiTis SemTxvevaSi, magram ricxvSi SeTanxmeba amoqmeddeba usulo sagnis narTanian mravlobiTTan: xe-n-i dgan-an. SeniSvna: 2. -eb sufiqsiani usulo arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTi aseve aisaxeba zmnaSi Sesabamisi subieqtis personifikaciis SemTxvevaSi, an roca am subieqts gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri moqmedeba miewereba: foTlebi CurCuleb-en... `xeebi rokviT daiZrnen qarSi...~ `mTebi TavCaCqnianebi fiqrs miscemian mwaresa...~ SesaZlebelia subieqti obieqturi piris niSnebiT iyos gamoxatuli (inversiis SemTxvevaSi). subieqtis mravlobiToba am SemTxvevaSic samive pirSi gamoxatulia (obieqturi wyobis tipologia ix. qvemoT): 1. da-gv-ixatav-s a-gv-iSenebi-a gv-iyvar-s 2. da-g-ixatav-T a-g-iSenebi-a-T g-iyvar-T 3. da-u-xatav-T a-u-Senebi-a-T u-yvar-T b) obieqturi piris mravlobiToba aisaxeba zmnis I-II pirebSi; am poziciaSi ZiriTadad iribi (uSualo) obieqti igulisxmeba, magram aseve aisaxeba imave poziciaSi mdgomi pirdapiri obieqti; III piris obieqti mxolod tendencias amJRavnebs zmnaSi mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisas (usmen-T is maT, aZageb-T is maT _ aranormatiuli tipi), riTac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba inversiuli obieqturi wyobisagan. obieqturi wyoba: 1 2 3 moqmedebiTi gv-xatav-s g-xatav-T xatav-s vnebiTi gv-emaleb-a g-emaleb-a-T emaleb-a saSualo gv-gav-s g-gav-T h-gav-s

am SemTxvevaSic sruliad aSkaraa tipologiuri gansxvaveba I da II obieqtur pirTa mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisa zmnaSi: Tu II pirSi aglutinaciis principi moqmedebs (g _ T), rac gulisxmobs pirisa da ricxvis damoukidebeli elementebiT gamoxatvas, I pi-


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ris gv- prefiqsi sinTezuri gramatikuli Sinaarsisaa, is, ricxvTan erTad, piris gagebasac iTavsebs; Sdr.: 1. gv-aqv-s 2. g-aqv-T II piris -T sufiqsis win S3 -s sufiqsis dakargvis mizezi (is bolo dromde SemorCa am poziciaSi: g-aqv-s-T), cxadia, ara gramatikuli, aramed morfonologiuria (TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra). III pirSi subieqturi da obieqturi pirebis mravlobiTobis damTxvevisas upiratesoba eniWeba subieqtur pirs: isini Tqven g-ixatav-en (Sdr. moZv. da kuTx. g-ixatav-en-T) (Sdr. erTi mxriv: is Tqven g-ixatav-T meore mxriv: isini Sen g-ixatav-en) obieqtur pirTa mravlobiTobasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilia agreTve sxvadasxva pirTa damTxveva: me Tqven Cven Sen Cven Tqven is Tqven

g-xatav-T

g) p i r T a m r a v l o b i T o b i s g a m o v l e n i s m o u l o d n e l i S e m T x v e v e b i: SesaZlebelia zmnis II piris mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli -T sufiqsi gamovlindes sruliad Seuferebel poziciaSi, ara zmnasTan, aramed sxva metyvelebis nawilebTan: saxelTan, zmnizedasTan, SorisdebulTan, nawilakTan... bodiSi-T! kargi-T! Cqara-T! su-T! ariqa-T!... igulisxmeba, rom Sesabamis frazaSi saTanado zmnis forma Cavardnilia da saWiro `piris gageba~ (mimarTebiToba) mimarTvis formas SeuTavsebia: Cqara-T! ( Cqara modi-T) da misT. II. 6. simravlis gamoxatvis leqsikuri saSualebani. garda morfologiuri inventarisa, enas aqvs SesaZlebloba (warmomavlobiT albaT ufro adrindelic ki), rom Sinaarsobrivi opozicia _ è r T i~ _ `m r a v a l i~ leqsikuri masaliTac gamoxatos.

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igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac sagnobrivi simravlis semantikas, èrTis~ sapirispirod, damoukidebeli fuZe gamoxatavs. pirvel rigSi, aq igulisxmeba e. w. k r e b i T i saxelebi, romelTa Tavisebureba swored is aris, rom mravlobiTi Sinaarsis gamoxatva maT SeuZliaT morfologiis gareSe _ TavianTi fuZiT isini ukve Seicaven aseT Sinaarss; amisi magaliTebia: xalxi _ kaci (adamiani). fara _ cxvari gundi _ frinveli naxiri _ Zroxa rema _ cxeni kolti _ Rori... e. i. xalxi gulisxmobs `bevr a d a m i a n s ~, naxiri _ `bevr Z r o x a s~... amgvari saxelebi formiT mxolobiTia (mravlobiTis formanti ara aqvT), xolo SinaarsiT _ `mravlobiTi~ (es Cans maTs SemaTanxmebel valentobaSic). arsebobs iseTi krebiTi Sinaarsis saxelebic, romlebic erTi da imave fuZiT warmogvidgenen èrTsac~ da simravlis semantikasac; aseTebia: cxvari, Zroxa, Rori, foToli (`tyem moisxa foToli~...). Sdr.: a) `c x v a r i dakles~ da `c x v a r i ferdobs Seefina~. b) `Z r o x a dakles~ da `mere me Z r o x a vis Cavabaro?!..~ opozicia, `c x e n i _ r e m a~ supletivizms mogvagonebs, Tumca aq fuZeTa supleturoba mxolod moCvenebiTia, sinamdvileSi damoukidebeli fuZeebia semantikurad dawyvilebuli (Sepirispirebuli). sxva SemTxvevaa nacvalsaxelur fuZeTa supleturoba: me _ Cven Sen _ Tqven zmnuri paradigmebi aseve warmoaCens fuZeTa supleturobis SemTxvevebs: daagdo _ dayara dasva _ dasxa dajda _ dasxdnen... `mravlobiTis~ Sinaarsis Semcveli fuZe SeiZleba mxolod leqsikurad gamoxatavdes am kategorias: vard || cviv-: davarda _ dacvivda


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SeiZleba leqsikurTan erTad morfologiuri saSualebebic iyos gamoyenebuli, anu Warbi gamoxatvis SemTxveva gvqondes: jed || sxed-: da-jd-a _ da-sxd-nen... sxed- fuZesTan erTad `simravle~ -nen sufiqsiTac aris gamoxatuli. aq gramatika da supleturoba erTad aris warmodgenili. II. 7. `supleturi SeTanxmeba~. mniSvnelovania is, rom SemaTanxmebeli unari supletur fuZeebSic aris gamovlenili. aq pirvel rigSi igulisxmeba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxelis supleturi fuZe zmnisgan aseve moiTxovs supletivizms (`supletur SeTanxmebas~): naxir-i da-cviv-d-a (Sdr. da-vard-a) xalx-i da-sxd-a (Sdr. da-jd-a) aq subieqtis `simravlea~ zmnuri fuZis supleturobis ganmapirobebeli. aseTive viTareba SeiZleba Segvxvdes obieqtis `simravlis~ SemTxvevaSi: xalx-i da-sx-a (Sdr. da-sv-a) xil-i da-yar-a (Sdr. da-a-gd-o) nayof-i a-sx-i-a (Sdr. a-b-i-a) zmnuri supletivizmi aseve SeiZleba Segvxvdes im SemTxvevaSic, roca masTan pirad Sewyobili saxeli gramatikuli mravlobiTiT aris warmodgenili. swored aseTi subieqtis simravlis dros gvxvdeba zmnaSi ormagi _ supleturi da gramatikuli _ gamoxatva: stumr-eb-i da-sxd-nen (Sdr. da-jd-a) ZaRl-eb-i ga-cvivd-nen da misT. zmnaTa supleturobas aseve moiTxovs nacvalsaxelTa supleturi mravlobiTi: `Cven davsxediT~ bavSv-eb-i wamo-cviv-d-nen (Sdr. wamo-vard-a) ZaRl-eb-i mi-s-cviv-d-nen (Sdr. mi-vard-a) magram usulo sagnis -ebiani mravlobiTi zmnas ricxvSi ver SeiTanxmebs, zmna mxolod supleturobiT èxmianeba~ Sesabamisi subieqtis simravles: foTl-eb-i a-sx-i-a (Sdr. a-b-i-a) vaSl-eb-i da-cviv-d-a (Sdr. da-vard-a)...

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nacvalsaxelur fuZeTa supleturi monacvleoba aseve moiTxovs zmnuri fuZeebis supleturobas (`leqsikur SeTanxmebas~). subieqtis simravlis SemTxvevaSi: Cven wamo-v-cviv-d-i-T (Sdr. wamo-v-vard-i) Tqven da-sxed-i-T (Sdr. da-v-jeq-i). obieqtis simravlis dros: Cven da-gv-sx-a (Sdr. da-m-sv-a) Cven (gareT) gamo-gv-yar-a (Sdr. gamo-m-a-gd-(o) SevadaroT arasupleturi nacvalsaxeluri fuZe: isi-n-i da-sxd-nen (Sdr. da-jd-a) isi-n-i da-sx-a (Sdr. da-sv-a)... II. 8. piris nacvalsaxelebi da piris gamoxatva zmnaSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zmnas pirebad nacvalsaxeli Seewyoba, saxeli iTanxmebs zmnas piris mixedviT (l. kvaWaZe). saxelisa da zmnis sintagmatikis danarCeni SemTxvevebi ki m

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