Tavisuflebis biblioTekis krebulis I wigni

liberalizmis safuZvlebi

jon stuart mili (1806-1875)

ingliseli filosofosi da ekonomisti, “aRmosavleT indoeTis kompaniis” xelmZRvaneli, parlamentis wevri (1865-1868), jon stiuart milis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes mamam - jeims milma da jeremi benTamma, romlebic utilitaruli filosofiis mimdevrebi iyvnen. Tumca, jon stiuart mili ar moeqca arc maTi gavlenis da arc maTi saxelebis Crdil qveS. man, sakuTari Sexedulebebis srulyofis mizniT sxva politikuri da ekonomikuri moZRvrebebic Seiswavla, ris Sedegadac 1843 wels gamosca naSromi “logikis sistema”. 1848 wels amas mohyva naSromi “politikuri ekonomikis principebi”, romliTac man utalitarizms humanitaruli elferis

SesZina, xolo mas - saxeli da pativiscema mouxveWa. utilitarizmis Temas is kidev erTxel daubrunda, roca 1861 wels amave saxelwodebis naSromi gamoaqveyna. jon stiuart mili agreTve cnobilia, rogorc 19 saukunis erTerTi yvelaze gamorCeuli publicisti, romelic interess logikisa da eTikuri Teiriisadmi iCenda. misi yvelaze cnobili naSromia narkvevi “Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb”, romlis mimarT interesi dRemde ar ganelebula, radgan yuradReba gamaxvilebulia iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, rogoricaa saxalxo xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis safrTxe da ilaSqrebda gabatonebuli azris tiraniis winaaRmdeg. niSandoblivia, rom misi sxva naSromebi ufro samarTliani ganawilebisa da sxva socialisturi ideebisadmi TanagrZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli, ramac garkveuli niadagi Seuqmna liberaluri inteleqtualebis TandaTanobiT daaxloebas socialistebTan da liberaluri socializmis ideebis Camoyalibebas. mis Sesaxeb informacia moipoveba Semdeg eleqtonul misamarTebze: http://www.utilitarianism.com/jsmill.htm; http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

(gamoqveynda 1859, ibeWdeba pirveli Tavis Sesavali nawili)

am narkvevis Tema sulac ar gaxlavT e.w. nebis Tavisufleba, romelsac samwuxarod “filosofiuri saWiroebis“ damaxinjebulad warmodgenil doqtrinas upirispireben. narkvevi exeba samoqalaqo, anu sazogadoebriv Tavisuflebas; im Zalauflebis xasiaTs da sazRvrebs,

romelsac sazogadoeba kanonierad mimarTavs, individze zemoqmedebisTvis. es aris sakiTxi, romelsac iSviaTad aRniSnaven da zogadi saxiT kidev ufro iSviaTad ganixilaven. Tavisi faruli arsebobiT es sakiTxi udides gavlenas axdens Cven droSi mimdinare diskusiebze da mas uaxloes momavalSi aRiareben, rogorc momavlis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs. es sulac ar gaxlavT axali Tema. garkveulwilad, is uxsovari droidan mosdevda kacobriobas. dRes, rodesac gacilebiT civilizebuli arsebebi ganviTarebis gzas adganan, sakiTxi sruliad axali formiT, axali pirobebiT warmoCindeba da ufro gansxvavebul da safuZvlian midgomas iTxovs.

Tavisuflebasa da Zalauflebas Soris brZola, im istoriuli sinamdvilis, yvelaze naTlad gamoxatuli Tvisebaa, romelsac adreuli etapidan vicnobT; gansakuTrebiT, saberZneTSi, romsa da inglisSi. magram es dapirispireba subieqtebs, an subieqtebis garkveul klasebsa da xelisuflebas Soris mimdinareobda. TavisuflebaSi igulisxmeboda politikuri mmarTvelebis tiraniisgan dacva. miiCneoda, rom xelisufalni usaTuod (saberZneTis zogierTi saxalxo mmarTvelobis garda) dapirispirebuli iyvnen im xalxTan, romelsac marTavdnen. xelisuflebas warmoadgenda, an ubralod erTi mmarTveli, an mmarTveli klani, an kasta, romelmac marTvis ufleba brZoliT an memkvidreobiT moipova. maTi xelmwifeba ar gamomdinareobda marTulTa survilidan, magram xalxi ver bedavda, rom eWvi Seetana maT uzenaesobaSi, SesaZloa, dapirispirebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. xelisufalTa Zalaufleba aRiqmeboda, rogorc uaRresad saWiro, magram aseveZalian saxifaTo ram. is iyo iaraRi, romlis gamoyenebasac SeiZleboda, rogorc gareSe mtris, ise TviT marTuli subieqtebis winaaRmdeg. uamravi mtacebelis Tavdasxmisgan sazogadoebis SedarebiT susti wevrebis dasacavad, saWiro iyo ufro Zlieri mtacebeli, romelsac danarCeni mtaceblebis alagmva evaleboda. ramdenadac mtaceblebis mefe aranakleb Zarcvavda xalxs, vidre sxva wvrilfexa mxecebi, aucilebeli xdeboda misibrWyalebisagan dacva. swored amitom patriotebma miznad daisaxes sazogadoebaze mmarTvelis Zalauflebis SezRudva. TavisuflebaSi isini swored am SezRudvas gulis xmobdnen. am mizniT maT or xerxs mimarTes. pirveli, moipoves garkveuli privilegiebis aRiareba. davarqvaT amas politikuri Tavisufleba, an uflebebi, romelTa darRveva mmarTvelis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc misi valdebulebebis darRveva da am uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi garkveuli winaaRmdegoba, an saerTo amboxeba ukve gamarTlebulad

iTvleboda. meore, romelsac ufro mogvianebiT mimarTes, iyo konstituciuri sazRvrebis daweseba, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebis, an maTi interesebis gamomxatveli sxva romelime sazogadoebrivi institutis Tanxmoba aucilebeli piroba gaxda, mmarTveli Zalauflebis SedarebiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. am ori meTodidan pirveli SedarebiT efeqturi gamodga: mmarTveli Zalaufleba evropis umravles qveyanaSi metnaklebad iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo. magram ase ar moxda meore meTodis SemTxvevaSi. am amocanis Sesruleba, an ufro metis miRweva, garkveuli warmatebebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisuflebis motrfialeTa principuli mizani gaxda. amdenad, adamianebs akmayofilebda erT mterTan meoris saSualebiT brZola da uflebas aZlevdnen yofiliyvnen marTulni mmarTvelis mier im pirobiT, rom misi tiraniisgan metnaklebad efeqturad iqnebodnen daculi, magram maTi miswrafebebi am wertils didad ar gascdenia.

Tumca adamianTa urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval dadga dro, rodesac adamianebma Sewyvites fiqri imaze, rom bunebis gardauvalobis gamo xelisufleba damoukidebeli Zala unda yofiliyo da maTive interesebs dapirispirdeboda. ufro misaRebi aRmoCnda is azri, rom saxelmwifo moxeleebi mxolod droebiTi mmarTvelebi, anu delegatebi yofiliyvnen da romelTac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gamoiwvevdnen. miiCneoda, rom mxolod am gziT iyo SesaZlebeli, miRweuliyo sruli usafrTxoeba, maTi interesebis winaaRmdeg xelisuflebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoeyenebis dros. TandaTanobiT mmarTvelebis droebiToba da saxalxo partiebis arCeviToba, sadac ki es partia arsebobda, mTavar amocanad gadaiqca da garkveuli xarisxiT, xelisufalTa Zalauflebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb moTxovnas Caenacvla. Zalauflebis SezRudvis moTxovna, naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxda, ramdenadac brZola imisTvis gagrZelda, rom xelisufleba xalxis periodul arCevanze gamxdariyo damokidebuli. es ukve xelisufalTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli xerxi iyo, romelTa interesebic, rogorc wesi, xalxis interesebs upirispirdeboda. axali moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, mmarTvelebi xalxTan unda yofiliyvnen gaigivebuli da maTi interesebi da neba, xalxis interesebis da nebis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo. am SemTxvevaSi ers misive nebisgan dacva aRar dasWirdeboda. tiraniis safrTxe aRar iarsebebda, Tuki xalxis winaSe xelisufalTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dadgeboda da xalxs, gansazRvrul vadaSi, mmarTvelTa gaTavisuflebis ufleba eqnebodaT.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, xalxs ukve SeeZlo garkveulwilad ndoba gamocxadebina sakuTari xelisuflebisadmi da ekarnaxa, Tu rogor gamoyenebina maT mier miniWebuli Zalaufleba.

marTvelTa Zalaufleba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara Tavad xalxis koncentrirebuli Zalaufleba, warmodgenili yvelaze xelsayreli formiT. sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma gavrcelda da is, evropeli liberalebis ukanaskneli TaobisTvisac ki misaRebi aRmoCnda. kontinentur nawilSi, es azri jer kidev dominirebs. isini, vinc aRiareben xelisuflebis Zalauflebis SezRudvis aucileblobas, brwyinvale gamonaklisebs warmoadgenen evropis politikur moazrovneebs Soris, Tu ar CavTvliT im filosofosebs, romlebicTvlian, rom xelisufleba saerTod ar unda arsebobdes. msgavsi azrovneba SeiZleba CvenTanac misaRebi gamxdariyo, Sesabamisi procesebi rom Cvens qveyanaSic ucvlelad gagrZelebuliyo.

politikur da folosofiur TeoriebSi, iseve rogorc adamianebSi, warmatebas wina planze is naklovanebebi da susti mxareebi gamoaqvs, romlebic warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi SeumCneveli rCeba. is mosazreba, rom sulac ar aris saWiro xalxis Zalauflebis maT mierve SezRudva, aqsiomaturi Canda im pirobebSi, rodesac xalxis mmarTveloba mxolod ocnebis sferos ganekuTvneboda, an aRiqmeboda, rogorc warsulis Soreuli periodis kuTvnileba. iseTma xanmokle gadaxvevebma, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, safrangeTis revolucia, am mosazrebaze ar imoqmeda. am revoluciis yvelaze uaryofiTi mxare is iyo, rom amboxeba saxalxo organizaciebis Zalisxmevis Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed spontanuri da konvulsiuri amboxi, monarqiuli da aristokratiuli despotizmis winaaRmdeg.

miuxedavad amisa, adreul periodSi demokratiuli respublikebis tipma, msoflios udidesi nawili daikava da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis yvelaze gavleniani wevris saxeli daimkvidra, ris gamoc arCeviTi da pasuxismgebeli xelisufleba, dakvirvebisa da kritikis obieqtad iqca. iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa “TviTmmarTveloba” da “xalxis Zalaufleba sakuTar Tavze” saqmis arss zustad aRar asaxavda. “xalxi”, romelsac xelT epyra Zalaufleba, yovelTvis ar warmoadgenda imaT, vis mimarTac es Zalaufleba iyo gamoyenebuli. ybadaRebuli “TviTmmarTveloba” gulisxmobda, ara TiToeulis mmarTvelobas sakuTar Tavze, aramed TiToeulis mmarTvelobas yvela danarCenis mier. metic, “xalxis neba” praqtikulad niSnavs ricxviTi

umravlesobis, an ufro aqtiuri nawilisnebas. umravlesobam, anu im nawilma, romelmac moipova danarCenebisgan umravlesobadcnobis ufleba, sakuTari ricxovnuli upiratesobis gamo, SeiZleba moindomos sxvebisSezRudva. amitomac, usafrTxoebis zomebis miReba am Zaladobis winaaRmdeg, iseve aucilebelia, rogorc uflebamosilebis gadametebis nebismieri sxva formis winaaRmdeg. amdenad, mTavrobis individebze Zalauflebis SezRudva, sulac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas, rodesac xelisufalni sazogadoebis winaSe, anu sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtiuri nawilis winaSe mudmivad pasuximgebelni arian. am TvalTaxedvam advilad daimkvidra adgili da Tanabrad misaRebi aRmoCnda moazrovneebisTvis da evropuli sazogadoebis im mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis, romelTa realur, an warmosaxviT interesebs demokratia upirispirdeboda. politikur azrovnebaSi “umravlesobis tirania” erT-erTia im safrTxeTagan, romlis winaaRmdegac sazogadoeba mudmiv sadarajoze unda idges.

sxva saxis tiraniebis msgavsad, umravlesobis tiraniac aseve sakmaod saxifaToa da umTavresad, sazogadoebrivi institutebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebSi gamoixateba. gonebagaxsnilma pirovnebebma gaaTviTcnobieres, rom calkeuli individebisgankoleqtiurad Semdgari tiranuli sazogadoebis mier gamoyenebuli represiuli meTodebi, yovelTvis ar emTxveva Zalmomreobis im meTodebs, romlebic sazogadoebam misivepolitikur funqcionerTa xeliT SeiZleba gamoiyenos. sazogadoebas SeuZlia da iZleva kidec sakuTar gankargulebebs. Tu is iZleva mcdar, araswor an iseT gankargulebas, romlis uflebac ar aqvs, maSin adgili aqvs iseT socialur tiranias, romelic politikuri zewolis bevr sxva saxeze ufro saxifaToa. amdenad, tirania gadarCenis Zalian cota Sanss tovebs. is, kidev ufro Rrmad aRwevs adamianTa cxovrebis siRrmeebSi da imonebs maT. amitomac, mxolod xelisufalTa tiraniisgan dacva, sakmarisi aRar aris. saWiroa aseve dominirebuli azrisa da grZnobis tiraniisagan dacva; garkveuli zomebis miReba sazogadoebis im tendenciis winaaRmdeg, romelic, gansxvavebuli azris mqone sazogadoebis nawilze, sakuTari azrebisa da qmedebebis moxvevas da am qmedebebis qcevis normebad dakanonebas uglisxmobs; aseve, aucilebelia ar iqnes daSvebuli, rom tiranulma sazogadoebam SesZlos masTan dapirispirebuli pirovnebebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis xelis SeSla; sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrze zewola, raTa maT miiRon tiranuli sazogadoebis modeli. arsebobs garkveuli zRvari, romelic gansazRvravs koleqtiuri azris

individualur TavisuflebaSi SeWris kanonierebas da am sazRvris migneba da misi gamoyeneba agresiis winaaRmdeg, adamianTa urTierTobebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac politikuri despotizmisgan dacvas gulisxmobs.

zogadad, es mosazreba naklebad sakamaToa, Tumca, Cndeba praqtikuli kiTxva: sad gadis es zRvari, rogor unda SeTavsdes individis Tavisufleba sazogadoebriv kontrolTan? es is sferoa, romelic detalur analizs moiTxovs. sxva adamianTa qmedebebze garkveuli SezRudvebis daweseba adamianTa cxovrebis Rirebulebebs gansazRvravs. Sesabamisad, zogierTi SezRudva upirveles yovlisa kanonis mier unda ganisazRvros, xolo imsakiTxebSi, romlis daregulirebac kanonis mier ar xdeba, azrovnebas unda mieces gasaqani. ras unda warmoadgendes es wesebi? aRniSnuli sakiTxi adamianTa urTierTobebSi umniSvnelovanesia. zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, am problemis gadawyvetisaTvis Zalian cota Tu gakeTebula. yvela qveyanam, yvela saukuneSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxi sxvadasxvanairad gadawyvita.

erT saukuneSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba, an erT qveyanaSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba, meorisTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli da gasakviria. da mainc, nebismieri qveynis, an epoqis xalxi, mas raime gansakuTrebul problemad arasodes miiCnevda. TiTqos am sakiTxze, kacobrioba didi xania SeTanxmda. sakuTari TavisTvis dawesebuli qcevis normebi maTTvis aqsiomaturi da TviT-gamamarTlebeli Cans. es yovlismomcveli iluzia, tradiciis magiuri zemoqmedebis erT-erTi magaliTia. imis iluzia, rom adaminebis mier sakuTari TavisTvis dadgenili qcevis normebis dacvis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi ubedurebas Tavidan aicileben, tradiciis efeqtia. adamianebi, wes-Cveulebebis raime motiviT axsnas saWirod ar Tvlian.

xalxi miCveulia rom sjerodes da udrtvinvelad iwamos filosofosofiisken miswrafebuli adamianebis, rom maTi winaTgrZnobebi, am saxis movlenebze, gonebiT gansjaze umjobesia da gonebis moxmoba saWiro ar aris. adamianTa qcevebis Sesaxeb maT mosazrebas, TiToeuli pirovnebis gonebaSi arsebuli Sexeduleba gansazRvravs - yvela mis msgavsad unda moiqces. sinamdvileSi aravin aRiarebs, rom miseuli Sefasebis standarti, mxolod misi sakuTari poziciaa. dasabuTebis gareSe, Sexeduleba qcevis normebis Sesaxeb, mxolod erTi pirovnebis prioritetad SeiZleba CaiTvalos da Tu am Sexedulebas sxva adamianebic iziareben, maSin es ukve erTis nacvlad,

bevri adamianis Sexedulebad aRiqmeba. Tumca, Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis, misi piradi priotiteti ara marto sruliad sakmarisi, aramed erTaderTi motivaciaa, romelic gansazRvravs mis warmodgenas moralis, gemovnebis, qcevis Sesaxeb, rac naTlad ar aris gamoxatuli mis religiur kredoSi; piradi priotiteti, TviT religiuri kredos miseul SemecnebaSic mTavari megzuria.

adamianebis mosazrebebis Camoyalibebaze, imisda mixedviT Tu ra aris mosawoni da gasakicxi, sxvadasxva mizezi zemoqmedebs, romlebic, Tavic mxriv, adamianebis survilebze axdens gavlenas. es mizezebi imdenad mravalricxovania, ramdenadac adamianebi, romlebic TavianT survilebs gansazRvraven. mizezebSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes maTi crurwmenebi da stereotipebi, maTi socialuri da arcTu iSviaTad, maTi antisocialuri prioritetebi, Suri da eWvi, qedmaRloba da ampartavneba. ufro xSirad, maTi survilebi an SiSebi, kanonieri an ukanono interesebi. qveynis moralis ZiriTadi principebi mmarTveli klasis interesebidan da maTi klasis upiratesobis SegrZnebidan gamomdinareobs. iq, sadac mmarTveli klasia, spartelebsa da heliotebs, plantatorebsa da zangebs, mmar Tvelebsa da xelqveiTebs, keTilSobilebsa da mdabioebs, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gansxvavebulma moralma aRniSnuli klasebis interesebi da Sexedulebebi warmoSva. isdamokidebuleba, romelic amgvarad warmoiSva, Tavis mxriv, upiratesi klasis wevrebis moralur Sexedulebebsa da maT urTierTdamokidebulebaze reagirebs. meores mxriv, iq, sadac mmarTvelma klasma dakarga gavlena, an sadac am klasis mmarTveloba arapopularulia (miuRebelia sxva klasisTvis), yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli moraluri Sexedulebebi, xSirad mmarTveli klasis upiratesobis mimarT siZulvilis StabeWdilebas tovebs. kidev erTi udidesi principi, romelic qcevis, qmedebisa Tu umoqmedebis, normebs gansazRvravs da romelic cxovrebaSi damkvidrda kanonebis Tu Sexedulebebis saSualebiT, gulisxmobs kacobriobis morCilebas im Sexedulebebis mimarT, rac maT droebiT mmarTvelebs Tu sarwmunoebas miaCnia misaRebad, an miuReblad. es morCileba moCvenebiTi sulac araa. swored man daudo saTave sruliad gamorCeul siZulvilis grZnobas da aiZula adamianebi cecxlze daewvaT jadoqrebi da eretikosebi. sazogadoebis ZiriTad da aSkara interesebs, moraluri Sexedulebis CamoyalibebaSi sakmaod didi wvlili miuZRoda: adamianebs gauCndaT simpaTiebi da antipaTiebi. am simpaTiebsa da antipaTiebs, araviTari

kavSiri ar hqondaT sazogadoebis interesebTan. Tumca, swored isiniiqcnen udides Zalad moralis CamoyalibebaSi.

sazogadoebis, an misi umetesi nawilis Sexedulebebi qcevis wesebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb, praqtikulad gvevlineba im kanonebis an normebis ganmsazRvrelad, romlis dacva zogadad dasjis SiSiT an rwmeniT xdeba. sazogadoebis mowinave nawili miiCnevs, rom es principi utyuaria. Tumca, isini winaaRmdegobaSi modian mis garkveul detalebTan. maT daiwyes imis Zieba, Tu ra unda moswondes, an ar moswondes sazogadoebas da nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen imis dadgenas, ramdenad saWiroa individebisTvis kanonad iqces is, rac sazogadoebisTvis misaRebia. isini ufro prioritetulad miiCneven garkveul sakiTxebis mimarT kacobriobis Sexedulebebis Secvlisaken swrafvas, vidre gaerTianebas Tavisuflebis dasacavad.

religiuri mrwamsi aRmoCnda erTaderTi sakiTxi, romelsac didi mniSvneloba mieniWa da Tanmimdevrulad iqna ganxiluli. es iyo sakiTxi, romelic sainteresoa mravali kuTxiT da aranakleb saintereso im TvalsazrisiT, rom is warmoadgens yvelaze TvalSisacem magaliTs im cdomilebisa, romelsac zneobas uwodeben: radganac religiuri siZulvili Tavgamodebul morwmune adamianSi aris erTerTi yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatuli zneobrivi SegrZnebis magaliTi. maT, vinc pirvelad daamsxvria universaluri eklesiis uReli, imdenad mcire survili gaaCndaT daeSvaT religiur azrTa gansxvavebebi, ramdenadac Tavad eklesias. magram, rodesac konfliqti dasrulda ise, rom mogebuli arc erTi mxare ar darCenila da TiToeuli eklesia Tu seqta iZulebuli gaxda gamoTxoveboda, maT mier ukve dakavebuli miwebis samudamod SenarCunebis imeds. umciresoba mixvda, rom umravleobad gaxdomis aranairi Sansi aRar hqonda da iZulebuli gaxda maTTvis, visi moqcevac Tavad ver SeZles, gansxvavebuli religiuri mimarTulebis ganviTarebisTvis ufleba gamoeTxova. Sesabamisad, individis uflebebi sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg daculi aRmoCnda, xolo sazogadoebis moTxovna, rom Zala yofiliyo gamoyenebuli gansxvavebulad moazrovne adamianebis winaRmdeg, aSkarad daupirispirda am principebs.

didi mwerlebi, romlebTanac qveyniereba valSia religiuri Tavisuflebis mopovebisTvis, yuradRebas ZiriTadad amaxvilebdnen sindisis Tavisuflebaze, rogorc ganuyofel uflebaze da sruliad uaryofdnen pirovnebis angariSvaldebulebas sxvebis mimarT, religiuri rwmenis sakiTxebSi. azrTa sxvadasxvaoba rwmenis

mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi imdenad bunebrivia, rom praqtikulad religiuri Tavisufleba ar arsebobs, garda im SemTxvevisa, sadac religiuri gulgriloba zeobs da Teologiuri dapirispirebebis Tavidan asacileblad yvelafers akeTeben. TiTqmis yvela morwmune adamianis azriT, yvelaze tolerantul qveynebSic ki Semwynarebloba sakmarisi ar aris. pirovneba SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes eklesiis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas, magram usityvod eTanxmebodes mis dogmas. zogierTs, papistisa da unitarianelis garda, yvela adamianis mi marT SeuZlia rom Semwynarebloba gamoiCinos. zogierTs ki, vinc aRiarebuli religiis mimdevria, SeuZlia Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba yvela adamianis mimarT hqondes. zogierTi maTgani sakmaod didsulovani da qvelmoqmedia. Tumca, maTTvis RmerTisa da momavali cxovrebis rwmena sruliad sakmarisia.

sadac ki umravlesobis ganwyoba kvlav namdvili da myari iyo, umcieresobebis daqvemdebarebis survili arsad ganelebula. inglisSi, sxva evropel saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, Cveni politikuri istoriis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi azris uReli gacilebiT mZimea, xolo kanonis - ufro msubuqi. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis individebis avtonomiaSi Carevis eWvi, magram es ar aris individis damoukideblobisadmi saRi midgomis Sedegi. es sazogadoebaSi jer kidev myarad gamjdari azrovnebis Sedegia, romlis mixedviTac xelisufleba sazogadoebis sapirispiro interesebs gamoxatavs. umravlesobam jer kidev ver gaiazra, rom xelisufleba maTi Zalauflebaa, an xelisuflebis azri maTi azria. aqedan gamomdinare, individualur Tavisuflebas xelisuflebis mxridan Carevis iseTive safrTxe emuqreba, rogorsac mas sazogadoebrivi azri uqmnida. Tumca, sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi xarisxiT arsebobs grZnoba, SeewinaaRmdegos kanonis mier kontrolis dawesebis nebismier mcdelobas im sferoSi, romelSic kanons uwin ar SeuzRudavs. sazogadoebas naklebad surs gaanalizos, esa Tu is sakiTxi, jdeba Tu ara is kanonieri kontrolis sazRvrebSi. amdenad Sexeduleba, romelic mTlianobaSi uaRresad sasargebloa, am SemTxvevaSi imdenad uadgilo xdeba, ramdenadac uaRresad saWiro zogierT SemTxvevaSi.

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs aRiarebuli principi, romelic gansazRvravda mTavrobis mier pirovnebis avtonomiaSi Carevis mizanSewonilobas, an mizanSeuwonlobas. xalxi aRniSnul sakiTxs, rogorc wesi, sakuTari prioritetebis mixedviT wyvets. zogierTi

adamiani, am movaleobas didi siamovnebiT daakisrebda xelisuflebas, xedavda ra sikeTis qmnis, an borotebis aRmofxvris saWiroebas. zogierTs ki, urCevnia TviTon zidos sazogadoebrivi mankierebis nebismieri simZimis tvirTi da xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad, romelime adamianTa interesebis damcvel samsaxurs, kidev erTi saqme ar daumatos.

amdenad, TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi dgebian romelime mxares, maTi Sexedulebis zogadi mimarTulebis da sakiTxisadmi interesis xarisxis mixedviT. zogierTis azriT, es xelisuflebiss gadasawyvetia. zogis azriT ki, ar aris xelisuflebis gadasawyveti, ramdenadac is saTanado formiT gadawyvetas ver SeZlebs. me ki meCveneba, rom am principis, an wesis ararsebobis pirobebSi, erTi mxare iseTive mcdaria, rogorc meore. TiTqmis Tanabari xarisxiT. xalxi mTavrobis daxmarebas arasaTanadod ixmobs da aseve, arasaTanadod uaryofs.

aRniSnuli narkvevis mizania, martivi principis damtkiceba, romelic sruliad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis individTan mimarTebas, iZulebisa da kontrolis pirobebSi.

principis arss is warmoadgens, rom Tavdacva is erTaderTi saboloo wertilia, romelic adamianebis mier, individualurad Tu koleqtiurad, TavisuflebaSi Carevas amarTlebs. sxva adamianebis dacva safrTxisgan, warmoadgens erTaderT mizans, romlisTvisac civilizebuli sazogadoebis wevrze, misi nebis gareSe Zalauflebis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia. sikeTis Sesaxeb miseuli azri, iqneba es fizikuri Tu moraluri sikeTe, sakmaris sabuTs ar warmoadgens. ar iqneba samarTliani, Tu mas vaiZulebT raime gaakeTos, an ar gaakeTos, mxolod imis gamo, rom sxvebis azriT misTvis ase moqceva ukeTesia, radgan mas bedniers gaxdis, an ufro gonivruli da marTebuli iqneba. es yvelaferi sakmarisi sabuTia imisTvis, rom adamiani davarwmunoT, daviyolioT, vTxovoT, daviTanxmoT, magram ara vaiZuloT, an davsajoT, Tu sxvagvarad moiqceva. adamiani, sakuTari saqcieliT sazogadoebis winaSe imdenad aris pasuxismgebeli, ramdenadac misi saqcieli sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs exeba. qcevis im nawilSi, romelic mis pirovnebas exeba, adamianis damoukidebloba absuluturia. individi suverenulia da misi avtonomia xelSeuxebelia, rodesac saqme piradad mas, mis sxeulsa da gonebas exeba.

albaT saWiroeba aRar moiTxovs avRniSno, rom es doqtrina im adamianebs Seexeba, romlebic sakuTari SesaZleblobebis simwifes ganicdian. Cven ar vsaubrobT bavSvebze, an axalgazrdebze, romelTac qaluri, an mamakacuri simwifisken zRvari SeiZleba kanonma daudginos. isini, visac jer kidev sWirdebaT sxvebis mzrunveloba, daculi unda iyvnen ara marto gareSe safrTxisgan, aramed sakuTari qmedebebisganac.

amave mizezis gamo, ar SevexebiT sazogadoebis im fenebs, romlebSic TviT adamianebi SeiZleba iqnas aRqmuli, rogorc moumwifebeli masa. spontanuri progresis gzaze imdeni barieria, rom maTi gadalaxvis arCevani Zalzed mcirea. amdenad, ganviTarebis mosurne mmarTvels nebadarTuli aqvs miznis misaRwevad, iseTi saSualebebi gamoiyenos, ris gareSec, savaraudod, mizani miuRweveli darCeboda. xelisuflebis despotizmi velurebTan mimarTebaSi im SemTxvevaSia gamarTlebuli, Tu is, saboloo jamSi miznad maT gamosworebas isaxavs. xolo, Tu gamoyenebuli saSualebebi saboloo Sedegze realur gavlenas moaxdens, Tavisuflebis, rogorc principis, gamoyenebas, azri ara aqvs im dromde, sanam kacobrioba ganviTarebis iseT stadias miaRwevs, rodesac Tavisufali da Tanabari diskusiebi adamianebis gakeTilSobilebas daiwyeben. manamde ki, maT meti gza ar darCeniaT, garda imisa, rom daemorCilon Acbar an Charlemagne (dideba Sarl-diads). Tu, ra Tqma unda, gaumarTlaT da aseTi ipoves. magram, rogorc ki kacobrioba am stadias miaRwevs, rodesac ganviTarebis gzaze win wauZRvebaT myari rwmena da damajerebeli argumentebi, (stadia, romelic yvela qvemoT xsenebulma erma didi xania miaRwia) iZuleba, rogorc misi pirdapiri saxiT, ise daumorCileblobis sapasuxod, sasjeliTa da wamebiT gamoxatuli, dauSvebeli xdeba, rogorc maTi sikeTis damTrgunveli meTodi da mxolod, sxva adamianebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizeziTaa gamarTlebuli.

me ganvixilav sargeblianobas, rogorc saboloo instancias yvela eTikuri sakiTxis gadawyvetisas. magram is sargebliani, farTo gagebiT unda iyos, romelic adamianis, rogorc progresuli arsebis maradiul interesebs daefuZneba. Cemi azriT, es interesebi legitimurs xdian xelisuflebis cdas, pirovnuli spontanuroba gare kotrols dauqvemdebaron, mxolod im qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebsac sxva adamianebis interesebs Seexeba. Tu vinmes qmedeba sxvebisTvis zianis momtania, es upirobod iZleva pirdapiri Carevis safuZvels, mis dasasjelad kanonis farglebSi, an sazogadoebis mier dagmobas, Tu kanoni amgvar gadacdenisaTvis sasjels ar iTvaliswiebs.

umravles SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebas SeuZlia individi, aiZulos misTvis sasargeblod imsaxuros, Tan sruliad samarTlianadac. magaliTad, sasamarTloSi misces Cveneba; saerTo TavdacvaSi Seitanos Tavisi wvlili; sazogadoebis interesebis sasargeblod, nebismier saerTo saqmeSi miiRos monawileoba, romelic mis dacvas uzrunvelyofs da amasTan erTad sikeTec akeTos. magaliTad, axalgazrda Semoqmedi ixsnas sikvdilisgan, miusafari daicvas, an sruliad samarTlianad, pasuxismgebeli iyos sazogadoebis winaSe im qmedebebze, rac udavod warmoadgens adamianis movaleobebs. adamianma SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs, ara marto Tavisi qmedebebiT, aramed Tavisi umoqmedobiTac.

Tumca adamiani arasodes agebs pasuxs, misi umoqmedobiT gamowveuli zianis gamo. meore SemTxveva ki, pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT, iZulebis ufro frTxilad gamoyenebas gulixmobs. zianis miyenebisTvis angarisworeba miRebuli wesia, xolo zianis Tavidan acilebisTvis, pasuxismgebloba gamonakliss warmoadgens. jer kidev, uamravi mZime da aSkara magaliTi arsebobs, romelic am gamonakliss amarTlebs. garemosamyarosTan urTierToebis yvela sferoSi, pirovneba iuridiulad agebs pasuxs maT winaSe, vis interessac exeba da Tu saWiroa, Tavadac sazogadoebis damcvelad unda warsdges. xSirad pasuxismgeblobis aridebisTvis es kargi mizezia, magram es mizezebi im SemTxvevebis specifikidan gamomdinareobs, romlebzedac vsaubrobT. Tu es, is SemTxvevaa, rodesac pirovneba Carevis gareSe ukeTesad moqmedebs, vidre sxvisi kontrolis qveS; Tu kontroli ufro didi borotebas warmoSobda, vidre mis gareSe iqneboda. rodesac dasjas aseTi mizezi aferxebs, Tavad pirovnebis sindisma unda moaxdinos sakuTari saqcielis gansja; daicvas, misafarTa interesebi da sakuTari Tavis mimarT midgoma gaamkacros, radgan mas, sxvebi ver gaasamarTleben.

miuxedavaT amisa, arsebobs moqmedebis sfero, romelSic sazogadoebas, individisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod arapirdapiri interesebi gaaCnia. es imas gulisxmobs, rom pirovnebis cxovrebis garkveulma nawilma, an misma qcevam SeiZleba gavlena Tavad im pirovnebaze iqonios. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirovnebis qceva gavlenas sxva adamianebze moaxdens, es zegavlena maTi mxridan nebayofilobiT iqneba miRebuli. yvela misaRebi saSualebiT, iqneba es praqtikuli, Teoriuli, moraluri Tu Teologiuri; sindisis, fiqris, azrisa da damokidebulebis, absolituri Tavisuflebis moTxovna yvela sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi _ pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi, pirvel rigSi, Segnebis floba igulisxmeba.

azris gamoxatvisa da gamoqveynebis Tavisufleba, SeiZleba calke principis sferod ganvixiloT, ramdenadac igi individis qcevis nawilia, romelic sxva adamianebs Seexeba.

warmoadgens ra iseTive Rirebulebas, rogoricaa TviT azrovnebis Tavisufleba da umeteswilad, efuZneba ra imave pirvelsawyiss, faqtobrivad Tavisuflebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. meorec _ es principi, gemovnebis, survilebis da miswrafebebis Tavisuflebasac gulisxmobs. Cveni cxovrebis, Cvenive saqcielTan Sejerebas, survilebis da qcevis Tavisuflebas, im dromde vidre, Cveni qmedeba sxvebs zians ar ayenebs, Tundac sxvebma Cveni saqcieli sulelurad, garyvnilad an mcdarad Seafason.

mesame _ es principi, TiToeuli individis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinareobs individebis nebismieri miznisTvis gaerTianebis ufleba, romelsac sxva adamianebisTvis ziani ar moaqvs. Tu Tqma unda, Tu aRniSnuli individebi srulwlovanni arian da Zaldatanebis, an motyuebis Sedegad ar erTiandebian.

sazogadoeba, romelic zemoTaRniSnuli Tavisuflebis principebs ar icavs da pativs ar scems, ar warmoadgens Tavisufal sazogadoebas, rogori mmarTvelobis formac ar unda hqondes mas. sazogadoeba, sadac Tavisuflebis principebis dacva ar warmoadgens upirobo da absolutur Rirebulebas, srulyofilad Tavisufal sazogadoebad ver CaiTvleba. Tavisufleba isaa, roca Cveni qonebis marTva, Cvenive SexedulebebiTaa SesaZlebeli da ar vcdilobT is sxvebs CamovarTvaT, an mis SeZenaSi xeli SevuSaloT. yoveli adamiani Tavisi, rogorc fizikuri, aseve mentaluri da sulieri janmrTelobis saukeTeso damcvelia. imis nacvlad, rom sxvebis nebas dahyvnen, adamianebi, saukeTesod sargebloben sxvaTa darwmunebiT, icxovron ise, rogorc Tavad surT.

miuxedavaT imisa, rom es doqtrina axali sulac ar gaxlavT da zogierTisTvis truizmis magaliTs warmoadgens, damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis sayovelTao tendencias mxolod is upirispirdeba. sazogadoebam, imis mcdelobas, rom xalxi iZulebuli gaexada mis Sexedulebebs morgeboda, imdenive Zalisxmeva moaxmara, ramdenic socialur srulyofilebas. antikuri qveynebi, sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis pirovnebis avtonomiaSi Carevas dasaSvebad im mizeziT miiCnevdnen, rom saxelmwifosTvis, TiToeuli moqalaqis fizikuri da gonebrivi disciplina Rirebulebas warmoadgenda. Zlieri mtrebiT

garSe mortymuli patara respublikebisTvis, romelebic Sida areulobisa Tu gareSe mtris Tavdasxmis, mudmivi safrTxis qveS arian da maTTvis Zalebis odnavi modunebac ki SeiZleba sabediswero aRmoCndes, aseTi saxis azrovneba SeiZleba misaRebic gaxdes. amdenad, sakuTar Tavs imis nebas ver miscemen, rom im dromde daicadon, sanam Tavisufleba maT Tavad ixsnis. Tanamedrove msoflioSi politikuri xelisuflebis gacilebiT didma maStabebma, da, upirveles yovlisa, sulieri da miwieri Zalauflebis diferenciaciam, romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warmarTaven adamianis cnobierebas, pirad cxovrebaSi Careva mniSvnelovnad SezRuda. Tumca, gabatonebuli azrisgan gadaxveva rom ar momxdariyo, sazogadoebas myarad eWira moraluri zewolis berketebi. religias, romelmac moraluri Segnebis Camoyalibebaze yvelaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina, TiTqmis yovelTvis marTavda puritanizmis suli, an ierarqiuli ambicia, romelic adamianTa qcevis yvela aspeqtis gakontrolebas cdilobda. zogierT Tanamedrove reformators, romlebsac Tavi religiebis mowinaaRmdegebad moaqvT, sulieri dominaciis uflebas, eklesiasa da seqtebze aranaklebi mondomebiT qadageben. kerZod, m. komtes naSromi, (Tra ite de Politique Positive) socialuri mowyobis sistema, miznad isaxavs, sazogadoebis mier individze despoturi Zalauflebis damkvidrebas, rac antikur filosofosebs Soris, yvelaze Tavgamodebul disciplinis momxresac ki ar mouvidodaT TavSi.

garda calkeuli moazrovneebis zemoTxsenebuli dogmebisa, msoflioSi SeiniSneba sazogadoebis mxridan individze gavlenis zrdis yovlad gaumarTlebeli tendencia. es sazogadoebis Sexedulebebze Zaldatanebisa da TviT kanonmdeblobis gziT xorcieldeba. amitom, ramdenadac msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebebi, individis Zalauflebis SezRudvis xarjze aZlierebs sazogadoebas, aRniSnuli agresiis formis ukvalod gaqroba, naklebad savaraudoa. piriqiT, es agresia ufro da ufro saSiSi xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqnebian isini, mmarTvelebi Tu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi, adamianis bunebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Tvisebebi asazrdoebs maT survils – sxvebs moaxvion Tavze sakuTari Sexedulebebi qcevis normebis Sesaxeb. Zalauflebisken swrafva am survilebs kidev ufro aZlierebs. qveynad ki xelisufleba ara Tu mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba kidec da Tu moraluri mrwamsis Zlieri barieriT ar SevaCereT, arsebul pirobebSi is zrdas gaagrZelebs.

argumentirebisTvis upriani iqneba, pirvel rigSi mis calkeul sferoebs Tu ganvixilavT. upirveles yovlisa msurs gamovyo fiqris Tavisufleba, romelSic werisa da saubris Tavisuflebis monaTesave sferoebs, ver davacalkevebT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflebis es sferoebi, religiuri Semwynareblobis da Tavisufali institutebis mqone yvela qveynis politikuri moralis nawils warmoadgens, misi filosofiuri da praqtikuli safuZvlebi albaT naklebad cnobilia da mosalodnelze naklebad dafasebulia. saTanadod gaanalizebuli safuZvlebi, maTi SedarebiT farTo gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva da sakiTxis detaluri Seswavla, saukeTeso megzuri iqneba Teoriis ukeTesad gasagebaT. imedia, mkiTxvelebi momiteveben, Tu Cems TeoriaSi axals verafers aRmoaCenen. vbedav da gTavazobT kidev erT diskusias im sakiTxze, romelic unakaskneli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi ase xSirad iqna ganxiluli.