. .

- ( )

08-01-0145 - -

2009

: , , . , , . . , , , , .

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3. . . . 100

contract law , . , . , , , , . , , . - . , . . , , , , . - agreement, contract, treaty . agreement, contract treaty. agreement . , (deal),

contract. agreement contract, , contract. (, ) treaty. agreement contract : a hire purchase or leasing agreement/contract, executed agreement/contract, executory agreement/contract, express agreement/contract, implied agreement/contract, parol agreement/contract, sweetheart agreement/contract . : The term sweetheart contract is used to describe an abnormally favorable contractual arrangement. They found that the mayor was involved in a number of sweetheart agreements. agreement, : cultural exchange agreement, collective (bargaining) agreement, nondisclosure agreement ( ), profitsharing agreement ( ) . contract: contract by deed ( ), accessory contract ( ), investment contract, maintenance contract, void contract, voidable contract. - contract, deal, bargain , , , .

, , . (, ) . : 1. contract (enforceable obligation in contract law context) 2. deal (an act of buying and selling, an exchange of something for profit without enforceable obligation) 3. bargain (an agreement between parties for the exchange of promises or performances, but not necessarily a contract)

, , contract. unilateral transaction, , transaction , . , deal , agreement, , contract. Bargain . contract: binding contract ( ), void contract ( ), voidable contract ( ). deal: compensation deal ( ), package deal ( , ).

bargain: criminal bargain ( ), plea bargain ( ). -

Mailbox rule (postal rule, deposited acceptance rule) - . , (mailbox) , . , , , . , . , . Consideration . - . , - , ( ) , . ,

, , , , . . , , : adequate consideration, nominal consideration, past consideration, good consideration, sham consideration ( . ). Specific Performance . - , , , . specific performance, . , , , , . Option contract ( . , , . (irrevocable offer) . , ,

- . , . , . .

A accedence to accede to treaty acceptance ( ) ( ); . , () , ;

acceptance of performance absolute acceptance non-acceptance partial acceptance qualified acceptance unqualified acceptance verbal acceptance

action action of assumpsit action of covenant adequacy adequacy of consideration agent agent by appointment agent by contract authorized agent agreement

, , , , , , ; , 1. , , , 2. , - , , , ,

to agreement to reach an agreement agreement to receive a bribe agreement to sell under agreement agreement under seal agreement with a

creditor agreement with a debitor agreement of conveyance agreement of unlimited duration aleatory agreement amending agreement amicable agreement arbitration agreement bare agreement

,

bargaining agreement bilateral agreement claims agreement () clearing , agreement : , , 20 XX , , collateral agreement collective ( agreement )

commodity agreement cultural exchange agreement debt cancellation agreement double taxation agreement executed agreement executory agreement express agreement interim agreement leasing agreement licensing agreement

() , , ,

: , , , , -, , model agreement mutual agreement national , agreement non-disclosure agreement parol agreement ; , profit-sharing agreement rescheduling

agreement safeguards agreement skeleton agreement stand-still agreement sweetheart agreement tariff agreement taxation agreement trade agreement antigraphy article articles articles of agreement marriage articles assent assent requisite constructive assent mutual assent assumpsit

; ; - , (, ) (, , ) ; ; , (.) , ; (.) -

common

assumpsit express assumpsit general assumpsit special assumpsit ; astipulation attachment to attach attestation authority equally authoritative award to award a contract (, ); (, , ) (), (); ( ) , (, ) ( ) ( ) B board board of audit(ors) board of creditors board of directors supervisory board breach breach of contract , () , , , ()

breach of covenant breach of duty breach of obligation burden burden of contract business branch business controlled business legitimate business licit business by-law(s) syn. corporation by-laws

, , , ; , , () , ,

C capacity , , . , , , , , , , . -

, . , , . , . , . , , , . , .. , , , , . , () . , , . ( ) , ,

capacity to contract contractual capacity general legal capacity legal capacity sufficient mental capacity

. , . , , - - - () , , , ( , ..); , , , ( ) ,

compensation

compensation for termination of contract compensation of claims against liabilities adequate compensation insurance compensation

just compensation pecuniary compensation competition , . , , , , , , , , , , , ;

bona fide competition

illicit competition

keen competition latent competition

predatory competition severe competition unfair competition concealment active concealment fraudulent concealment conclusion condition

( ) ()

, ( ) ( ); , , , , , . , condition in deed condition laid down affirmative ( condition - ); casual condition ( )

collateral condition compulsory condition concurrent conditions consistent condition copulative condition dependent condition dissolving condition enforceable condition executory condition express condition general conditions (of delivery) implied condition impossible condition independent conditions insensible condition mixed condition

, , ( ) ( , ) , , () , , , ( )

mutual conditions , pendent condition ; positive condition (

potestative condition precedent condition repugnant condition resolutive condition resolutory condition restrictive condition single condition subsequent condition substantial condition suspensive condition unenforceable condition consensus consensus ad idem the general consensus consent express consent implied consent ineffective consent intelligent consent mutual consent

) , ; ( ) ( ) , , () , (.) , ; , , ,

tacit consent consideration

, , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ; , ,

adequate consideration concurrent consideration continuing consideration equitable consideration executed consideration executory consideration express consideration fair and valuable consideration good consideration

gratuitous consideration illegal consideration implied consideration impossible consideration legal consideration money consideration moral consideration nominal consideration

, , . - (valid, valuable consideration) , , , , 1 , ()

nugatory consideration past consideration

pecuniary consideration real consideration sham , consideration , , (, : - 5000 $) sufficient consideration valuable , consideration construction accepted construction adverse construction biased construction broad construction close construction commonly accepted , ,

, , , executory ( , ), executed ( , )

construction correct construction divergent construction equitable construction extended construction extensive construction flexible construction genuine construction legal construction liberal construction limited construction loose construction orthodox construction parsimonious construction restrictive construction strict construction true construction violent construction contract

, , , ,

to contract contract by deed contract by post contract for forward delivery contract implied (in fact) contract implied in law in pursuance of a contract contract in suit contract in writing contract malum in se contract malum prohibitum contract of adhesion to contract to contract to contract marriage to contract

. - . , , , . ( ), , , , (.) , (.) , ,

a debt a duty a , law

enforcement contract to sell contract under seal contract under hand contract of agency contract of beneficence contract of carriage contract of consignment contract of debt contract of engagement contract of exchange and barter contract of good faith contract of guarantee contract of insurance contract of purchase /sale contract of pledge contract of tenancy absolute contract aleatory contract alternative contract ambiguous contract annuity contract

, , , / ,

beneficiary contract binding contract brokerage contract cash contract classified contract collateral contract conditional contract constructive contract consumer contract cost-plus contract

; , , , ,

cost-plus-a-fixed- fee contract currency futures contract divisible contract draft contract enforceable , ; contract entire contract estate contract

, executed contract , executory , contract express contract

feined contract

forward contract frustrated contract gratuitous contract hazardous contract illegal contract implicit contract implied contract impossible contract indemnity contract indivisible contract innominate contract installment contract international contract investment contract joint contract know-how contract labour contract lease and license contract maintenance contract

( . sham contract) , , () , , ; , - ( ) ( ) , - ( ) ; , ;

mixed contract , national contract nominate contract nude contract ( ), nuptial contract open contract open-end contract , option contract output contract parol contract , period contract post-nuptial contract , principal contract quasi contract (, , ) real contract ; sale contract separable contract separation contract service contract several contract sham contract , ,

, (. feigned contract ) simple contract , simulated ; , contract ; social contract , special contract , , specialty contract , spot contract , standard form ; , contract string contracts trade union , contract turnkey contract unenforceable , contract unexecuted contract unilateral contract usurious contract verbal contract , void contract , voidable contract written contract ,

counter-offer covenant covenant for possession covenant for quiet enjoyment covenant not to complete covenant of marriage collateral covenant concurrent covenant continuing covenant declaratory covenant dependent covenant disjunctive covenant executed covenant executory covenant implied covenant

, , ; ( ) ; , , ,

, inherent covenant , transitive covenant

covenantee

, ; D

covenantor

date date of performance date of signature agreed-upon date ante-date contract date delivery date effective date

, , () () , (, ) , ; ,

deal an act of buying and selling; the purchase and exchange of something for profit; an arrangement for mutual advantage; an indefinite quantity compensation deal package deal to deal deed deed of covenant deed of gift valid deed , ( ) , ,

deed-poll dictate discharge discharge of contract disclosure disclosure of agreement

, , ; ,

dissolution , () the cancellation or abrogation of a contract, with the effect of annulling the contracts binding force and restoring the parties to their original positions dissolution of a treaty voluntary dissolution document document under seal contested document questioned document

E equity , ; equity of partners estoppel

- a bar that prevents one from asserting a claim or right that contradicts what one has said or done before or what has been legally established as true estoppel by contract estoppel by deed , contract estoppel , execution (); () execution of ; contract execution of deed F force(s) force majeure force of agreement force of law (), (, ) -, ,

, ; , binding force evidential force in force ( , ) legal force , no longer in force ( ) to come into force

H hand handsale , ( -) I identification identification of capacities implementation implementation of agreement impossibility impossibility in fact impossibility in law impossibility of performance legal impossibility objective impossibility of performance practical impossibility relative impossibility supervening impossibility incapacitation - / ; , , () , () ,

/ incorporation incorporation by reference , , . () incorporation by reference , , . , (incorporation by reference) indemnity indemnifee indemnification indemnitor inducement ; , ; ,

actual incorporation

L

lack lack of legal capacity law law of contract commercial law the substantive law dealing with the sale and distribution of goods, the financing of credit transactions on the security of the goods sold, and negotiable instruments company law contract law conventional law letter letter of acceptance levy

, ; , , .

, , ; , , () ( )

liability

(

liability for damages civil liability

responsibility ); (. ..) , - , , , . , () , (), , , (, ), , M

corporate liability fixed liability

meeting , meeting of minds

N

notice notice in writing nullification

, ,

, the act of making something void; spec., the action of a state in abrogating a federal law, on the basis of state sovereignty nullity (); O obligation , () () , -: , , .., , . , , , , , . . , , , ,

obligation of contract civil obligation concurrent obligation conjunctive obligation contractual obligation cross obligation express obligation implied obligation imperfect obligation perfect obligation pure obligation to assume obligations to cancel an obligation to meet an obligation obligator obligee obligor

; , , , ; ; , , ; , ; , ; ,

offer

(), (), , , , . . . (), , , . , . , . : , , , , conditional offer , standing offer () to accept an offer , to revoke an offer () to tender offer to withdraw an () offer offeree offerer ; , ; ,

P party parties to dispute party in controversy party in default party in(at) fault party in interest party litigant party to a dispute party to a litigation party to an action at law party to a (law) suit party to a trial party to be charged party to the trade adverse party applicant party contending parties contracting party defaulting party moving party offended party opposing party opposite party original party other party private party proving party ( ); ,

, , ; ; ( ) ( ), , ; , , -

requesting party the guilty party the injured party the party to a contract performance

alternative performance characteristic performance negligent performance of duty specific performance substantial performance

, . . . , . , , () ( ) () ;

pre-contract

; ( ) ( ) , , ( )

principal principals to the contract priority priority of creditors promise promise implied in fact promise in law

conditional , - promise fictitious promise gratuitous promise illusory promise , - (, , ) implied promise naked promise , new promise , , to raise promise

promisee

,

promisor , promiser (.) , ; , () joint promisors ; , joint and several , ; promisors several promisors , provision contractual provision , ()

Q quasi-contract quitclaim quittance , ( );

R relation(s) contractual relations legal relation trade relations relationship agency , ,

relationship revocation revocation of an offer revocation of right right right to recover contractual right stipulated right (, ) ; , S sale sale by contract ;

satisfaction the fulfillment of an obligation; differs from performance because it is always something given as a substitute for or equivalent of something else, while performance is the identical thing promised to be done in satisfaction of , pecuniary satisfaction to enter , satisfaction scission ( , , ) (.) ( ) (.)

situs situs of contract

stipulation , a material condition or requirement in an agreement; often appear in a section of the contract called Representations and Warranties contractual stipulation stipulator subject syn. subjectmatter ; , () ()

T termination termination by notice , , () ( ) (, , ) , ( ) ;

time contractual time treaty treaty of alliance treaty of friendship treaty of limits treaty of peace bilateral treaty boundary treaty

constitutive treaty extradition treaty international treaty law-making treaty Moon treaty non-selfexecuting treaty open treaty regional treaty restricted treaty trade treaty trilateral treaty

(- ) ; ; , U

union unsoundness

; , , , , .. ; , , ()

V

validity validity of a treaty voidability

, , ; W

voidance

warranty continuing warranty withdrawal withdrawal by notice withdrawal from a treaty

, , , ( )

property , , , -, . .

Property Property : 1. the right to possess, use and enjoy a thing; the right of ownership 2. any external thing over which the rights of possession, use and enjoyment are exercised. , property : , . , (2), (1). property , . - , , ? . property . : 1. ; 2. , . , property . , (2) - ( , ). property , . property ( + ): tangible/intangible property (/ ), common property ( ), intellectual property ( ), joint property ( ).

, - insured ( ), moveable/personal ( ), immoveable/real ( ) - . Ownership - Possession

property property property

possession . , , , . , . , , . ownership (the collection of rights allowing one to use and enjoy property). , property , . : Property = Ownership , property ownership (property right, right of ownership), .

: to pass the ownership ( , .. ) to pass the property ( ). Title , ownership, . , , , . : , , . , , title . , : - possessory title (, ); - legal possession ( , ); title - , ; legal title (title of law) - ( , ), ; absolute (original) title , , , , , .. ; relative title , , , ; property title ( );

legal possession () , - ( ), , ; () . A accedence to accede to an estate access ( ) , ;

equal access free access legal access unimpeded access acquisition

(, ); (); initial acquisition irregular acquisition new acquisition original acquisition regular acquisition acre-shot action action of convention action of forcible entry () , , , (

) action of trespass , ; , action of trover , admortization (.) , , , ; , ; , ; , ; ,

to admortize alienation alienation of property under execution fraudulent alienation illicit alienation alienator alienee alienor allodial allodiim

allotment to allot to allot land allotment certificate allottee amortization

,

(); (); ; , , of of of

to amortize

appropriation appropriation property actual appropriation property ostensible appropriation property tacit appropriation property visible appropriation property attornment to attorn of of

B bailee ; , ; , , ( ) ; , , () , , ; ;

bailment bailed

bailor

belongings personal belongings beneficiary breach breach of close burden real burden burgage

C cattle cattles charge chattel chattels chattels corporeal chattels incorporeal ; ;

; ; ; (, ) good and chattels personal chattels ; real chattels ,

common common appendant common appurtenant common at large common because of vicinage common in gross common of pasturage common of piscary

, ; , , , ,

community community of acquests community of goods comparables confiscation confiscation of property confiscation of claims conversion

, ; , ; trespass) ,

conversion by a trustee conversion of application fraudulent conversion improper conversion of public funds to ones own use conveyance conveyance by

, ; ,

record conveyance of patent conveyance of property absolute conveyance fraudulent conveyance to draft a conveyance voluntary conveyance

, , , ; , , ; , , (-) , , ; ,

conveyancer

conveyancing

conveyer co-tenancy co-tenant cotrustee

covenant

covenant for possession covenant for title covenant of right to convey covenant of seisin covenant of warranty covenant running with land covenant running with title covenant to convey covenant to renew declaratory covenant full covenant real covenant

, ,

, ; restrictive , covenant specific covenant , D decree , , () deficiency decree foreclosure decree deed

deed of conveyance deed of defeasance deed of real estate deed of release deed of settlement deed of trust absolute deed

tax deed title deed

, , - ; ( ) , ( -)

demesne

Royal demesne detinue

; , ; ( ) () ; , , ;

devastation

devise

, ; , , contingent devise executory devise general devise lapsed devise , ; , residuary devise , specific devise devisee dilapidation to pay dilapidations dispossession , ; ( ) for , (); , () () , ;

disseisin distress

to levy a distress distribution

, , ( ) ( );

final distribution domain

property eminent domain exclusive domain ( ) dominion ; ; , , E easement ; ,

duty succession duty

easement by implication easement by prescription easement in gross easement of access

easement of convenience easement of natural support easement of necessity affirmative easement apparent easement appurtenant easement continuous easement discontinuous easement exclusive easement implied easement intermittent easement negative easement private easement public easement quasi easement reciprocal negative easement reserved easement secondary easement ejectment equitable ejectment justice ejectment

( ) ; ,

( ) ( )

elegit

(); , , ( ) ; , ( ) , , () ; ; - ( ); ( )

encumbrance enfeoffment ejectment enjoyment enjoyment of property beneficial enjoyment quiet enjoyment entailment

entry

; forcible entry ( ) forcible entry and detainer

escheat escheatage estate estate at sufferance estate at will estate by the entirety estate for life

, ; - , , , ,

estate for term of years estate for years estate from year to year estate in common , estate in coparcenary estate in dower

estate in entirety estate in expectancy estate in feesimple estate in freehold , estate in -

, ,

inheritance estate in joint tenancy estate in land estate in possession estate in real property estate in remainder estate in reversion estate in severalty estate in tail

, ; ( ) , ; () , ; ,

estate pur autre vie

estate subject to a conditional limitation estate tail female , estate tail male , estate upon condition estate upon - condition expressed

estate upon condition implied absolute estate ( ) ; administered , estate allodial estate , ancestral estate , bankrupts estate base estate , beneficial estate , - building estate conditional estate , contingent estate , continuing estate - customary estate , ( ) decedents estate , determinable , estate dominant estate , , donours estate - equitable estate - , expectant estate ,

family estate freehold estate future estate gross estate of decedent inferior estate interstate estate joint estate land estate leased estate leasedhold estate legal estate life estate movable estate parental estate personal estate real estate residuary estate

- ; , , ; ; ; - , ; ; , , ; ; , () , ( - )

separate estate serviant estate settled estate

single estate superior estate terminated estate testate estate trust estate vested estate eviction eviction by title paramount actual eviction constructive eviction

- , , - , , ; , ; () , ; ( ), (, , , , )

execution

, ( ); , execution against property execution upon property general execution F

fee fee simple base fee conditional fee

defeasable fee great fee limited fee

qualified fee special conditional fee tailzied fee fee-farm fee-tail

, ; , , , , ; , , , ; ( ) , , ( ) , ( ) ;

foreclosure

forfeit

freehold freeholder

, , G

goods goods and chattels goods in communion durable goods immaterial goods grant

; , , , ,

, , ; ; , in grant private land grant to lie in grant ; ( , ) grantee , conveyance , - grantee voluntary grantee , -

grantor grantor in deed

, , H

having havings heirloom

, , , ; , ; , ( ) ( , . ) , .., , , ,

hereditability

hereditament corporeal hereditament incorporeal hereditament heritables heritage hiring holder

holder of estate allotment holder bona fide holder legal holder holding(s)

() , ,

, ; property holdings homestead hotchpot ; , ; ( ) I immobility immovables impoundment incroachment incumbrance incumbrancer infeudation , , () ( ) , ,

infield inheritance inheritance in remainder inheritance in reversion common inheritance family inheritance several inheritance interest

, ; , , ,

, , ; interest in estate ; interest in fee , simple interest in land interest in , personality interest in , property interest in realty interest in tail ; ( ) absolute interest chattel interest chattel interest in , land leasehold interest interpleader

, inventory(ies) inventory of property , ,

K keeping , L land , lands in abeyance adjacent land , adjoining land , charter land life land , no mans land settled land ; , landholder landlord abstentee landlord landman landowner , ; , ,

adjoining landowner private landowner law law and law law

, ,

; of landlord , tenant of property , of succession , , - , ; 99

lease lease with option to purchase bailment lease parol lease perpetual lease proprietary lease sandwich lease leasee leaseback leasehold life leasehold long leasehold leaseholder leaser syn. leasor lien

, , ,

lien of attachment life-estate life-hand life-hold list assessment list lord lord of manor mesne lord (mese lord) lot

; ; , , , , , , (, ), M

messuage

ancient messuage , mischief malicious mischief mobility movables , ,

O obligation real obligation occupancy occupant , ; , , ; , ; ; ,

occupation manual occupation occupier

owner , owner in common owner of record absolute owner abutting owner , , ; , ( ) , - ; ,

adjoining owner beneficial owner equitable owner evicted owner

general owner joint owners legal owner limited owner original owner reputed owner surface owner owner-occupier ownership

, - ; property ; , , ; P

ownership in common ownership of property concurrent ownership corporate ownership joint ownership land ownership state ownership stock ownership

paper chattel paper

, ; , ,

part dead mans part deaths part wifes part pernancy pernor pledge dead pledge life pledge syn. living pledge pledgee pledger possession possession at(in) law possession in deed possession in fact possession in nine-tenths off the law possession naked possession under a lease

, (-); () () , ; , , (, ) , ,

actual possession actual adverse possession adverse possession civil possession constructive possession constructive adverse possession derivative possession fictions possession former possession immemorial possession joint possession juridical possession legal possession

, , , (, ) , (, ) (, )

natural possession notorious possession open possession original possession

pedal possession prior possession

substantial possession to have in , possession to take ; possession vacant possession ; power power of disposition treaty-making power property

;

, ;

, ; , property forfeit , to the state property given to , charity property in action , ; , property in , movable things property of the debtor property taken , for public use abandoned property absolute property abutting property

adjacent property , , adjoining , , property adjudicated ; property , after-acquired , property ancestral , property ; common property community ; property contiguous , , property corporeal , property disputed property ; , distrained property entailed property () , ; ( ) fixed property fronting and , abutting property funded property , general property ( )

heirless property illicit property

immoral property immovable property incorporeal , property intangible (, property ) intellectual property interstate ; property , joint property land property ; leasehold property licit property matrimonial property movable property ownerless property pledged property ( ) qualified ; property ( ) real property separate property special property tangible property , trust property ; ,

proprietor proprietorship purchaser bona fide purchaser first purchaser tax purchaser , , (.) Q quaestus quitclaim (.) , , ,

R remainder ( ), , , ,

alternative remainders charitable remainder

contingent remainder contingent remainder in fee remainderman

( ); , , ; , , , , (., ) ; ,

renewal renewal of lease rent rent in kind ancient rent annual rent base rent grain rent ground rent improved ground rent life rent residential rent rent-charge rent-roll

rental(s)

repossession res res accessoria res res res res res res res caduca corporales derelicta immobiles incorporates mobiles nullius

(.) , , (.) , (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.) , (.) (.) (.) (.) , , ; ; , , , ; ()

res nullius communis usus res privatal res publical res universitatis reversion

reversioner

reverter

right right in rem right of enjoyment

right of entry right of escheat right of ownership right of possession right of redemption administrators right of retainer

beneficial right full right , incorporeal rights syn. intangible property right non-property right proprietary right , real right reversionary right , riparian right ; S sale distress sale execution sale foreclosure sale ;

succession sale seisin seisin in law

; ; ( ); ( ) , ; () ( -); , -

actual seisin constructive seisin equitable seisin quasyseisin seizure seizure of property seizure under legal process

settlement

strict settlement to make a settlement on somebody

severance severance of jointure share statutory share succession

, ()

; , , succession in title succession on , intestacy hereditary , succession irregular succession legal succession ; testamentary succession testate succession successor successor in interest legal successor proximate successor , ;

surrender , surrender of right surrenderee surrenderor , ,

survivance survivor

, T

survivorship

tail tail female tail general tail male tail special several tail tenancy

, ( ) , , ( ) , ( ) , (); ,

tenancy at sufferance tenancy for a period tenancy in common Co-owners have an undivided share in property, no tenant is entitled to the whole but only to a share (. joint tenancy)

tenancy in partnership common tenancy entire tenancy estate in joint tenancy freehold tenancy general tenancy joint tenancy Ownership of a thing by more than one person without anyone having a defined share of a thing; joint tenants are a single owner (. tenancy in common) several tenancy , tenant (); , , tenant at will tenant for life tenant for years tenant from year to year tenant in common tenant in fee tenant in tail ( ) tenant of the term ; joint tenant , land tenant , life tenant , prime tenant sole tenant tenement ; , ;

dominant , tenement ; servient tenement , tenure -, - , , , , , , , ; , , ; - ,

tenure by lease de-facto tenure de-jure tenure land-tenure leasehold tenure life tenure termination termination of tenancy

thing thing personal things real syn. real thing intangible thing tangible thing title title by descent title by record

absolute title syn. original title clear title syn. good title, first-class title, marketable title, sound title defeasible title defective title syn. bad title, doubtful title, unmarketable title derivative title indefeasible title just title

, ; ,

legal title syn. title of law paramount title perfect title possessory title relative title registered title to defeat title to give smb. title to vest a title in smb.

(. ) ; , , , , , , ; , ( ) , - -

title-deed trespass trespass to chattels

, , , conversion (.). , , ; ,

trespass to goods trespass to land trust

active trust

( ) constructive trust ; court trust , dry trust ( ) naked trust ( ) shifting trust ,

trustee

U

under-lease under-leasee under-tenant union union of joint property union of possession union of title

, , , , () ; ( ) ; , , V

use

accessory use accidental prior use adverse use beneficial use

value annual value clear value

, ; W

warranty warranty of title

,

forms of business organisation - , , . , , .

. , , , , , . : sole proprietorship, branch office of a local company, branch office of a foreign company, representation office of a local company, representation office of a foreign company, joint venture, joint enterprise, joint stock company or association, limited partnership association, business trust, partnership de jure, partnership de facto, partnership by estoppel, general partnership, limited liability partnership (LLP), professional limited partnership, limited partnership, limited liability limited partnership (LLLP), limited liability company (LLC). , , . , , . - general partnership ( , , , ..). , ( ) - general partner. ( ) , limited partnership, : , (general

partners), (), (limited partners). , - , , - limited liability partnership ( ) limited liability limited partnership ( ). , , , . . (, .), , , , , - . ( ) , . , , , , . , . joint venture. , ? , . , Blacks Law Dictionary, joint venture is a business undertaking by two or more persons engaged in a single defined project (2001, p. 376).

, joint venture , , , . joint venture an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together. , , , , . - , . , . . joint venture , . , . , , . , ; () , , .

(closely held) (publicly held). - (business corporations, for-profit corporations) (non-profit corporations) . , de jure corporations ( -) de facto corporations, , , , . , , . Corporation by estoppel (.: , ) , . corporation by estoppel, , ( ), . (they are estopped). , . , : Parent corporation ; Subsidiary corporation ; Dormant corporation , ; Shell corporation , , , ; corporation . a joint stock company (JSC),

private (unlisted) .

companies

public

(listed)

companies

, . , , . , ( , ). , , ( ) . , (). (general partnership) Partnership Agreement, , , , , , , . , . , limited partnership agreement, limited liability company agreement. (, , ) :

(Memorandum of Association Memorandum). , (Articles of Association Articles). . , , . , , , , , , , , . articles of incorporation, articles of association, by-laws, charter. , , . Articles of incorporation , , (incorporators), ( stock corporation or non-stock corporation; for profit or non-profit company), , . , Certificate of Incorporation. Articles of incorporation , . Crporation

, , . , articles of incorporation , . articles of association articles of incorporation , , . Bylaws ( corporation), ( ; , ..). , , bylaws , . . charter UN Charter, municipal charter, Earth Charter . , : articles of incorporation: . ( , ) articles of association: . ; . ( , ) bylaws: 1. ; 2. ( ). :

( ): partnership agreement limited partnership agreement limited liability company agreement ( ) foundation agreement ( ) (): articles of association; articles of incorporation (. ) (): . articles of association + memorandum of association; . articles of incorporation + by-laws. , - , dissolution, winding up, liquidation, termination. , liquidation , () , . , : dissolution, winding up, termination, , : ; ; ; ; ; .

, . : dissolution ; winding up () ; termination - . A adoption adoption of foreign corporation agent general agent syn. universal agent amalgamation , () , ,

, ; . , merger, , . . ( ) . , B

articles articles of association articles of incorporation assessment

bankrupt to go bankrupt adjudged bankrupt syn. certificated bankrupt cessionary bankrupt discharged bankrupt

, , , ; ,

involuntary bankrupt uncertificated bankrupt syn. undischarged bankrupt voluntary , bankrupt bankruptcy , , - ; , . . ( ), ( ). ,

involuntary bankruptcy voluntary bankruptcy

. : , (), , , . - : , , , ,

bylaws

; ( ) C

capital authorized capital ; chartered capital - , ( ) . : , ,

, , , , . . , , , , : , , . . , . , constant capital issued capital nominal capital , ; original capital paid-up capital registered capital share capital stated capital stock capital , . ,

subscribed capital certificate to certificate certificate of appointment certificate of audit certificate of incorporation certificate of

. . , , , . : , ( ) , ( ). , , . , , , . , . , , , (, )

registry certificate of stock community community of profits company company limited by guarantee

, ( ) , ; , , . , , , , . , , , , .. ,

company limited by shares affiliated company syn. associated company assurance company syn. insurance company bogus company bubble company chartered

,

, , - ,

company

, (), XVI commission , company holding company , : , ; , joint-stock . , company limited liability company non-prospectus , company one man company , ; parent company private company prospectus company public company share company stock company subsidiary company trading company trust company ; ( ) , , ( ) , , ,

unlimited (liability) company competition confusion confusion of debts confusion of rights copartner copartnership corporation syn. business corporation

; ( ) , , : , , . . , . ( ). , .

. , . . , -, , , . . , , . , , , , . , - , , . ( ) ; ( ) ( ) . , ,

. . , . , , , . , . : , , , , , , corporation by estoppel corporation by prescription , (. ) () , . , ; ,

corporation de facto corporation de jure affiliated

corporation aggregate corporation alien corporation charitable corporation close corporation commercial corporation dormant corporation family corporation insolvent corporation lay corporation multinational corporation non-profit corporation offending corporation open corporation parent corporation private corporation public utility corporation quasi-corporation

, , , , , , , (syn. de-facto corporation). : corporation by prescription (. ) corporation by estoppel (. ) , . -

shell corporation

sole corporation subsidiary corporation trading corporation trustee corporation

.

, D

date date of cleavage date of record decree decree of insolvency determination determination of indigency dissolution

, ,

, () , , . , , , . , , ,

. , ( ) . , , , , (, , ). (), , . () , , , , , . () , , , , -

() . . (), . , . , distribution distribution in liquidation document document of incorporation domestication (, ) E entity , - ; , ; ,

corporate entity

juridical entity syn. legal entity

; , , , , , , . . , , , , , . , . . . . , ,

separate entity entrepreneur

equity owners equity shareholders equity

;

I incapacity civil incapacity ; / legal incapacity / mental incapacity to mitigate incapacity total incapacity

income disposable income gross income miscellaneous income nonoperating income operating income personal income to draw income syn. to get (gain, obtain) income to insure income incomings

, , , ,

incorporation incorporator

, , , . . , ( ), ,

individual investor institutional investor issue

, . : , , , , authorized , stock issue

bond issue capital issue stock issue syn. share issue issuer

( ), , , , , , , , - . . , L

liability civil liability

; - , , , . () , , -

double liability

individual liability joint liability

, (, ), () , , . - , , : ; ; , ; () () () () : - , . , , , .

limited liability pecuniary liability personal liability reciprocal liability secondary liability to incur liability unlimited liability

, , , (), , , ; ,

M meeting enlarged meeting private meeting public meeting minutes to take minutes ,

() N

notice notice to creditors bankruptcy notice

,

O obligation , () () . , , , , , . , . , , , . , ( ) , ( ) . . , .

indivisible obligation joint obligation

, , ; , , , . , . ( ) . . ,

; joint and several obligation several obligation solidary obligation to assume obligations to cancel an obligation to meet an obligation order adjudication , , ()

order winding-up order owner corporate owner

, ; P

person syn. artificial person, corporate person, fictitious person, incorporated person, juridical person - legal person ; private person public juridical person preference ( ); , R renunciation renunciation of partnership ( -)

fraudulent preference

responsibility

( liability ) direct ; responsibility ( ) equal ( responsibility ) full responsibility , joint responsibility overall responsibility primary responsibility retirement right right of establishment syn. freedom of establishment homestead right ( ) ; , ( ) , . , S scrip

undivided right

security

certificated security equity security share ordinary share preference share shareholder solvency

; , , . . : , , , , , , , , , . , . , ; - - . , , , ,

solvent statement statement of affairs , ; , ; . - . , , ( ) . . () . , , (nominal value). , . . . . ,

stock

common stock stockholder

, . , , - , , (market price, share/stock quotes) . , : , . , () , , , . , - , -. - . ; ( ) ;

subscription subscription to a loan succession artificial succession

, T termination

1. .. . 2- ., . . .: , 2007. 792 . 2. : .: 3 . . 1 6- ., . ./.., .. . .: , , 2007. 784 . 3. . , . . .: , 2005. 448 .

4. ., ., . / . .. .: . . 2001. 480 . 5. . : : .-. . 2- ., . . .: , 2002. 464 . 6. Blacks Law Dictionary. 2 n d pocket edition. Ed. by Bryan A. Garner. St.Paul, Minn., 2001. 796 p. http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/ucc.table.html 8. Restatement (Second) of Contracts: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ . 7. UCC: Uniform Commercial Code. On-line version.