Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005

Tavisuflebis instituti

aqtiuri moqalaqeobissaxelmZRvanelo

ISBN 99940-885-0-5

\ 2005, Tavisuflebis instituti

wignis gamocema dafinansebulia demokratiis erovnuli fondis

(National Endowment for Democracy) mier. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod

Tavisuflebis instituti agebs pasuxs am gamocemis Sinaarsze. mas-

Si gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes demokra-

tiis erovnuli fondis (National Endowment for Democracy) azrs.

redaqtorebi:

Tamar asaTiani

akaki minaSvili

sarCevi

nawili I. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba,

rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saSualeba 7

Tavi 1. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis filosofiuri 10

da istoriuli fesvebi

1.1. Zveli saberZneTi 10

1.2. religiuri safuZveli 11

1.3. Sua saukuneebi – me-20 saukune 14

Tavi 2. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria 24

2.1. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmarteba 24

nawili II. araZaladobrivi brZolis Teoria,

strategiuli araZaladobrioba da kampaniebis warmoeba 40

Tavi 1. politikuri Zalaufleba: formebi da safuZveli 40

1.1. politikuri Zalauflebis Teoria 40

1.2. sayrdeni burjebi 48

1.3. morCileba 58

Tavi 2. araZaladobrivi brZolis formebi da meTodebi 63

2.1. strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis principebi 65

2.2. araZaladobrivi brZolis meqanizmebi da meTodebi 66

2.3. problemebis gadaWra 80

2.4. strategiuli Sefaseba 84

nawili III. praqtikuli rCevebi 89

3.1. sakiTxis SerCeva 89

3.2. strategiis SemuSaveba 94

3.3. taqtikis arCeva 97

6

3.4. peticiebi 99

3.5. werilebis weris kampania 101

3.6. oficialur pirTan Sexvedra 103

3.7. satelefono kampania 105

3.8. mediis gamoyeneba 107

3.9. saganmanaTleblo aqciebi 119

3.10. demonstraciebis mowyoba 120

3.11. SemoqmedebiTi aqciebi 123

7

`borotebis triumfisaTvis erTaderTi ram

aris saWiro: rom kargma adamianma araferi

gaakeTos~.

edmund berki

nacisturi reJimis dangrevisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sfe-

roSi Zireuli dokumentebis Seqmnis Semdeg warmoiSva imis mzardi

imedi, rom msofliom Seabija axali mmarTvelobis epoqaSi, rodesac

adamianis uflebebi da samarTlianoba gaTvaliswinebuli da daculi

iqneba. samwuxarod, movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam sapirispiro

Sedegi gamoiRo: sabWoTa zegavlenisa da komunisturi ideologiis

gavrceleba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da msoflios sxva mxare-

ebSi, mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic sruliad ugulebelyofda samo-

qalaqo da politikuri uflebebis mniSvnelobas, da samxedro diqta-

tura laTinur amerikaSi, demokratiuli sistemebis winaaRmdeg ga-

laSqreba, adamianis uflebaTa uxeSi darRveva, genocidi da aparTe-

idi afrikis kontinentze. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam win wamoswia ki-

dev ramdenime diqtatoruli qveyana centraluri aziis saxelmwifo-

Ta Soris da serbeTSi miloSeviCis mmarTvelobisasa, an im qveynebSi,

romlebic oficialur doneze adamianis uflebaTa dacvis princips

qadagebdnen, Tumca sinamdvileSi ruseTis msgavsad yovelgvar aRi-

arebul Tavisuflebas aRkveTdnen. garda amisa, avtoritaruli sis-

temis naTeli magaliTebia CrdiloeT korea da irani, romlebic dRem-

de aRiqmeba, rogorc saSiSroeba mSvidobisaTvis regionSi da mTel

msoflioSi. samxedro intervenciamde erayi sadam huseinisa da misi

samxedro dajgufebis mier danergili sastiki mmarTvelobis prin-

cipis naTeli magaliTi iyo.

bunebrivia, rom Seqmnilma faqtobrivma fonma adamianis uflebe-

bisa da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis Seyovneba gamoiw-

nawili I

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba,rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis

saSualeba

8

via. dRemde SemuSavebul iqna sxvadasxva saxelmwifo Tu saerTaSori-

so meqanizmebi, romlebic icavs adamianis uflebebs, Tumca, samwuxa-

rod, es meqanizmebi susti an araefeqturia diqtatoruli reJimis

pirobebSi, rodesac saxelmwifo CarTulia korufciaSi, ar icavs ka-

nonis uzenaesobas da arRvevs adamianis uflebebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi

formaluri institutebi, SesaZloa, ar aRmoCndnen efeqturi saxel-

mwifos diqtatis Sesakaveblad. msoflio istoriaSi xSiria praqtika,

rodesac diqtatorebis winaaRmdeg Zaladobrivi meTodebi (mag., omi)

gamoiyeneba. Tumca Cveni mizani Zaladobriv meTodebze saubari ar

aris, aramed SevecdebiT, ukeT warmovaCinoT araZaladobrivi meTo-

debis roli diqtaturis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da maTi gamoyenebis

istoria.

araZaladobriobaze saubris dawyebamde mniSvnelovania, ganvixi-

loT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Tema. samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

loba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis erT-erTi alternatiuli saSuale-

baa da, rogorc istoriam naTlad dagvanaxva, es sakmaod efeqturi

zomaa sxva saSualebebis naklovanebaTa gamosasworeblad. samoqalaqo

daumorCileblobis idea muSavdeboda da gamoiyeneboda antikuri

droidan, im periodSi, rodesac erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso saSu-

alebebi ar arsebobda. Tumca me-19 saukunemde mas aklda `samoqalaqo~

elementebi da igi aRiqmeboda, rogorc kanonisadmi ubralo daumor-

Cilebloba. dRes samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas odnav gansxvavebu-

li kvalifikacia mieniWa. kanonisadmi daumorCilebloba jer kidev

Zveli saberZneTis droidan aRvivebda farTo interess. daumorCi-

leblobis dilema aRwerilia miTologiaSi, tragediebsa da religiur

moZRvrebebSi. iuridiuli da politikuri Teoriebis TvalsazrisiT,

es sakiTxi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bunebiTi samarTlis filosofi-

asTan, kerZod, dawerili kanonis qmediTobasTan bunebriv faseulo-

bebTan kavSirSi. aristotele, sokrate, wminda Toma akvineli da wmin-

da avgustini amarTlebdnen daumorCileblobas, Tuki dawerili kano-

ni ar Seesabameboda bunebiT samarTals. loki aRiarebs daumorCi-

leblobis SesaZleblobas, Tuki saxelmwifo arRvevs socialuri

kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs. me-19 saukuneSi henri

devid torom erT-erTi epoqaluri namuSevari Seqmna daumorCileb-

lobis dargSi da Semoitana termini `samoqalaqo~. me-20 saukuneSi

daumorCileblobis idea farTovdeba da aqtiurad inergeba. mahaTma

gandisa da martin luTer kingis namuSevrebma didi wvlili Seitana

ideis ganviTarebaSi. garda amisa, ramdenime sxva gamoCenilma filo-

9

sofosma, rogorebic arian jon roulzi, ronald dvorkini, hugo adam

bedo da hana arendti, warmoadgina Tavisi mosazreba am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ideis momxreebi amtki-

ceben, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, garkveuli kvalifikaciiT,

SeiZleba xels uwyobdes demokratiul procesebs, Tumca oponentebi

misi uaryofisas ZiriTadad argumentad asaxeleben masobrivi ukano-

nobis saSiSroebas. ukanaskneli drois movlenebma serbeTSi, saqarT-

veloSi da mimdinare procesebma ukrainaSi kidev ufro intensiuri

gaxada es debatebi politikur wreebSic.

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasTan dakavSirebulma istoriam da

literaturam wamoWra ramdenime SekiTxva, romlebic ganxilulia wi-

namdebare wignSi. pirveli _ raSi mdgomareobs samoqalaqo daumorCi-

leblobis namdvili xasiaTi da kvalifikacia, meore _ arRvevs Tu ara

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba adamianis uflebebs, vnebs Tu ara ka-

nonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiis principebs, da mesame _ aris Tu

ara gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo daumorCileblobisaTvis iuridiuli

statusis miniWeba da SeiZleba Tu ara amgvarma statusma anarqiamde

da ukanonobamde migviyvanos. zemoxsenebuli SekiTxvebidan gamomdi-

nare, winamdebare wignis mizani imis demonstrirebaa, rom Tanamed-

rove sazogadoebaSi da msoflios dRevandeli mmarTvelobis piro-

bebSi samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba dokumentSi ganmartebuli kva-

lifikaciebiT adamianis uflebaTa da demokratiis dacvis erT-erTi

yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa da miuTiTebs samoqalaqo daumorCi-

leblobis legitimizaciaze, istoriuli ganviTarebis, Teoriuli in-

formaciisa da arsebuli tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

10

Tavi 1samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis filosofiuri

da istoriuli fesvebi

`Tavisuflebis yvelaze didi

saSiSroeba inertuli adamiania~.

mosamarTle brandeisi

Sesavali

Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi kanonis darRvevis idea kamaTis sa-

gans warmoadgenda da mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba me-18 saukuneSi

mieqca bunebiTi samarTlisa da kanonis ideologiis warmoSobasTan

erTad. im droidan daumorCileblobas aqtiurad iyenebdnen istori-

uli politikuri gardaqmnebis misaRwevad da fundamenturi uflebe-

bis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad. ramdenad ucnauric ar unda iyos, me-20

saukuneSi samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba msoflios wamyvani saxelmwi-

foebis mier wamowyebuli konfliqtebisa da omebisagan Tavis daRwevis

saSualebad gamoiyeneba. sabWoTa kavSirSi samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

loba daexmara xalxs komunisturi diqtaturis damarcxebaSi.

1.1 Zveli saberZneTi

1.1.1 antigone

dawerili kanonis daumorCileblobis idea antikur xanaSi warmo-

iSva. amis pirveli aSkara magaliTebi berZnul miTologiaSi gvxvdeba,

kerZod, promeTes daumorCilebloba zevsisadmi. udidesma aTenelma

tragikosma sofoklem adamianis mier dawerili kanonisadmi daumor-

Cileblobis sakiTxi cnobil drama `antigoneSi~ ganmarta. antigone

arRvevs kreonis brZanebas, romelic Tebes mmarTveli iyo da uyurad-

Rebod tovebs gankargulebas, ar damarxos Zma, rasac igi sruliad

amoralurad miiCnevs.

aq SegviZlia visaubroT pirad moralur Sinagan faseulobebsa da

kanonieri mbrZaneblis mier gacemul gankargulebas Soris arCevan-

Tan dakavSirebul dilemaze. aSkaraa, rom tragediaSi mTavari aqcenti

gakeTebulia ara daumorCileblobis sakiTxze, aramed antigones saq-

cielis moralur aspeqtze, TumcaRa igi sworad aris miCneuli iseTi

dawerili kanonis uaryofis aqtis magaliTad, romelic ewinaaRmde-

geba maRal moralur faseulobebs.

11

1.1.2 sokratekanonis daumorCileblobis istoriaSi da sazogadod istoriaSi

erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebia platonis `krito~, romel-Sic gadmocemulia sokratesa da misi megobris kritos saubari. sok-rate misma Tanamoqalaqeebma cixeSi daamwyvdies da sikvdili miusa-jes. krito gamosavlis monaxvis mcdelobisas cdilobs, daarwmunossokrate, gaiparos cixidan da daarRvios dadgenili wesebi. sokrateuars ambobs da SeimuSavebs ideologias, romelsac `daarwmune andaemorCile~-s doqtrina ewodeba. mas safuZvlad udevs morali,romlis Tanaxmadac, moqalaqem unda daarwmunos Tavisi mmarTveli,Secvalos kanoni an daemorCilos am kanons. igi imeorebs: `rogorcomSi, ise kanonis sasamarTloSi da yvelgan unda gaakeTo is, rasacSeni qveyana gibrZanebs, an ara da unda daarwmuno igi sayovelTaosamarTlis Sesabamisad, magram orpiroba codvaa sakuTari mSoblebiswinaSec ki da kidev ufro didi codvaa Seni qveynis winaSe~. igi acxa-debs, rom Tuki kerZo pirs ase advilad SeuZlia daarRvios adamianTamier dadgenili wesi, es gamoiwvevs qaoss da daangrevs yvela miRebulprincips. sokrates sami argumenti mohyavs kanonmorCilebis gasamar-Tleblad. pirveli is, rom saxelmwifo aris mSobliuri damokidebu-lebis saxe yoveli moqalaqis mimarT; meore: saxelmwifo aris mcveli;mesame: yovel moqalaqes micemuli aqvs morCilebis piroba im faq-tiT, rom davaJkacebis asakSi am saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs. im kanonisdarRveva, romelzec Sen Tanxmoba ganacxade, uRirsi saqcielia daaman SesaZloa uaryofiTi zegavlena iqonios momaval Taobebze.

aSkaraa, rom sokrate sruliad ar aRiarebs kanonis darRvevis Se-saZleblobas, piriqiT yvela Rones xmarobs, raTa daamtkicos, romadamianis mier dawerili kanoni kargia. igi acxadebs, rom kanonis aR-srulebisagan gaqcviT, adamiani amtkicebs ukanono gadawyvetilebissiswores; amdenad, misTvis sasjelis miReba erTgvari mcdelobaa usa-marTlo kanonis naklovanebebis warmoCenisa. platonis `apologiaSi~sokrate cdilobs warmoadginos gamarTlebuli daumorCileblobiscneba, romelic aucileblobis princips da uzenaesi mmarTvelisadmidamorCilebas eyrdnoba. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasjeli miRe-bul unda iqnes, rac mogvianebiT daumorCileblobis ZiriTad prin-cipad gadaiqca.

1.2 religiuri safuZveli1.2.1 bibliuri filosofia sazogadod, qristianoba mmarTvelis morCilebas qadagebs, ram-

denadac igi RmerTisagan aris movlenili. RmerTi asaCuqrebs mmar-

12

Tvels brZanebis gacemis uflebamosilebiT qriste mimarTavs mor-wmuneT da eubneba maT: `netar xarT Tqven, roca gaglanZRaven, gagdev-nian da yovelnairad borots ityvian Tqvenze Cems gamo. ixareT daimxiaruleT, vinaidan didia Tqveni sazRauri caSi. aseve devnidnenwinaswarmetyvelT, romlebic Tqvenze uwin iyvnen~, miuTiTebs ra, romsamoqalaqo mmarTvelis pativiscema da misi morCileba sayovelTaokeTildReobisaTvis mxolod kargis momtania.

amave dros, eqstremalur situaciaSi, `rodesac codva gar-

dauvalia~, mimdevrebi uflebamosilni arian, ar daemorCilon mmar-

Tvels da mis kanonebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki adamianis dawerili nor-

mebi ewinaaRmdegeba RmerTis mier mowodebul uzenaes wess, ramdena-

dac RmerTis neba samoqalaqo mmarTvelis kanonze uzenaesia. moci-

qulTa saqmeebSi, Tavi 26, miTiTebulia, rom `Cven RmerTs unda dave-

morCiloT da ara adamians~, amdenad, kanonis Zala damokidebulia ima-

ze, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba igi uzenaes nebas. qristianebma yvela

Rone unda ixmaron, rom gaaumjobeson adamianis mier Seqmnili kano-

ni, gaauqmon usamarTlo da amoraluri wesebi. ufro metic, adamiani

unda iRvwodes sxvaTa uflebebisa da keTildReobisaTvis.

bibliaSi moyvanilia dawerili wesisa Tu kanonis daumorCileb-

lobis mravali magaliTi, romlebSic daumorCilebloba warmodge-

nilia qmedebiTi formiT an pasiurobiT, anu umoqmedobiT. mkvlelo-

bis amkrZalavi RmerTis kanonis dacvisas ebraelma bebiaqalebma uar-

yves faraonis kanoni da uari ganacxades axalSobilTa mkvlelobaze.

sedraki, misaki da abednaqo ar eTayvanebodnen oqros qandakebas mefe

nabuqodonosoris gankargulebis miuxedavad, ramdenadac iTvleboda,

rom es erT-erTi yvelaze didi codva iyo. mogvebmac ar gaumxiles

herodes Cvili iesos adgilsamyofeli.

1.2.2 religiuri moazrovneni

kaTolikuri eklesia Zalze aqtiuri iyo samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

lobis moZraobaSi. wamebulni yvela droSi realurad axorcielebd-

nen TavianT daumorCileblobas da iRebdnen sasjels, raTa amgvarad

gamoevlinaT usamarTloba. Tavad qristes jvarcmis faqtic ki SeiZ-

leba ganvixiloT, rogorc daumorCileblobis aqti. eklesia aqti-

urad uWerda mxars samoqalaqo uflebaTa moZraobas amerikis SeerTe-

bul StatebSi yrilobebSi aqtiuri monawileobiT. nacistebis peri-

odSi mRvdlebma mraval ebraels aRmouCines daxmareba.

13

wm. Toma akvineli, me-13 saukunis gamoCenili filosofosi, ganixi-

lavda RvTaebriv mmarTvelobas, rogorc bunebiTi samarTlis wyaros,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, gvkarnaxobs dawerili kanonis arss. nebismieri

qmedeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba RmerTis nebas, usamarTlod unda

CaiTvalos da `mas ar gaaCnia fesvebi ucvlel bunebiT samarTalSi~.

misi swavlebidan gamomdinare, mmarTveli, romelmac Zalauflba Za-

lis gamoyenebiT an korufciiT moipova, gadagdebul unda iqnes Tun-

dac Zaladobis gziT. erTaderTi gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi iyo mom-

devno saxalxo dasturi.

akvineli qadagebda bunebiTi samarTlis Teorias racionalobasa

da sayovelTao keTildReobaze dayrdnobiT. akvinelis Tanaxmad, usa-

marTlo kanonebi warmoadgens Zaladobis aqts, kanonis damaxinjebas

da, amdenad, umjobesia daarRvio, vidre daemorCilo maT.

akvinelis filosofiaSi Cven vxedavT usamarTlo kanonebis da-

umorCileblobis movaleobis sawyiss. misi azriT, usamarTlo aqti

sulac ar aris savaldebulo yvelasaTvis, ramdenadac igi scdeba

samarTlianobis principebs. samarTlianoba mas gamohyavs gaazrebul

midgomad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoqmnilia bunebiTi samarTli-

sagan. usamarTlo kanoni SeiZleba orgvarad arsebobdes: aqtebi, rom-

lebic ewinaaRmdegeba `adamianis keTildReobas~, rodesac amgvar

normebs mivyavarT `sixarbesa da pativmoyvareobamde~, romlebsac

adamiani Tavisi Zalauflebis farglebs gareT warmoqmnis da meore,

rodesac dawerili kanoni arRvevs RvTaebriv wess. amgvari kanonebi

ar aris savaldebulo sindisisaTvis da `am saxis kanonebi arc erT

SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes daculi~.

Jan kalvini, gamoCenili religiuri reformisti, amarTlebs kano-

nebisadmi winaaRmdegobas im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi `uRirsi mTavrobis~

winaaRmdeg ganxorcielda. misi swavlebis zegavlenis qveS moqceuli

misi mimdevrebi amtkicebdnen, rom mmarTveli valdebulia, pativi mi-

agos adamianis morals da rwmenas da Tuki is ver asrulebs am valde-

bulebas, adamiani movalea, winaaRmdegoba gauwios mas, ramdenadac

samoqalaqo mmarTvelis mxridan RmerTis nebis daumorCilebloba

`mkrexelobaa~.

miwieri mmarTvelisaTvis gaweuli winaaRmdegoba xazgasmuli iyosxva religiuri reformistebis swavlebasa da ideologiebSic, maTSoris frangi hugenotebis, religiur-politikuri moZraobebis, ro-goricaa anabaptistebis da menonitebis, iseTi jgufebis, rogoricaaLevelers Diggers, Quakers, Ranters da sxv. maTi moTxovnebi gansxvave-

14

buli iyo, magram maTi qmedebani e. w. araZaladobrivi pirdapiri qme-debis fesvebs warmoadgenda. iyvnen religiuri figurebic, romle-bic kanonis daumorCileblobas qadagebdnen. religiuri reformis-tuli moZraoba, romelsac martin luTeri xelmZRvanelobda, mtki-ced uaryofda samoqalaqo mmarTvelis daumorCileblobas, imis mi-uxedavad, `samarTliani iyo misi qmedebebi Tu usamarTlo~. igi Tvli-da, rom monarqis daumorCilebloba seriozuli codvaa. magram, ro-gorc istoria gviCvenebs, sinamdvileSi protestantuli moZraobaaxorcielebda religiur daumorCileblobas papis Zalauflebisadmi,rodesac isini amgvar mmarTvelobas RmerTis nebis sawinaaRmdegodTvlidnen.

rogorc davinaxeT, religiurma filosofiam myari safuZveli Seq-mna daumorCileblobis filosofiisaTvis; Tumca es ar aRiqmeboda,rogorc e. w. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba da, ZiriTadad, mas argaaCnda winaaRmdegobis individualuri zneobrivi niadagi. igi ariTvleboda masobriv aqciad, romelSic gaerTianebuli iyo popula-rul xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba. misi mTavari mizani iyo, Seekradamcavi wre religiuri rwmenisaTvis da Tavidan aecilebina miwierimmarTveloba, romelic RvTaebrivi wesebisagan warmoSobil bunebiTsamarTals emyareboda. es SeiZleba politika iyo, romelsac garkve-uli religiuri wreebi atarebdnen, raTa gaeZlierebinaT eklesia damisi gavlena saxelmwifoze erTi mxriv an adgilobrivi eklesia papismmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg meore mxriv.

arc erTi religia an religiuri moZraoba ar qadagebda kanonisdaumorCileblobas adamianis rwmenis Tavisuflebis uflebis dacvissaxeliT, garda Levelers-isa, romlebic xmis uflebas da TanasworobasiTxovdnen da kvakerebisa, romlebic winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mTav-robis mier Sekrebis uflebis akrZalvas. es situacia odnav Seicvalame-20 saukuneSi, rodesac eklesiebis warmomadgenlebma daiwyes mo-nawileobis miReba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis moZraobaSi, rogo-ric iyo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis moZraoba amerikis SeerTebulStatebSi 1960-ian wlebSi da saqarTveloSi 2003 wlis `vardebis revo-luciis~ dros, rodesac religiuri umciresobebi mniSvnelovan rolsasrulebdnen araZaladobriv pirdapir qmedebebSi.

1.3 Sua saukuneebi _ me-20 saukune1.3.1 nikolo makiaveli

nikolo makiaveli gamoCenili politikuri moazrovne iyo, romel-

mac gamoikvlia saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebisa da Zalauflebis

15

safuZvlebi. misi ideologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba mdgomareobda

imaSi, rom xalxis marTvisa da kontrolisaTvis mmarTvelma qveSevr-

domebs SiSi unda STaunergos, romelic ar gadaizrdeba sisastikeSi,

raTa Tavidan aicilos siZulvili. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi siZul-

vilis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobis minimumamde dasayvanad mmarT-

velma Tavi unda Seikavos individualuri sakuTrebis xelyofisagan

da uzrunvelyos sasjelis gamoyenebis Zlieri argumentacia.

imisaTvis, rom sworad marTos qveyana, mmarTveli saWiroebs mniSv-

nelovani raodenobiT xalxis mxardaWerasa da erTgulebas. rogorc

ki mis mimarT keTilganwyoba gaqarwyldeba, misi Zalaufleba dasus-

tebas daiwyebs da igi TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. igi amtki-

cebs, rom `visac sazogadoeba mTlianad mtrad hyavs gadaqceuli,

verasodes SeZlebs daicvas Tavi; da rac ufro sastikia igi, miT ufro

susti xdeba misi reJimi~. rac Seexeba daumorCileblobas, makiavelis

Zlier eSinoda imisa, rom daumorCilebloba sakmaod nayofieri niada-

gi iqneboda mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebisaTvis. magram misi

swavleba Zalauflebis Sesaxeb naTlad miuTiTebda samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobis siZliereze marTvisaTvis xelis SeSlis Tvalsaz-

risiT, Tuki mmarTveli dakargavda erTgul mimdevrebs. mogvianebiT

mravalma avtorma gamoiyena makiavelis swavleba daumorCileblobis

arsis ganmartebisaTvis.

1.3.2 henri devid toro

cnobili amerikeli filosofosi da naturalisti, henri devid to-

ro, erT-erTi maTgania, vinc Zalze didi wvlili Seitana samoqalaqo

daumorCileblobis dRevandeli gagebis CamoyalibebaSi da mxari da-

uWira radikaluri uTanxmoebis moZraobas. igi pirveli iyo, vinc Se-

moitana termini `samoqalaqo~, raTa xazi gaesva daumorCileblobis

samoqalaqo mniSvnelobisa da rolisaTvis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

naklovanebebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

toro mouwodebda monobis gadagdebisaken, kerZod, igi ewinaaRm-

degeboda 1850 wlis kanons gaqceuli monebis Sesaxeb. kanoni sisxlis

samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebda pirebs, ZiriTadad Crdilo-

eTidan, romlebic daxmarebas uwevdnen an TavSesafars aZlevdnen gaq-

ceul monebs. 1846 wels torom uari ganacxada saarCevno gadasaxadis

gadaxdaze, riTac Tavisi protesti gamoxata amerikis mier meqsikaSi

gaCaRebuli omis winaaRmdeg da amisaTvis igi cixeSi Casves. kanonis

daumorCileblobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze sakuTari Sexe-

16

duleba torom aRwera Tavis cnobil eseSi `samoqalaqo daumorCi-

leblobis Sesaxeb~, romelic SemdgomSi praqtikulad bibliad gada-

iqca samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis moZraobisaTvis mTel msofli-

oSi da dRemde `igrZnoba misi arseboba amerikis cxovrebaSi~.

toro aRwers mTavrobas, rogorc arastabilur erTeuls, rome-

lic advilad eqvemdebareba uzurpacias da misi ganadgureba an dama-

xinjeba Zalze advilia. umciresobas amgvar pirobebSi ar gaaCnia sak-

marisi Zalaufleba konkurenciis gasawevad. ase rom, kanoni umcire-

sobisaTvis erT-erT saSiSroebas warmoadgens, rogorc iaraRi umrav-

lesobis nebisaTvis. e. i. is Zalauflebis daTrgunvis saSualebaa da,

amdenad, igi ar SeiZleba iyos amosavali wertili, piriqiT, pativi

unda vceT uflebas da ufleba unda iyos yoveli dawerili aqtis amo-

savali wertili. igi ambobs, rom `upirvelesad Cven unda viyoT kacni,

da mxolod Semdeg _ subieqtebi~.

toro Riad akanonebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas im pirobiT,

rom igi ramdenime moTxovnas daakmayofilebs. daumorCileblobis Zi-

riTadi piroba tiraniis garemoa, romelic efeqturia da TviTon kve-

bavs Tavis Tavs. am SemTxvevaSi igi aRiarebs revoluciis uflebas,

magram ara sistemis gaumjobesebis an SecvlisaTvis, an `cudis aRmofx-

vrisaTvis~ (gansxvavebiT mravali sxva moazrovnisagan, romlebsac

mogvianebiT ganvixilavT), aramed viRacis `binZuri~ TamaSisagan, amo-

ralurobisagan Tavis dasaRwevad. misi azriT, adamianis movaleobaa,

mxari ar dauWiros cudi kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebas. igi mxolod

swori saqcielis Cadenis valdebulebas aRiarebs, xolo swori is aris,

rac gamarTlebulia sindisiT da ara meqanikuri kanonis miRebiT.

sxeulisagan gansxvavebiT, sindiss ver gaakontrolebs mTavroba,

romelsac ufro meti fizikuri Zalaufleba gaaCnia, xolo sindisi-

ereba samarTlianobis efeqturi maCvenebelia da iaraRi mCagvrelis

winaaRmdeg.

kanonis erTguleba, mTavrobis qmedebebisa da politikis gamtyu-

nebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aranair Sedegs ar iZleva, radganac pasiuroba

adamians siborotis gacnobierebul mxardamWerad aqcevs. toros az-

riT, `usamarTlobis agentobis~ Tavidan asacileblad yvelaze efeq-

turi da Sesaferisi saSualebaa kanonis darRveva `siborotis manqa-

nis~ gasaCereblad.

`samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb~ ar aris ubralo filoso-

fiuri namuSevari. igi mouwodebs masebs da aqtiuri samoqalaqo pozi-

cia daikavon. toros azriT, `umciresoba uZluria manam, sanam umrav-

17

lesobas eqvemdebareba; am SemTxvevaSi is umciresobac ki ar aris;

magram misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeuZlebeli xdeba, rodesac

mTeli Tavisi simZlavriT iCens Tavs~. rodesac igi gulwrfelad ga-

nudgeba mTavrobas, umravlesoba iZulebuli gaxdeba, xeli aiRos

Tavisi politikis gatarebaze. igi mouwodebs xalxs, gamoiyenon

daumorCileblobis teqnika, ar gadaixadon gadasaxadebi, wamovidnen

samsaxurebidan da miiRon sasjeli, rogorc amas moiTxovs usamarTlo

saxelmwifo. da Tu xalxi ganudgeba mTavrobas da aRar dauWers mas

mxars, mTavrobas sxva gamosavali ar darCeba da igi xels aiRebs Tavisi

aramarTebuli politikis warmarTvaze. `adamiani movalea, Sewyvitos

sakuTari umweobis mxardaWera~ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saxeliT.

1.3.3 mahaTma gandi

mahaTma gandi iyo indoeTis gamoCenili erovnuli lideri, rome-

lic me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moRvaweobda ganTavisuflebis samo-

qalaqo daumorCileblobis kampaniiT. misi wvlili samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobis ideis ganviTarebaSi ara mxolod Teoriulia: man

wamoiwyo samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis erT-erTi yvelaze masob-

rivi moZraoba kacobriobis istoriaSi. gandim mTeli Tavisi cxovreba

samxreT afrikaSi rasobrivi diskriminaciisa da usamarTlobis wina-

aRmdeg brZolas miuZRvna. mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis meTodebiT

mahaTma gandim miaRwia indoeTis damoukideblobas didi britaneTis

kolonialuri marTvisagan. mravali sxvadasxva teqnika, romelTac igi

samxreT afrikasa da indoeTSi iyenebda, Zalze sasargeblo aRmoCnda

Semdgomi moZraobebisaTvis. man Seqmna Zalauflebisa da Tanxmobis,

dominirebisa da winaaRmdegobis urTierTqmedebis magaliTi. lide-

risa da organizatoris gansakuTrebuli monacemebi daexmara mas,

fexze daeyenebina indoeli xalxi da daerwmunebina isini, rom arse-

bobs xalxis Zalaufleba, Zalaufleba, romelmac SeiZleba Secvalos

situacia, Tuki win aRudgebian arsebul mdgomareobas.

gandim Seqmna erTgvari saxelmZRvanelo samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

lobis moZraobisaTvis, filosofiuri naSromi `satiagraha - Satyagra-

ha~, romelic saxelmZRvanelo iyo indoelebisaTvis, raTa maT araZa-

ladobrivi brZola ewarmoebinaT britaneTis Zalauflebis winaaRm-

deg. sityva `Satyagraha~ niSnavs simarTlisaTvis Tavdadebas an simar-

Tlis Zalas. toros filosofiis msgavsad, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac

adamiani mSvidobiani gziT uaryofs borots, mas gaexsneba simarTlis

xedva, anu Satyagraha. es naSromi srulebiT uaryofs nebismier saidum-

18

loebas da gaxsnilia yvelasaTvis, visac surs, eZios simarTle. misi

mizani ar aris gamarjveba an damarcxeba, misi saboloo mizania harmo-

niis miRweva gaumjobesebisaTvis.

gandi qadagebda xalxis nebis uzenaesobas mTavrobis usamarTlo-

baze. igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom brZola usamarTlo mTavrobis wi-

naaRmdeg ubralo moqalaqeobrivi ufleba ar aris, es misi wminda mo-

valeobaa. amave dros, igi srulebiT uaryofs `damazianebeli saSu-

alebebis~ gamoyenebas samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis miznebis miR-

wevis saqmeSi. igi miuTiTebs, rom araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba Sec-

vlis politikasa da tiranias da arasodes mimarTavs iZulebis raime

meTods.

gandim kargad icoda, rom yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba,

rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba anarqiasa da qaosSi gadaizardos.

movlenaTa amgvari ganviTarebis gamosaricxad igi amtkicebda, rom

miRebul unda iqnes mkacri zomebi, kerZod, samoqalaqo daumorCi-

leblobis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod konkretuli pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rodesac saxelmwifo sCadis `did borotebas~, da

mxolod im xalxis mier, visac gansakuTrebuli dadebiTi Tvisebebi

axasiaTebs.

mTeli Tavisi sicocxlisa da gamocdilebis ganmavlobaSi gandim

daamtkica, rom Tuki usamarTlo da amoraluri garemoebebis gamo xal-

xis aRSfoTeba da ukmayofileba garkveul dones miaRwevs, amis yvelaze

realuri dasasruli iqneba mmarTvelis gadagdeba, magram Zaladobis

gamoyenebis gareSe, piriqiT, mSvidobisa da araTanamSromlobis gziT,

romelic mmarTvels sayrdens gamoaclis. samxreT afrikaSi misi

brZola Tanasworobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis naTeli magaliTia imisa,

rom adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis uxeSi darRvevebis winaaRmdeg

amgvari brZola mxolod Teoriuli ar aris, aramed misi praqtikuli

ganxorcielebac savsebiT realuria. gandi imasac ki amtkicebda, rom

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba TavisTavad uflebaa:

`samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aris ufleba, romelic uzrunvel-

yofili unda iyos kanoniT, magram romelic uaryofilia ... borotTan

araTanamSromloba iseTive movaleobaa, rogoric sikeTesTan TanamS-

romloba ... mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi yvela gzam, romelic kacob-

riobam siyvaruliTa da simarTliT gaiara, gamarjvebamde miiyvana igi.

iyvnen tiranebi ... da garkveuli drois manZilze isini SeiZleba uZle-

velni Candnen, magram sabolood isini yovelTvis ecemodnen, yovel-

Tvis~.

19

1.3.4 martin luTer kingi

martin luTer kingi sasuliero moRvawe iyo da mSvidobisaTvis

brZolis saqmeSi nobelis premiiT daajildoves. igi amerikis `samo-

qalaqo uflebaTa moZraobis~ lideri iyo 1960-ian wlebSi da mimar-

Tavda araZaladobriv, mSvidobian protests da daumorCileblobas

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi rasobrivi TanasworobisaTvis brZo-

lisas. umTavresad gandis swavlebaze dayrdnobiT, man moaxerxa moZ-

raobis warmatebulad organizeba da daimsaxura ara mxolod afro-

amerikelebis simpaTia da mxardaWera, aramed mis rigebSi mravali

TeTrkaniani moqalaqec idga. Tavis mimdevrebTan erTad igi samoqa-

laqo daumorCileblobis sxvadasxva meTodebs iyenebda, ganzrax ar-

Rvevda kanonebs, romlebic krZalavda Tavyrilobebs da manifesta-

cias, aseve rasobrivi segregaciis Sesaxeb kanonebs da `Zlieri eko-

nomikuri gamijvnis programas~.

kingis cnobili naSromi am sferoSi aris `werili birmingemis

qalaqis cixidan~, romelic man birmingemis cixeSi samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobis saqmianobisaTvis patimrobisas dawera. am naSromSi

igi ganmartavs Tavis pozicias da ideebs amerikaSi Seqmnili situaciis

Sesaxeb, mosazrebebs araZaladobriv protestTan, rogorc samarT-

lianobis miRwevis efeqtur gzasTan, dakavSirebiT.

iseve rogorc gandi, kingic amtkicebs, rom brZolis saboloo mizani

aris ara mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba, aramed samarTlianobis aRdgena,

sazogadoebis gardaqmna. Zaladobis magivrad igi darwmunebis meTods

mimarTavda. Zaladoba aZlierebs, aormagebs amoralurobas. igi iwvevs

siZulvils da aRrmavebs ubedurebas, romelic mxolod urTierTga-

gebis gziT SeiZleba aRmoifxvras. miuxedavad amisa, igi aseve acno-

bierebs, rom darwmunebasTan erTad saWiroa damatebiTi zewola, ram-

denadac `privilegirebuli jgufebi iSviaTad Tmoben TavianT prin-

cipebs nebayoflobiT~ da `mCagvreli nebayoflobiT arasodes mogv-

cems mSvidobas; igi unda moiTxovos Cagrulma~; amave dros, zewoli-

saTvis ar SeiZleba boroti saSualebebis gamoyeneba.

kingma warmoadgina samarTliani da usamarTlo kanonebis klasi-

fikacia. igi amarTlebs daumorCileblobas usamarTlo kanonebisad-

mi. misi azriT, samarTliani kanonebi moralur kodeqss da RvTaebriv

nebas unda Seesabamebodes. usamarTlo kanonebis aRwerisaTvis igi

mimarTavs wm. Toma akvinelis filosofias, romelic ambobs, rom am-

gvari normebi adamianis pirovnul degradacias axdens da laxavs mis

Rirsebas. umravlesoba cdilobs, umciresobas Tavs moaxvios usamar-

20

Tlo kanonebi, romlebic Tavisi arsiT savaldebulo ar aris. amgvari

kanonebis Seqmnisas umciresobas aravin iTvaliswinebda, mas ar hqonda

xmis ufleba. samagierod samarTlian kanonebs umciresoba yovelTvis

usityvod iRebs.

kingi iziarebs toros mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom usamarTlo

kanoni savaldebulo ar aris, ramdenadac `es saerTod ar aris kanoni~.

misi azriT, kanonebi segregaciis Sesaxeb sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba ada-

mianis bunebas, pirovnebasa da morals. amdenad, igi mimarTavs yvelas

da mouwodebs, ar daemorCilon am kanonebs. magram iqve dasZens, rom

kanonis yvela darRvevis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba. igi iZleva garkve-

uli moTxovnebis CamonaTvals, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

lobis Tanamedrove gansazRvrebis nawilia, kerZod: samoqalaqo da-

umorCilebloba gaxsnili unda iyos, masSi ar unda iyos araviTari

saidumloeba da misi principi unda iyos araZaladobrivi winaaRmde-

goba. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mimdevrebi mzad unda iyvnen,

miiRon sasjeli. sasjelis miRebas praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs, ro-

melic usamarTlobis saaSkaraoze gamotanis gziT TanamoqalaqeTa

sindisze zemoqmedebaSi da, amgvarad, moraluri dacvisa da maTi mxar-

daWeris mopovebaSi mdgomareobs. garda amisa, sasjelis miReba gan-

martavs imas, rom daumorCilebloba zogadad pativs scems kanons da

kanonis uzenaesobis princips.

kingi aRniSnavs, rom negatiuri mSvidobis pirobebSi, rac arsebuli

daZabulobis xelovnur SeniRbvas niSnavs, arsebobs SesaZlebloba

imisa, rom kanoni da mmarTveloba usamarTlobas mimarTavdes, maSin,

roca misi pirdapiri funqcia samarTliani sistemis SenarCunebaa. ne-

gatiuri mSvidoba aferxebs progress. xalxma unda mimarTos pozi-

tiuri mSvidobis meTods, rogoricaa araZaladobrivi protesti, raTa

sazogadoebaSi arsebul uTanxmoebas saburveli Camoxsnas da yvela-

saTvis uzrunvelyos monawileobis SesaZlebloba. kingis azriT, po-

zitiuri mSvidoba xels uwyobs sazogadoebis simSvides, radgan adre

Tu gvian ukmayofilo sazogadoeba moiTxovs sakuTari uflebebisa

da interesebis dacvas, magram Tu es dagvianda, Zaladoba gardauva-

lia. amdenad, pozitiuri mSvidobis drouli damyareba dagvexmareba

situaciis gantvirTvaSi.

kingis Teoria gandisa da toros Teoriebis msgavsia. igi xazs us-

vams, rom TanamSromloba, aqtiuri iqneba igi Tu pasiuri, sinamdvi-

leSi imis mxardaWeras niSnavs, vinc araswor qmedebebs sCadis. xolo

araTanamSromloba, Tavis mxriv, aZlierebs SeuTanxmeblobas, ramac

21

SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos privilegirebulT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu araTa-

namSromloba da pirdapiri qmedeba daangrevs Zalauflebis sayrden

burjebs da sazogadoebis mobilizacias moaxdens.

kingis ideologiam da samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobam naTlad

dagvanaxva, Tu raoden efeqturi SeiZleba iyos masobrivi saxalxo

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba adamianis uflebebis dacvisaTvis

brZolaSi, rodesac TviT xalxi moiTxovs Tavisi uflebebis dacvas

mSvidobiani gziT. am moZraobis uSualo Sedegi iyo samoqalaqo uf-

lebebis aqtis miReba, rac mSvidobiani winaaRmdegobis gamarjvebas

niSnavda maSin, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasa-

marTlo mudmivad ugulebelyofda afroamerikelebis interesebs (es

sakiTxi ufro Rrmad ganixileba Semdeg TavebSi).

daskvna

kanonis darRvevis istoria gviCvenebs, rom adamianis mier dawe-

rili kanonebis daumorCilebloba miTologiuri da religiuri wya-

roebidan warmoiSva da mas aqeT ramdenime midgoma iqna SemuSavebuli.

me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde periodSi, romelic toros mosaz-

rebebsac moicavs, daumorCilebloba iTvleboda garkveuli pirov-

nebebis pirad damokidebulebad im kanonebisadmi, romlebic ewina-

aRmdegeba konkretuli sazogadoebis sindissa da morals. im peri-

odSi daumorCilebloba ar iyo mowodebuli imisaTvis, rom gaeerTi-

anebina protestis momxreTa didi raodenoba da igi ZiriTadad filo-

sofiuri naSromebis farglebSi rCeboda. daumorCilebelTa mTavari

sawuxari iyo kanonebis moraluri da RvTaebrivi wyaroebis urTier-

TkavSiri bunebiT samarTalTan, romelsac adamianis mier dawerili

aqtebi arRvevda. miuxedavad amisa, me-19 saukuneSi Cven vxedavT Zvras

masobrivi aqciebis mimarTulebiT. me-20 saukuneSi winaaRmdegobis

moZraobebma globaluri rezonansi gamoiwvia. axali teqnologiebisa

da masobrivi sakomunikacio saSualebebis Seqmnam moZraobas `trans-

nacionaluri mniSvneloba~ SesZina.

Tuki gadavxedavT yvela mosazrebas samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

lobis Sesaxeb, advilad aRmovaCenT saerTo models. jer erTi, araZa-

ladobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis principi ZiriTadi safuZvelia da-

umorCileblobis moZraobisaTvis. kanonis darRvevis momxreebi am-

tyuneben sisastikesa da Zaladobas da acxadeben, rom es adamianis

bunebis degradirebas axdens. meorec, daumorCilebloba sindisis-

mieri unda iyos, e. i. igi unda emyarebodes gulwrfel rwmenas imisa,

22

rom kanoni ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlianobasa da moralurobas. es

moTxovna ganasxvavebs daumorCileblobas rigiTi kriminaluri qmede-

bisagan.

me-18 saukunidan dawyebuli, mas Semdeg, rac warmoiSva socialuri

kontraqtis Teoria, wuxilma TandaTanobiT adamianis uflebebsa da

Tanasworobaze gadainacvla, rodesac xalxma daiwyo protestis

gamoTqma da moiTxova rasobrivi Tanasworoba. loki Tavis TeoriaSi

akanonebs im mTavrobisadmi winaaRmdegobas, romelic arRvevs kont-

raqtis pirobebs da iWreba im uflebebSi, romlebic adamians bunebam

mianiWa. mSvidobiani daumorCileblobis elementebi aSkarad Cans ame-

rikis damoukideblobis moZraobaSi. amerikis mosaxleobam gamoxata

daumorCilebloba 1765 wlis sagerbe mosakreblis Sesaxeb kanonisad-

mi, romelic kabalur valdebulebebs awesebda qaRaldis nawarmze,

maT Soris iuridiul dokumentebsa da gazeTis qaRaldze.mosaxleoba

aqtiurad mimarTavda araTanamSromlobis iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa:

peticiebi, gadasaxadebze uaris Tqma, socialuri boikoti sagerbe

gadasaxadis amkrefisadmi, gazeTebis gamoqveyneba gadasaxadebis ga-

daxdis gareSe, agreTve uaris Tqma britanuli nawarmis Semotanaze

da moxmarebaze.

samSvidobo kampania, romelsac cnobili filosofosi da nobelis

premiis laureati bertran raseli xelmZRvanelobda, protests acxa-

debda pirveli msoflio omis winaaRmdeg. indoeTis damoukideblobis

moZraobas mohyva nacistur germaniaSi araTanamSromlobis aqcia,

romelmac aTasobiT sicocxle gadaarCina da saZirkveli gamouTxara

reJims. belgiasa da SvedeTSi gamarTulma masobrivma saprotesto aq-

ciebma Sedegad sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis Sesaxeb aqtis miReba

moitana. civi omis dros warmoebulma samSvidobo moZraobam xeli Se-

uwyo Statebze zewolis ganxorcielebas, raTa maT mSvidoba Seenar-

CunebinaT. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis teqnika warmatebiT iqna

gamoyenebuli vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg da 1960-70-iani wlebis qalTa

moZraobis mier. birTvuli omis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli aqtivistebic

aqtiurad mimarTavdnen samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis teqnikas

TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad.

araZaladobrivi aqciebi sasargeblo aRmoCnda, rodesac isini yo-

fili `varSavis paqtis~ qveynebis disidentebma gamoiyenes. `praRis

gazafxuli~ da CexeTis xaverdis revolucia brwyinvale magaliTia

imisa, rodesac mosaxleoba masobrivad aRudga win sabWoTa mmarTve-

lobas. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba daexmara ferdinand markosis

23

gaZevebas filipinebidan 1968 wels da noriegas diqtaturis winaaR-

mdeg brZolas panamaSi. mudmiv winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen aseve apar-

Teids samxreT afrikaSi.

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gamoyenebul iqna ara mxolod Zala-

dobrivi mTavrobebis an usamarTlo politikis reformirebisaTvis,

aramed man daicva arsebuli demokratiuli mTavrobebi diqtatoruli

SemoWris mcdelobebisa da ajanyebebisagan. 1961 wels frangi gener-

lebis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro diqtaturis damyarebis mcde-

loba alJirSi uSedegod dasrulda swored maT winaaRmdeg gamarTu-

li masobrivi araTanamSromlobis kampaniis Sedegad. 1991 wels rusi

generlebis mcdeloba, aeRorZinebinaT sabWoTa diqtatura, aTasobiT

prodemokrati mowinaaRmdegis protestiT dasrulda, romelic

araZaladobriv xasiaTs atarebda, da xeli SeuSala maT mcdelobas.

24

Tavi 2samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria

`daumorCilebloba Tavisuflebis

namdvili safuZvelia~.

henri devid toro

2.1 samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmarteba

2.1.1 Sesavali

sxvadasxva avtorebs gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvT samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobis ganmartebisadmi. magaliTad, erT-erTi sakamaTo Te-

ma dakavSirebulia SekiTxvasTan, zneobrivi uaryofa samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobis nawilia Tu igi gamoyofilia misgan da calke mid-

gomas da regulirebas saWiroebs. yvelaze gavrcelebuli pozicia is

aris, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ufro filosofiuri cnebaa,

vidre iuridiuli, Tumca samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis momxre ise-

Ti moazrovneni, rogorebic arian toro, gandi da kingi, upiratesobas

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis, rogorc iuridiuli cnebis, inter-

pretirebas aniWebdnen da zogierTi iuridiuli dokumentiT cdilob-

dnen (ganxilulia qvemoT), moexdinaT daumorCileblobis legiti-

mizacia garkveuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram amgvari legi-

timizacia sakmaod bundovnad da dauxvewavad gamoiyureba.

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmartebis CamoyalibebaSi yve-

laze didi wvlili miuZRvis Tanamedrove amerikel politikur moaz-

rovnes jon roulzs, romelic Tavis cnobil naSromSi `samarTli-

anobis Teoria~ ganixilavs kanonebs, moralsa da moqalaqeTa movale-

obebs sxvadasxva pirobebsa da situaciebSi. roulzi samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

`kanonis sawinaaRmdego sazogadoebrivi, araZaladobrivi, sindi-

sismieri da mainc politikuri aqti, romelic Cveulebriv xorciel-

deba kanonsa Tu mTavrobis politikaSi cvlilebis Setanis mizniT,

amgvari qmedebis saSualebiT, romelic ganixilavs sazogadoebis mo-

ralurobis samarTlianobas da acxadebs, rom socialuri TanamSrom-

lobis principi Tavisufal da Tanaswor adamianTa Soris ar aris da-

culi~. daumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamiznuli iyos uSualod kano-

nebisa da politikis mimarT, romelsac gmobs sazogadoeba an romelic

25

aferxebs usamarTlo kanonebisa da politikis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

masobriv saqmianobas. daumorCileblobis naTeli magaliTia iseTi ka-

nonebisa Tu wesebis darRveva, romlebic krZalavs demonstraciebs

da laxavs Sekrebis uflebas. daumorCilebloba ara mxolod im aqtebs

moicavs, romlebic SeiZleba arakonstituciuri iyos da am gziT amow-

mebs garkveuli kanonis konstituciurobas, aramed igi aseTive war-

matebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli im kanonebis winaaRmdeg, romel-

Ta konstituciurobac sasamarTlom ukve ganixila.

rogorc vxedavT, ganmartebidan gamomdinare, roulzi iseve, ro-

gorc kingi da gandi, xazs usvams imas, rom daumorCileblobam unda

gardaqmnas arsebuli viTareba, magram ara piradad, aramed umravle-

sobis upiratesobis gamoyenebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, daumorCileb-

loba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc iaraRi problemebis war-

moCenisa da im jgufis darwmunebisaTvis, romelsac maTi aRmofxvris

Zalaufleba aqvs. piter singeri acxadebs, rom daumorCilebloba ex-

mareba kidec umravlesobas, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom garkveuli

kanonisa Tu politikis SemuSavebisas umravlesobas SeiZleba SemTx-

veviT mxedvelobidan gamorCes umciresobis interesebi, xolo da-

umorCilebloba daexmareba mas am Secdomaze yuradRebis miqcevaSi.

magram, gansxvavebiT roulzisagan, singeri Tvlis, rom daumorCileb-

lobas SeuZlia ara mxolod mimarTos umravlesobis yuradReba samar-

Tlianobisaken, aramed gaaZlieros kidec igi.

kent grinuolts magaliTad mohyavs umravlesobisa da umcireso-

bis urTierToba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis miznebis Tvalsazri-

siT. umciresoba mimarTavs umciresobis samarTlianobis grZnobas,

magram amgvari mimarTvis warmateba zewolis intensivobazea damoki-

debuli. grinuolti cdilobs, aawyos ganmarteba mimarTvis xasiaTi-

dan gamomdinare. igi ambobs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aris

umciresobis aqti, romelic mimarTulia imisaTvis, rom daanaxvos sa-

zogadoebas, pirveli, rom umravlesoba usamarTlod moqmedebs, me-

ore, rom umciresoba seriozulad aris ganwyobili da, mesame, rom

umciresobis qmedebebi uxerxul situaciaSi ayenebs umravlesobas.

jozef razi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis odnav ufro vrcel

ganmartebas gvTavazobs. igi xazs usvams imas, rom aqtis mizani unda

iyos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Secdomebis saaSkaraoze gamotana da

daumorCilebelTa mzadyofna, miiRon sasjeli:

unda gamoiyenebodes, rogorc ukanaskneli gamosavali, rodesac

yvela sxva saSualeba warumatebeli aRmoCnda dasaxuli miznis misaR-

26

wevad; igi araZaladobrivi unda iyos; igi Riad unda iyos ganxorci-

elebuli; da misi monawile unda wardges marTlmsajulebis winaSe

da miiRos sasjeli. amgvari aqtebi unda Semoifarglebodes qmedebe-

biT, romlebic gaTvlilia garkveuli Secdomebisa da saCivrebis sa-

aSkaraoze gamotanisaTvis; igi ar unda gamoiyenebodes daSinebis an

Zaldatanebis mizniT.

roulzis SemoTavazebisagan gansxvavebiT, razis ganmartebaSi Cven

vxedavT moTxovnas imisa, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamo-

yenebamde yvela sxva saSualeba iqnes amowuruli. misi azriT, kanonis

darRveva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod, rogorc ukanaskneli

gamosavali eqstremalur situaciaSi.

maikl beilesi aRwers samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas, rogorc

qmedebaTa jgufs, romlebic marTlac rom ukanonoa, magram moraluri

aucileblobis mizeziT xorcieldeba. beilesi warmogvidgens samoqa-

laqo daumorCileblobis or mxares: viwros da farTos. viwro varian-

ti ganixilavs pirovnebis qmedebebs, romlebic ar aris mimarTuli

sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis yuradRebis miqcevisaken, xolo farTo

ganmartebaSi igi aerTianebs qmedebebs, romlebic xorcieldeba pira-

di da individualuri interesebis dasacavad da ar mouwodebs masob-

rivi reagirebisaken. amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia sindisieri uar-

yofa.

maikl rendli samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis arsis ufro Rrma

xedvas gvawvdis, romlis principis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo daumorCi-

lebloba emyareba Semdegs:

samoqalaqo winaaRmdegoba aris koleqtiuri brZolis meTodi, dam-

yarebuli xedvaze, romlis Tanaxmadac ukanaskneli analizis dros mTav-

roba damokidebulia TanamSromlobaze an, minimum, Sesabamisobaze,

umravlesobis, mosaxleobisa da samxedro pirebis erTgulebaze, poli-

ciasa da samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebze. amdenad, igi politikuri Zala-

uflebis realobas eyrdnoba. mTlianobaSi, igi moqmedebs mosaxleobis

mobilizaciis gziT am Tanxmobis mosapoveblad oponentTa Zalauflebis

wyaros dasustebisaTvis da mesame mxareTa mxardaWeris mopovebiT. misi

meTodebi moicavs protestsa da darwmunebas socialuri, ekonomikuri

da samoqalaqo araTanamSromlobis aucileblobaSi. ... samoqalaqo da-

umorCilebloba araTanamSromlobis erT-erTi meTodia.

rogorc zemoT moyvanili abzacidan Cans, samoqalaqo daumorCi-

leblobis ganmartebisas rendli cdilobs, ZiriTadad strategiuli

sakiTxebi moicvas, Tumca axasiaTebs misi bunebis mniSvnelovan Tvi-

27

sebebs. misi azriT, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aris mosaxleobis

didi nawilis araTanamSromloba Zaladobis gamoyenebis gareSe,

romlis mizania gaaZlieros mTavrobis sayrdeni burjebi da am qme-

debiT cdilobs miaRwios gardaqmnas winaaRmdegobis gamoxatvis gziT.

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ronald dvorkiniseuli ganmar-

teba Zalze sainteresoa. igi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas sam qve-

ganayofad yofs. misi klasifikacia aseTia: 1) daumorCilebloba, ro-

melic erTianobas emyareba; 2) daumorCilebloba, romelic samarTli-

anobas emyareba; 3) daumorCilebloba, romelic politikas emyareba.

daumorCilebloba, romelic erTianobas emyareba, Tavs maSin iCens,

rodesac adamianisaTvis kanonis damorCileba absoluturad miuRe-

belia Sinagani mrwamsidan gamomdinare. amgvari daumorCilebloba sa-

gangeboa da aucilebeli ar aris am qmedebis SesaZlo Sedegebis gan-

xilva. samarTlianobaze damyarebuli daumorCilebloba Tavs iCens,

rodesac wamowyebulia masobrivi protesti usamarTlo kanonisa da

politikis winaaRmdeg da igi Sedegobrivi xasiaTisaa, e. i. gaTvlilia

garkveul reagirebaze. gansxvavebiT erTianobaze damyarebuli da-

umorCileblobisagan, romelic individualuri da TavdacviTi xasi-

aTisaa, samarTlianobaze damyarebul daumorCileblobas arsebuli

status-kvos gardaqmnis aqtiuri, strategiulad dagegmili mizani

aqvs. Tavis mxriv, dvorkini gamoyofs samarTlianobaze damyarebuli

daumorCileblobis damarwmunebel da aradamarwmunebel tipebs. war-

suli mcdelobebis mizani iyo, daerwmunebinaT gadawyvetilebis mi-

Rebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi imaSi, rom maT unda mieRoT protestis

momxreTa pozicia da SeecvalaT politika masobrivi zewolis sa-

SualebiT, xolo Semdgomi miznebi ara umravlesobis gadarwmuneba,

aramed gaprotestebuli politikis faseulobebis mniSvnelovnad ga-

umjobesebaa daumorCileblobisa da xelovnuri barieris Seqmnis

gziT. politikaze damyarebuli daumorCileblobis mimdevrebi Tvli-

an, rom ukmayofilebis gamomwvevi politika TavisTavad uaryofiTi

movlenaa mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis da ara konkretuli jgufisaTvis.

aq dvorkins magaliTad mohyavs antibirTvuli moZraoba.

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, zemoT moyvanil ganmartebebSi ramdenime

msgavsi modeli SeimCneva, magram sxvadasxva avtorebs gansxvavebuli

pozicia da midgoma aqvT. maT gansaxilvelad sasurvelia, SemuSavdes

ramdenime ZiriTadi Tema, romlebic maTTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis TiTqmis yvela Teoria Semdeg sakiT-

xebs moicavs:

28

1. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis buneba;

2. moqmedi kanonis darRveva;

3. darRveuli kanonebis arsi;

4. araZaladobrivi meTodi;

5. saSualebaTa amowurva;

6. Riad ganxorcieleba;

7. sasjelis winaSe wardgoma.

unda aRiniSnos, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaze saubrisas

sxvadasxva avtorebi sxvadasxva terminologiiT sargebloben, maga-

liTad: araZaladobrivi pirdapiri qmedeba, pasiuri daumorCileb-

loba, samoqalaqo winaaRmdegoba, magram yvela am termins msgavsi arsi

da Tezisi aqvs, romelic maT termin `samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba-

Si~ aerTianebs.

2.2.2. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis buneba

2.2.2.1 politikuri aqti

avtorTa umetesoba miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba

politikuri aqtis gamoxatvaa. rogorc roulzi, ise bedo samoqalaqo

daumorCileblobas politikur qmedebad Tvlian im TvalsazrisiT,

rom igi mimarTavs politikuri Zalauflebis mflobelT da, amave

dros, mas Tan axlavs politikuri principebi, romlebic daculia gan-

viTarebul qveynebSi. Tanamedrove samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis

mizania, gavlena iqonios arsebul saxelmwifo politikaze. samoqa-

laqo winaaRmdegobis rendliseuli ganmarteba naTlad miuTiTebs

politikur xasiaTze, rodesac igi acxadebs, rom cdilobs, mospos

Zalauflebis wyaroebi da uaryofs garkveuli politikuri mimarTu-

lebebis sayovelTao mxardaWeras. akermani samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

lobis kampaniebs moixseniebs terminiT `xalxis Zalaufleba~, ter-

miniT, romelic, rogorc TviTon miuTiTebs, 1980-iani wlebis meore

naxevarSi gaCnda. es aris SesaZlebloba garkveuli qveynebis soci-

aluri kapitalisaTvis, aimaRlos xma iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,

rogoricaa `garemos dacva da adamianis uflebebidan saerTaSoriso

vaWrobasa da finansur politikamde~. karolin grouse amtkicebs, rom

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ideis

ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobidan gamomdinare, amgvari moZraobebi xSir

SemTxvevaSi politikuri gamoxatvis formas iRebs. sainteresoa, Tu

rogor aRwers kingi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis bunebas. igi ac-

xadebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mizania, Seqmnas gark-

29

veuli politikuri krizisi, romelic aiZulebs sazogadoebas, eZios

sakiTxis gadaWris gzebi, raTa gadairCinos Tavi. es midgoma mkafiod

iqna gaSuqebuli amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, saqarTveloSi da

axlaxans ukrainaSi, sadac protestis momxreebi Seecadnen, eCvenebi-

naT TavianTi Zalaufleba da Semdeg aeZulebinaT gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi, wasuliyvnen molaparakebaze iseTi

pirobebiT, romlebic gacilebiT ufro sasurveli iyo daumorCile-

belTaTvis.

avtorTa umetesoba amtkicebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba

mimarTavs umravlesobis sindiss, romelic gansazRvravs politikasa

da mimarTulebas. toro ganmartavs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileb-

lobis mizani umravlesobaa, radganac is fizikurad ufro Zlieria

da ara imitom, rom umciresoba eTanxmeba politikas. es asea samoqa-

laqo uflebebis an garemos dacvisa da mwvaneTa (Greenpeace) moZra-

obebis SemTxvevaSi. magram, rogorc istoriam dagvanaxva, SesaZlebe-

lia sawinaaRmdegoc. bevr SemTxvevaSi umciresoba, elitaruli jgufi

Zalauflebas policiisa da samxedro ZalebiT inarCunebs, xolo

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba umravlesobis iaraRia, romlis meSve-

obiTac igi Zirs uTxris mmarTveli umciresobis sayrdens. gandis da-

moukideblobis moZraoba, saxalxo moZraobebi aRmosavleT evropaSi

sabWoTa kavSiris rolis winaaRmdeg, miloSeviCis gaZeveba serbiaSi da

SevardnaZis politikuri wreebi, xolo axlaxans ukrainaSi oligarqi

umciresobebis mier usamarTlo politikis Tavs moxvevis winaaR-

mdegoba aZlierebs zemoT moyvanil arguments. naTelia, rom samoqa-

laqo daumorCilebloba politikuri qmedebaa, romelsac didi wvlili

miuZRvis konkretuli qveynis sazogadoebriv, politikur cxovrebasa

da TiToeuli qveynis cxovrebaSi. dReisaTvis man saerTaSoriso masS-

tabi moipova da regionalur politikazec axdens gavlenas.

2.2.2.2 araTanamSromloba

uamravi avtori amtkicebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mTavari

Zala mdgomareobs mis bunebaSi, ar iTanamSromlos umravlesobasTan da

saxelisuflebo wreebTan. aseT dros SeuZlebeli xdeba mmarTvelobis

ganxorcieleba da politikosebs poziciebis daTmoba uwevT.

XVI saukunis saxelmwifo moRvawe etien de boeti acxadebs, rom Tu

adamians surs moipovos Tavisufleba da Tavi daaRwios monobas, man

daumorCileblobas unda mimarTos. rodesac daxmarebaze uars ambob,

wesebi Zalas kargavs. maikl rendli wers:

30

sazogadoebis funqcionirebisTvis umTavres amocanas TanamSrom-

loba warmoadgens. tomobriv sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs xeli-

suflebis centraluri sistema, TanamSromlobis xelidan gamocla

yvelaze mZlavri sanqciaa, romelic mimarTulia damnaSaveebis dasji-

sa da socialuri erTobis SenarCunebisken. posttomobriv sazoga-

doebebSi, gansxvavebuli sociopolitikuri interesis jgufebiT,

araTanamSromloba efeqturi saSualebaa erTi jgufis moTxovnebis

wamosayeneblad sxva jgufis an centraluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.

eWgvareSea, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganmxorciele-

belTaTvis araTanamSromloba yvelaze efeqtiani iaraRia, romelic

zewolas axdens maRalCinosnebze. sxva magaliTebs Soris yvelaze ga-

morCeuli gandis damoukideblobis moZraobaa, romelic umTavresad

swored araTanamSromlobas efuZneboda. bolodroindeli samoqala-

qo daumorCileblobis moZraobebi evropaSi aseve warmatebiT iyeneb-

dnen araTanamSromlobis meTodebs.

2.2.2.3 gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis

winapirobebi

dResdReobiT kiTxva, romelic mniSvnelovan interess iwvevs,

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli da gamarTlebuli,

rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba diqtatorul saxelmwifoSi da-

iwyos, Tu samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis idea mxolod demokratiul

saxelmwifoebs miesadageba, sadac, rogorc wesi, gansxvavebuli mo-

sazrebebi daSvebulia. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas meoce

saukuneSi iZens. manamde Teoretikosebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen dam-

kvidrebul saxelmwifo wyobas. mTavari lozungi iyo, rom adamiani

daculi yofiliyo borotebisgan da boroti saxelmwifosgan. es namd-

vilad gasagebia evropis monarqiebSi da mogvianebiT SezRudul mo-

narqiebSic ki, aseve droebiT saparlamento sistemebSic (kromvelis

periodi britaneTSi da robespieris _ safrangeTSi) oponentebis wi-

naaRmdeg samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis didi albaToba arsebobda.

zemoaRniSnuli kiTxva xSirad dadis SesaZlo Zaladobisa da sisx-

lisRvris sakiTxze, ris albaTobac arsebobs daumorCileblobis Sem-

TxvevaSi mkacr policiur saxelmwifoebSi. avtorTa nawili miiCnevs,

rom aseT qveynebSi azri ara aqvs saprotesto kampaniebis gamoyenebas,

radgan amas SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyves. amisgan gansxvave-

biT, mmarTveli eqstremaluri jgufi ar wava daTmobebze da kampaniis

SesazRudad samxedro Zalas gamoiyenebs. am SemTxvevaSi protestan-

31

tebmac sapasuxo samxedro Zalas unda mimarTon, rac ukve scdeba sa-

moqalaqo daumorCileblobas da ajanyebis saxes iRebs.

samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraoba, pacifisturi da garemos damc-velTa moZraobebi gviCvenebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba Se-iZleba Zalze sasargeblo iyos demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, magramCven imis magaliTebic mogvepoveba, rom diqtatoruli da avtorita-ruli mmarTveloba SeiZleba daemxos samoqalaqo daumorCileblobisSedegad, magaliTad, aparTeidis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli moZraoba sam-xreT afrikaSi, CileSi, filipinebSi, tailandSi, samxreT koreasa daserbeTSi. Tumca SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom aseT qveynebSi arse-bobs masobrivi sisxlisRvris saSiSroeba, rogorc es moxda CineTSitiananminis moedanze xocva-Jletisas. rogorc ukanasknel xanebSi ga-irkva, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis saSualebebi Zalze warmate-bulia nawilobriv demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac elitarul jgufsxelSi aqvs Cagdebuli Zalaufleba da demokratiis iseTi Zireuliprincipi, rogoricaa marTlmsajuleba, mmarTveli jgufis nebas ga-moxatavs, magram sxva institutebi, magaliTad, partiuli sistema dasamoqalaqo sazogadoeba, aqtiuria da zogierTi ufleba xorciel-deba, rogorc saqarTveloSi.

marTlac, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba aSkarad sasargebloa de-mokratiul sazogadoebaSi ama Tu im poziciis win wamosawevad, magramar arsebobs zusti pasuxi SekiTxvaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara miznismiRweva samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT iseT qveyanaSi, rogo-ricaa sadam huseinis erayi. aseT SemTxvevaSi bevri ramea damokide-buli garegan faqtorebze, maT Soris geografiul mdebareobasa dasaerTaSoriso daxmarebaze. maSasadame, rogorc maikl rendli acxa-debs, mniSvnelovania im pirobebis gaanalizeba, rodesac samoqalaqodaumorCileblobas warmateba elis, da swori taqtikisa da strate-giis SerCeva, raTa is ufro efeqturi iyos. aqtivistebis azriT, eqs-tremalur viTarebaSic ki warmatebis miRweva SesaZlebelia, oRondguldasmiTi saorganizacio samuSaos Sedegad, romelic faruladsruldeba da xangrZliv vadazea gaTvlili. sabolood, samoqalaqodaumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos yvelanairi politi-kuri wyobis pirobebSi, Tu mas sisxlisRvra ar mohyveba.

2.2.3 kanonis darRveva

2.2.3.1 pirdapiri da arapirdapiri samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba

yvela politikuri da samarTlebrivi moazrovne eTanxmeba im

mosazrebas, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mTavari maxasiaTe-

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belia arsebuli dawerili kanonis, administraciuli aqtis, ZalaSi

Sesuli gankargulebis an politikis darRveva. kanonis darRvevas

avtorebi pirdapir da arapirdapir kategoriebad yofen, imis mixed-

viT, Tu rogori saxis iyo darRveva _ adamianma daarRvia kanoni da

amis gaprotesteba xdeba, Tu protestis gamoxatva izRudeba.

bevri ewinaaRmdegeba arapirdapir daumorCileblobas, rogorc im

axalgazrda moqalaqeebis marTvis saSualebas, romlebic ar arian am

sakiTxiT dainteresebulni. ervin grisvoldi _ aSS-s generaluri

prokurori da mosamarTle fortrasi amtkiceben, rom arapirdapiri

daumorCilebloba iwvevs qonebis ganadgurebas; maTi uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis xelyofas, visac daumorCileblobis kampaniisadmi

araviTari interesi ar aqvs. maTi azriT, pirdapirma samoqalaqo da-

umorCileblobam zogjer SeiZleba aqtis konstituciurobis gamoc-

dis funqcia Seasrulos, rasac moklebulia arapirdapiri daumorCi-

lebloba. iseTi kanonis darRveva, romelic ar protestdeba, qaossa

da areulobas gamoiwvevs. arapirdapiri daumorCilebloba moklebu-

lia saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebas, radgan sxvebs abnevs. am avtore-

bis azriT, arapirdapiri samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba `ajanyebaa da

ara uTanxmoeba~.zemoT moyvanili argumentebi garkveulwilad zedapirulia. ro-

ulzma Segnebulad gamotova pirdapiri daumorCileblobis moTxovnada arapirdapiri moqmedebebi aseve gamarTlebulad da xSirad auci-lebladac miiCnia. pirveli, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobebis umrav-lesoba, rogorc joel fainbergi amtkicebs, axorcielebda arapir-dapir daumorCileblobas kanonisTvis zianis miyenebiT. bedos azriT,zogierTi kanoni ar eqvemdebareba darRvevas, magaliTad, sisxlis sa-marTlis saproceso kanonmdebloba, romelic gansazRvravs winaswaridakavebis vadas. aragonivruli iqneba danaSaulis Cadena pirdapirisamoqalaqo daumorCileblobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. meore, ro-gorc mravali moazrovne acxadebda, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobamwarmatebis misaRwevad zewola unda moaxdinos saxelisuflebo wre-ebze. amgvari zewola metwilad iseT arapirdapir protestSi gamo-ixateba, rogoricaa mjdomare aqcia, piketireba. mesame, rogorc uka-naskneli periodi gviCvenebs, usamarTlobis msxverpli solidaro-bis miRwevas cdilobs sazogadoebis im nawilSi, romelic piradad ardaSavebula. am SemTxvevaSi arapirdapirma daumorCileblobam SeiZ-leba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos, radgan is protestSi monawile-obis saSualebas aZlevs iseT adamianebs, romlebic zegavlenis qveS

33

ar imyofebian. Zneli warmosadgenia, rogor eqnebodaT TeTr ameri-kelebs segregaciis kanonis darRvevis saSualeba. protestantebissamizne jgufs warmoadgens ara marto xelisufleba, aramed mxardam-Werebic, raTa samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Sedegad meti Zalauf-lebis moipovon. meoTxe, sadavoa, pirdapiri daumorCilebloba ufrometad maiZulebelia Tu destruqciuli. es ZiriTadad damokidebuliaprotestantebis ganzraxvaze da arsebul viTarebaze, radganac Se-uZlebelia winaswar amtkico, rom arapirdapiri daumorCileblobaaucileblad iwvevs Zaladobas; sruliad samarTlianma moqmedebamacki, rogoricaa Sekreba, garkveul viTarebaSi SeiZleba Zaladoba ga-moiwvios. mexuTe, rodesac protestis subieqti aris ara kanoni, ara-med garkveuli politika, umetes SemTxvevaSi arapirdapiri moqmede-bebi misaRebia. magaliTad, Tanamedrove epoqaSi, roca evropuli qvey-nebi mTeli ZaliT cdilobdnen atomuri TavSesafari aegoT. garemosdamcvelTa mxridan daumorCileblobis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaiqneboda am adgilebze ganlageba. roulzi amtkicebs, rom igive SeiZ-leba iTqvas qveynis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb, romelic aRelvebsmeore qveyanas da pirdapir gavlenas axdens protestantze.

2.2.3.2. konstituciurobis Semowmebasamoqalaqo daumorCileblobis TeoriaSi kanonis darRvevasTan

dakavSirebuli meore farTod miRebuli tendencia exeba kiTxvas: ka-nonis moqmedebis romel stadiaze iTvleba darRveva samoqalaqo da-umorCileblobad. SeiZleba Tu ara samoqalaqo daumorCileblobadCaiTvalos iseTi kanonis darRveva, romelic savaraudod arakonsti-tuciuria, magram sasamarTlos jer ar gamoutania gadawyvetilebaamis Taobaze. SeiZleba Tu ara samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad CaiT-valos iseTi kanondarRveva, romelic konstituciurobis Semowmebisfunqcias asrulebs? SesaZloa, arsebobdes savaraudod arakonsti-tuciuri aqtis ganzrax darRvevis SemTxvevebi, raTa misi gasaCivrebissamarTlebrivi meqanizmebi xelmisawvdomi gaxdes moqalaqisTvis, Tuqveynis kanonmdebloba kanonis gasaCivrebis moTxovnad ayenebs pirisidentificirebas kanonTan dazaralebulis saxiT.

kent grinuolti sam situacias aRwers. pirveli, rodesac adamianidarwmunebulia kanonis arakonstituciurobaSi, arsebobs misi baTi-lad cnobis didi albaToba da am kanonis darRveva misi gamocdisfunqcias asrulebs. am SemTxvevaSi grinuolti daumorCileblobasgamarTlebulad miiCnevs. misi azriT, aragonivrulia morCilebismkacrad moTxovna, Tu konstituciurobis Semowmebis erTaderTi gza

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TviTon kanonis darRvevaa. meore, rodesac adamians `seriozuli eWvi~aqvs aqtis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis Taobaze, magram amave dros`icis, rom samarTlebrivi gansja savaraudod warumatebeli iqneba~.grinuolti am SemTxvevaSic amarTlebs daumorCileblobas, Tu essakonstitucio ganxilvas miscems biZgs. mesame SemTxvevaSi adamianssjera, rom kanoni arRvevs mis konstituciur interesebs, magram icis,rom sasamarTlo ar miiRebs gadawyvetilebas aqtis arakonstituci-urobis Sesaxeb. amgvari kanonis darRveva sazogadoebriv cnobiere-baze mniSvnelovan gavlenas ver moaxdens da, amdenad, is gaumarTle-belia, vinaidan stabiluri kanonis uzenaesobis qveyanaSi sasamarT-los gadawyvetilebebs pativs scemen. grinuolti acxadebs, rom `ka-nonis farglebSi moqcevis moTxovna morCilebis bunebas mxolod ma-Sin cvlis, roca arsebobs im normis baTilad cnobis realuri pers-peqtiva, romelsac ar emorCilebian~.

2.2.4 darRveuli kanonebisa da politikis arsi

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCi-

leblobas gansazRvravs, aris is, Tu romeli kanonisa Tu politikis

rogori darRveva SeiZleba miviCnioT gamarTlebulad. samoqalaqo

daumorCilebloba ar iTvaliswinebs SeuzRudav uflebamosilebas,

daarRvios nebismieri kanoni an politika, radgan es sabolood anar-

qias gamoiwvevs da diqtatorul reJimamde migviyvans, anu im reJimam-

de, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCileblobam unda daamarcxos. sa-

davo dokumenti raime Zireul RirebulebaTa sistemas unda arRvev-

des.

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamarTlebis sakiTxi mWidro kav-

SirSia kanonis iuridiul ZalasTan samarTlis filosofiaSi. am kiTx-

vaze pasuxis gacema, rogorc fainbergi aRniSnavs, damokidebulia ka-

nonisa da moralis urTierTkavSirze. mosamarTle oliver vendel

holmsma ganacxada: `kanoni Cveni moraluri cxovrebis mowme da Sena-

tania~. pozitivistebi da utilitaristebi ki eTanxmebian mosazrebas,

rom kanonsa da morals Soris garkveuli kavSiri arsebobs. amoralu-

roba da usamarTloba samoqalqo daumorCileblobis qomagTaTvis ka-

nonis gabaTilebis ueWveli argumentia.

jon roulzi amtkicebs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mizan-

Sewoniloba sazogadoebrivi samarTlianobis ideas unda efuZnebo-

des. misi azriT, adamiani SeiZleba ar daemorCilos kanons, Tu es uka-

naskneli ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlianobis aRiarebul cnebas, romelic

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xazs usvams politikur wyobas da ara moraluri Rirebulebebis indi-

vidualur gagebas. roulzi miuTiTebs, rom darRveva `arsebiTi da

aSkara usamarTlobis dros~ unda moxdes. nebismieri norma da insti-

tuti samarTlianobis principebs unda efuZnebodes da es Rirebu-

lebebi xelSeuxebelia TiToeuli adamianisTvis. metic, moraluri

principebisgan moniWebuli adamianuri survilebis dakmayofilebiT

iseTi kanonis darRvevis gamarTlebac SeiZleba, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, arRvevs am principebs. dvorkinis azriT, xalxis ukmayofilebas

iwvevs is faqti, rom zogierTi saxis politika arRvevs samarTlis

maTeul gagebas.

zini amtkicebs, rom raime wesis iuridiuli Zalis Sesamowmeblad

moraluri da samarTlianobis kriteriumebi ufro mniSvnelovania,

vidre kanoniereba. is mkacrad uaryofs absoluturi kanonisadmi mor-

Cilebis princips, radgan mravali kanoni SeiZleba ar imsaxurebdes

loialobas. amgvari damokidebuleba xandaxan xalxis dabneulobas

iwvevs. swori gadawyvetilebis miReba arc ise iolia, vinaidan sazoga-

doeba imas eyrdnoba, rac weria da kanoni moraluri principebis ga-

moxatulebad aRiqmeba.

gamoCenilma samarTlis filosofosma gustav radbruxma meore

msoflio omis dros kanonierebis saxeliT Cadenili sisastikis Semdeg

pozitivisturi poziciebi Seicvala da aRiara, rom kanonisTvis iuri-

diuli Zalis miniWeba damokidebulia `humanitarul moralze~ da, Se-

sabamisad, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mizanSewoniloba imis mi-

xedviT ganisazRvreba, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba dawerili kanoni am

morals.

SeerTebul StatebSi samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis mTavari

devizi iyo daumorCilebloba usamarTlo kanonebs, kanonebs, rom-

lebic ewinaaRmdegeba morals, anu pirovnebasa da bunebas. `araZala-

dobrivi winaaRmdegobis guli aris kanonisa da xelisuflebisdmi

daumorCilebloba usamarTlobis protestis niSnad~. radbruxi ar

aRiarebs aseTi kanonebis savaldebulo xasiaTs. es aqtebi ar iTvalis-

winebs umciresobaTa interesebs.

dasasrul, naTeli xdeba rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ga-miznulia iseT kanondarRvevebze, romlebic mniSvnelovnad zRudavsTanamedrove sazogadoebis mier mTavar universalur RirebulebebadaRiarebul principebs, romlebic xels uwyobs demokratiul poli-tikur sistemas, sazogadoebriv keTildReobas da socialur samarT-lianobas. istoria gviCvenebs, rom WeSmariti samoqalaqo daumorCi-

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lebloba icavs fundamentur uflebebs, rogorc es moxda serbeTsada saqarTveloSi, Tanasworuflebianobas, magaliTad, samoqalaqouflebaTa moZraobisa da qalTa uflebebis sxvadasxva moZraobebisSemTxvevaSi, mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas uamravi pacifisturi kam-paniis meSveobiT, TviTgamorkvevis uflebas indielTa gaTavisufle-bis moZraobis saxiT da 1980-iani wlebis bolos aRmosavleT evropisqveynebSi saxalxo protestis saxiT. termini `samoqalaqoc~ ki miuTi-Tebs, rom daumorCilebloba sazogadoebisa da demokratiis Rirebu-lebebis dacvas emsaxureboda da ara romelime Sesabamisi organosmier miRebuli wesis dacvas.

2.2.5 araZaladobaaraZaladoba da mSvidobianoba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis

mTavari princebia, rasac am ideis momxre yvela avtori iziarebs dadasZens, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ar unda iWrebodes moqa-laqeTa ZiriTad uflebebSi. rogorc martin luTer kingma ganacxada:

Zaladobis sisuste imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is spiraliseburadeSveba da TviTon warmoqmnis iseT rames, ris mospobasac cdilobs.borotebis daTrgunvis nacvlad, is borotebas zrdis... ZaladobiTSeiZleba mokla mteri, magram siZulvils ver aRmofxvri. sinamdvile-Si Zaladoba siZulvils aRvivebs... Zaladobis sapasuxo Zaladoba kvlavZaladobas warmoSobs, isedac uvarskvlavebo Rames sibneles matebs.sibnele ver gandevnis siZulvils; es mxolod siyvaruls SeuZlia.

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi araZaladoba pirvelad gandim ga-moiyena, rac mis filosofiaSi satiagrahaSi aisaxa. mTavari idea imaSimdgomareobs, rom WeSmariteba siyvaruliTa da TanagrZnobiT miiR-weva. Zaladoba borotebaa, romelic amrudebs WeSmaritebisken mima-val gzas.

roulzi gmobs Zaladobas, rogorc sazogadoebis qcevis models.Zaladoba akninebs zogadad samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis princips.samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gagebul unda iqnes, rogorc gafrTxi-leba da ara rogorc safrTxe sazogadoebisTvis. roulzis azriT,samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba Tavisi arsiT kanonis uzenaesobis pa-tiviscemisa da `kanonis erTgulebis~ qmedebaa. es principebi abso-luturad gamoricxavs yovelgvar Zaldatanebas. araZaladoba pro-testantTa gulwrfel survilebs gamoxatavs. samoqalaqo daumorCi-lebloba gamarTlebulia moraluri principebiT, kanonis uzenaeso-bisa da demokratiis principebiT da Zaladobis an SurisZiebis yovel-gvari mcdeloba arRvevs mis safuZvels.

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grinuolti acxadebs, rom Zaladoba warmoSobs SiSs dazaralebu-lebsa da maT Soris, vinc Tavs SesaZlo msxverplad Tvlis. jozefrazic amtkicebs, rom Zaladobam SesaZloa potenciur mokavSireTadezintegracia gamoiwvios. maikl rendli ganagrZobs: araZaladob-rivma qmedebebma SeiZleba Tavisuflebas miaRwios, ramdenadac is `fa-taluri xelisuflebisTvis evTanaziis~ funqcias asrulebs.

stiuart brauni gvawvdis mniSvnelovan Teoriul masalas samoqa-laqo daumorCileblobaSi Zaladobis Temaze msjelobisTvis. mas Zal-datanebis winaaRmdeg sami mosazreba mohyavs. pirveli, ZaladobaTavisTavad borotebaa. sokrates, gandisa da kingis msgavsad isicugulebelyofs borotebis winaaRmdeg borotebis gamoyenebas da Tuajanyeba ganzraxuli araa, Zaladoba dauSvebelia. meore, winaaRmde-gobis moZraobaSi Zaladoba savaraudod konspiraciis nawils Sead-gens. da mesame, Zaladoba xalxs abnevs da aSinebs.

TeoriaSi kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu Zalis ra xarisxia dasaSvebisamoqalaqo daumorCileblobis dros. es kiTxva xSirad dadis Zala-dobis sazRvrebis sakiTxamde, kerZod: aris Tu ara daumorCileblo-bis dros miuRebeli Zaladoba mxolod piradi Zaldataneba, romelicfizikur daSavebas iwvevs, Tu is vrceldeba qonebazec da fsiqolo-giur zewolazec. braian smarTi Semdeg definicias gvTavazobs: `Za-ladoba aris Zalis didi odenobiT gamanadgurebeli gamoyeneba adami-anebis an maTi qonebis winaaRmdeg, Zalis iseTi gamoyeneba, romelicarRvevs maT uflebebs~. bedo Zaladobis cnebaSi moiazrebs fizikurkavSirs, kerZod `sabotaJs, mkvlelobas, quCaSi Cxubs, sakuTrebis gan-zrax dazianebas, sicocxlisTvis safrTxis Seqmnas da areulobis pro-vocirebas~. holmsi ufro Sors midis da aRniSnavs, rom ZaladobisCadena aris `upativcemulobis gamovlena raime Rirebulis, wmindasada Rirseulisadmi~.

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba SeiZleba arRvevdes sxvebis iseTuflebas, rogoricaa gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, Tumca am SemTxve-vaSi garkveuli wonasworobis dacvaa saWiro. pirvel rigSi, samoqa-laqo daumorCilebloba ar amarTlebs absoluturi uflebebis dar-Rvevas, romelic am uflebaTa arsidan gamomdinareobs. agreTve mi-uRebelia sityvis an aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, radgansamoqalaqo daumorCilebloba am uflebaTa gamoxatulebaa. faqtob-rivad samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos sagangeboviTarebad, romelic emsaxureba adamianis uflebebisa da fundamen-turi Rirebulebebis dacvas.

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ganzrax ar unda ayenebdes zianskerZo sakuTrebas. rac Seexeba saxelmwifo qonebas, SesaZloa, misi

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dazianeba zogjer sasurveli iyos, raTa xelisuflebas xeli SeeSalossamoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Zaladobriv CaxSobaSi (magaliTad,policiis manqanis saburavebis daSveba). unda aRiniSnos administra-ciul Senobebze warwerebis gakeTebis praqtika. am RonisZiebas aqti-urad mimarTavdnen serbeTsa da saqarTveloSi. amgvar damokidebu-lebas garkveuli moraluri gamarTlebac aqvs. saxelmwifo sakuTrebasazogadoebrivi qonebaa, romelic gadasaxadebis meSveobiT arsebobs.aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gonivruli Zaladobad Sefasdes sakuTariqonebis dazianeba.

dabolos, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba SeiZleba gamarTlebu-lad CaiTvalos, roca is safrTxes ar uqmnis adamianis sicocxles, ararRvevs sxva absolutur uflebebs, aRmsareblobis da sityvis Tavi-suflebas da ganzrax zians ar ayenebs kerZo sakuTrebas. is SesaZloaSeicavdes garkveul teqnikur problemebs da iwvevdes mentalurzewolas, magram es faqti ver akninebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobismniSvnelobasa da rols. SedarebisTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT mosa-marTle brandeisis sawinaaRmdego azri saqmeSi uitni kaliforniiswinaaRmdeg: `is faqti, rom warmoTqmulma sityvam SeiZleba gamoiwvi-os Zaladoba an qonebis ganadgureba, ar aris misi SezRudvis sakmarisigamarTleba. unda arsebobdes saxelmwifosTvis seriozuli zianis mi-yenebis albaToba~. saxelmwifo interesi aq gagebul unda iqnes, ro-gorc sazogadoebrivi interesi. ra Tqma unda, zogierT adamians Se-iZleba Seeqmnas garkveuli problemebi, magram rogorc 1960 -iani wle-bis kampaniis monawileebi amtkicebdnen, usamarTlo politikisa dakanonis gauqmeba zog SemTxvevaSi am problemebs gadaWris.

2.2.6. Ria gziT warmarTvamravali avtori amtkicebs, rom gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo da-

umorCilebloba Riad unda warimarTos da TvalsaCino unda iyos aramarto xelisuflebisTvis, aramed sazogadoebisTvisac. Tumca arse-bobs avtorTa nawili, romelic miiCnevs, rom aSkara samoqalaqo da-umorCileblobam SeiZleba kampaniis dagegmili miznebis ganxorci-eleba Seaferxos.

gregori vlastosis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, sokratem imitom Tqva ua-ri patimrobidan gaqcevaze, rom Tavi aarida sanqcias, romelic amgvarsaqciels mosyidvad afasebs. gandi da kingic moiTxoven Riad moqme-debas, radgan miaCniaT, rom es aris sazogadoebisTvis mimarTvissaSualeba da usamarTlobis axsna. kingi acxadebda, rom sazogadoeb-rivi TviTSegnebis amaRlebis erTaderTi gza Riad warmarTuli samo-qalaqo daumorCilebloba iyo. roulzi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom sa-moqalaqo daumorCilebloba Riad unda warmoebdes da sazogadoebas

39

afrTxilebdes, miuRebelia misi moqmedebebis konfidencialuroba.jozef razis azriT, liberalur saxlemwifoSi samoqalaqo daumor-Cilebloba dasaSvebia mxolod yvela sxva saSualebis warumateblobisSemTxvevaSi. hugo a. bedo samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas afasebs, ro-gorc Ria qmedebas. rogor SeZlebs samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba sa-ganmanaTleblo funqciis Sesrulebas, Tu is sajarod ar ganxorci-eldeba da sazogadoeba mas ver gaigebs? rogor iqneba is samoqalaqo,Tu zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens umravlesobaze, raTa kanoni an poli-tika Seicvalos? braian smarTi aRniSnavs Ria kampaniis SesaZleblo-bas, magram es ar miaCnia gamarTlebuli samoqalaqo daumorCileb-lobis mkacr kriteriumad. ra Tqma unda, sazogadoeba da saTanadoorganoebi daumorCileblobis saqmis kursSi unda iyvnen, magram aseveSesaZloa arsebobdes garkveul etapze misi gasaidumloebis aucileb-loba. amis naTeli magaliTia saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo daumorCileb-lobis dasawyisSi Senobebze gakeTebuli saprotesto warwerebi, rocaaravin icoda, Tu vin akeTebda am warwerebs. kent grinuolti eTanx-meba smarTs, rom usamarTlobis aRmofxvris misia zog SemTxvevaSikonfidencialurobas saWiroebs. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Se-erTebul StatebSi monebis gaqcevis xelSewyoba. Riad warmoeba araris aucilebeli da konfidencialurobis garkveuli done ar moax-dens uaryofiT gavlenas kampaniaze.

maikl rendli aRniSnavs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Riadwarmoeba sasargebloa sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad,magram absoluturi sajarooba SesaZloa sazianoc iyos kampaniisTvis.gasaidumloeba mniSvnelovani principia, roca daumorCileblobisqmedebebi xorcieldeba diqtatorul reJimSi, magaliTad nacisturgermaniaSi.

dResdReobiT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis sruli sajaroobismoTxovna ararelevanturia, radgan kampania miznad isaxavs politikisSecvlas da ara mxolod mowodebis gakeTebas realuri SedegebisgareSe. daumorCileblobis strategia SeiZleba Seicavdes farulmoqmedebebs. amgvarad, aragonivrulia samoqalaqo daumorCileblo-bis kampaniidan konfidencialuri moqmedebebis gamoricxva.

40

nawili IIaraZaladobrivi brZolis Teoria,

strategiuli araZaladobriobada kampaniebis warmoeba

Tavi 1politikuri Zalaufleba: formebi da safuZveli

`politikuri Zalaufleba saSualebebis,gavlenebis da zewolebis erTianobaswarmoadgens, romelic uflebamosilebas,jildoebs da sanqciebsac Seicavs. da yoveliveamas sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcielebladZalauflebis mflobelebi iyeneben, iqneba esmTavroba, saxelmwifo Tu opoziciaSi myofidajgufebebi~.

jin Sarpi,araZaladobrivi qmedebis politika

1.1. politikuri Zalauflebis Teoria

politikuri Zalauflebis raoba, misi formebi da funqcionirebis

gzebi ukve didi xania, politologebis, sociologebis, ekonomiste-

bis, konfliqtologebis, filosofosebis, fsiqologebis da bevri

sxva sferos mkvlevaris interesis sagans warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,

am sakiTxebis irgvliv uamravi Teoria Tu gansazRvreba arsebobs, da

albaT Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom politikuri Zalaufleba _ iseve,

rogorc Zalaufleba zogadad _ erT-erT yvelaze rTul da kompleq-

sur cnebas warmoadgens socialuri da politikuri mecnierebisTvis.

yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT, politikuri Zalaufleba iseTi Zala-

uflebaa, romelsac konkretuli individi Tu socialuri jgufi

flobs. oficialurad politikuri Zalaufleba politikuri lideris

xelSia koncentrirebuli, prezidenti iqneba es, premier-ministri Tu

monarqi. magram saxelmwifos meTauris mier politikuri Zalaufle-

bis flobas sxva bevri pirobac unda uwyobdes xels, maT Soris sazo-

gadoebaze gavlenis moxdenis da misi kontrolirebis xarisxi, rome-

41

lic mmarTvels marTvis ganxorcielebisTvis esaWiroeba. politikuri

mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi politikur Zalauflebas xSirad `sxve-

bis qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobad~ saxaven. tradiciulad

politikuri Zalaufleba samxedro Zalis, finansebisa da codnis

kombinacias eyrdnoba.

istorias araerTi SemTxveva axsovs, rodesac politikuri Zalauf-

leba destruqciuli da represiuli meqanizmi gamxdara. es yvelaze

xSirad maSin xdeboda, rodesac uzarmazari Zalaufleba mxolod ram-

denime individis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili da politikuri debatebis,

mTavrobis kontrolisa da misi kritikisTvis sivrce aRar rCeboda.

aseT reJimebs despoturs, tiranuls, totalitaruls da/an diqta-

toruls uwodeben xolme. amgvari marTvis sapirispiro modeli Zala-

uflebis danawileba (mag., demokratiis dros), individis an jgufis

xelSi Tavmoyrili Zalauflebis kontroli da individebis damcveli

platformis (mag., adamianis uflebebis) Seqmna da gamyarebaa.

winamdebare wignSi Zalauflebisa, da misi formebis Sesaxeb arse-

buli uamravi da mravalferovani Teoriidan Cven ZiriTadad soci-

aluri moZraobebis sakiTxs ganvixilavT _ anu farTo politikur ga-

erTianebebs, romlebic konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv arian mobi-

lizebuli da specifikuri miznebis miRwevas cdiloben. Tumca sakuT-

riv socialuri moZraobebis sakiTxic Zalian farToa da uamravi Te-

oriisgan Sedgeba, am wignSi ki Cven konkretulad socialuri moZra-

obebis araZaladobriobis principebTan mimarTeba gvainteresebs. ki-

dev ufro zustad rom ganvsazRvroT, es wigni araZaladobrivi brZo-

lis formebs, strategiebsa da Sinaarss ganixilavs, rac, Tavis mxriv,

araZaladobriobis filosofiis mxolod erTi formaa.

araZaladobrioba, rogorc filosofia, Zaladobrivi qmedebebis

uaryofas emyareba. religiaze, eTikaze Tu principebze damyarebuli

araZaladobrioba SesaZlebelia rwmenas, sulierebis sakiTxs an mora-

lur sistemas warmoadgendes, da misi filosofia garemos, sxva adami-

anebis an sakuTari Tavis mimarT fsiqologiuri an fizikuri zianis

miyenebas _ iseve rogorc xSirad `mtris~ cnebas _ uaryofs. filoso-

fiisgan gansxvavebiT, araZaladobrivi brZola politikuri miznebis

misaRwevad imarTeba da fizikuri, Zaladobrivi qmedebebis gamokle-

biT mraval sxva meTods iyenebs _ iqneba es politikuri, ekonomiku-

ri, sazogadoebrivi Tu fsiqologiuri meTodi. es meTodebi (Tu iara-

Rebi) sam ZiriTad formad SeiZleba daiyos: protesti da darwmuneba,

araTanamSromloba da Careva.

42

araZaladobrivi brZola politikur Zalauflebas pluralistur

struqturad moiazrebs, romelic sayrden burjebzea damyarebuli

(ix. qvemoT). araZaladobrivi brZolis strategiebs sjeraT, rom Tu

am struqturebs kargad gaiazreben da maTze gavlenis moxdenas SeZ-

leben, Zalauflebis gadanawileba, SesaZlebelia, maT sasikeTod Se-

icvalos.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirvel rigSi Cven swored im mo-

delebs gavecnobiT, romliTac araZaladobrivi brZolis analitiko-

sebi _ kerZod ki 1973 wels gamocemuli da dRes ukve qrestomaTiad

qceuli wignis, `araZaladobrivi qmedebis politikis~ avtori, jin

Sarpi _ politikur Zalauflebas gansazRvraven. esenia monoliTuri

da pluralisturi modelebi.

monoliTuri Zalauflebis Teoria

doqtor jin Sarpis mier warmodgenili monoliTuri modeli Za-

lauflebas myari da ucvleli struqturis mwvervalze koncentri-

rebulad aRwers. am modelis mixedviT, is pirebi, vinc Zalauflebas

uSualod flobs, SeiZleba Seicvalon; magram sakuTriv Zalauflebis

struqtura, piramiduli formis warmonaqmni, myari da ucvlelia, ro-

gorc cementisgan gakeTebuli. is ucvleli rCeba imis miuxedavad,

Tu ra SefardebiT aris warmodgenili Zalaufleba piramidis SigniT,

an ramdenad surT misi Secvla piramidis garedan. am Teoriis mixed-

viT, adamianebi damokidebuli arian Zalauflebis mflobelis keTil-

ganwyobaze, mxardaWerasa da gadawyvetilebebze, da mmarTveli Tavad

gansazRvravs, rogor unda iyos Zalaufleba gamoyenebuli.

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Zalauflebis monoliTuri modeli im

klasikur gansazRvrebas mogvagonebs, romliTac totalitaruli sa-

zogadoebebis aRwera xdeba. rogorc wesi, am gansazRvrebebSi eqvsi

maxasiaTebeli gamoiyofa xolme: ideologia, erTi partia, romelsac

erTi lideri hyavs, Zlieri policia, komunikaciebis da iaraRis mono-

polia da centralizebuli ekonomika. aseTi reJimebis samarTliani

da Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT Secvla, rogorc wesi, TiTqmis SeuZ-

lebelia _ arCevnebis Sedegi yvelaze xSirad winaswar aris xolme gan-

sazRvruli.

aseTi reJimebi Tavs komfortulad maSin grZnoben, rodesac mosax-

leoba Zalauflebis monoliTur formas Tanxmobas ucxadebs an zewo-

las emorCileba. am Tanxmobis SenarCuneba xSirad represiuli da ti-

ranuli gzebiT xdeba. magaliTad, 1930-ian da 1940-ian wlebSi sabWoTa

43

kavSirSi stalinma TiTqmis oci milioni adamiani mxolod imis gamo

moakvlevina, rom maT sakuTari reJimisTvis realur an potenciur

safrTxed aRiqvamda. es ricxvi daaxloebiT imdenivea, ramdenic meore

msoflio omSi daRupulma sabWoTa moqalaqem Seadgina.

imisaTvis, rom tirania araZaladobrivi konfliqtis meSveobiT da-

sustdes an daemxos, aucilebelia am monoliTuri Zalauflebis

struqturebis miRma gavideT da Zalauflebis ganawilebis yvela ar-

sebuli forma SevafasoT. monoliTuri modeli efeqtiani analiti-

kuri saSualebaa, raTa gaviazroT, Tu rogor moipoveben, inarCuneben

da gadascemen despoturi mmarTvelebi Zalauflebas. magram poli-

tikur cvlilebaze fiqris dros am modelis gamoyeneba erTmniSvne-

lovnad zRudavs cvlilebis miRwevis potenciuri gzebis gaazrebas.

cxadia, `cvlilebebze meocnebeTaTvis~ mniSvnelovania Zalauflebis

monoliTur modelze warmodgenis qona, magram imisaTvis, rom maTi

ocneba qmedebad iqces, maT sxva modelis gamoyeneba gamoadgebaT, mo-

delis, romelic Zalauflebas, mis miRwevasa da dakargvas sruliad

sxvagvarad warmoaCens, da romlis mTavari maxasiaTebelic `plura-

lizmia~.

Zalauflebis pluralisturi modeli

Zalauflebis bunebis gagebisTvis doqtori jin Sarpi kidev erT

efeqtian models gvTavazobs, romelsac `pluralistur models~

uwodebs. monoliTuri modelisgan gansxvavebiT _ romelic ucvlel,

myar struqturas warmoadgens, sadac Zalaufleba mwvervalSia kon-

centrirebuli _ es Teoria Zalauflebas pluralisturad da myifed

warmoaCens. Zalauflebis wyaroebad aq sazogadoebaSi arsebuli daj-

gufebebi moiazreba, xolo mmarTveli mxolod imden Zalauflebas ga-

nagebs, ramdenis uflebasac xalxi aZlevs. sxva sityvebiT, mmarTvels

mxolod xalxis mxridan Tanxmobisa da TanamSromlobis pirobebSi

SeuZlia ganagos. es Tanxmoba da TanamSromloba ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZ-

leba rogorc nebayoflobiTi, ise iZulebiTi iyos. Tanxmoba SesaZloa

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis mxridan gulgrili damokidebule-

bis an im kulturuli gavlenebis Sedegi iyos, romlebic morCilebas

qadageben. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Zalauflebis pluralisturi mode-

lis mniSvnelovani elementi is aris, rom Tu mmarTvels xalxi aZlevs

Zalauflebas, maSin amave xalxs SeuZlia uari ganacxados imaze, rom

iyos marTuli _ da amiT reJims Zalauflebis is sayrdeni wyaro waar-

Tvas, romelsac TviTonve, koleqtiurad aZlevs.

44

jin Sarpis mixedviT, arsebobs Zalauflebis eqvsi wyaro, romelTa

gaazrebac Zalauflebis pluralisturi bunebis gagebis winapirobas

warmoadgens. axla Cven eqvsive maTgans ganvixilavT _ da gaxsovdeT,

rom swored es danomrili punqtebia Zalauflebis is wyaroebi, sadac

adamianebi kontrolirebas, gavlenis moxdenas an neitralizacias esw-

rafvian. Zalauflebis es wyaroebi, Tavis mxriv, vlindeba organiza-

ciebisa da institutebis saxiT, romlebsac `sayrdeni burjebi~ ewo-

deba da romlebsac momdevno, meore TavSi ganvixilavT.

1. uflebamosileba

uflebamosileba is sayrdenia, romlis meSveobiTac marTvis uf-

lebaze pretenzia cxaddeba da mosaxleobisgan morCilebis moTxovna

xdeba. marTvis uflebamosileba xSirad arCevnebis SedegebiT mtkic-

deba xolme. swored amitom aris, rom Zalian bevri avtoritaruli

reJimi arCevnebis gamarTvas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, Semdeg ki sa-

arCevno yuTebSi yalb biuletenebs yris, amomrCevlebis daSinebas

cdilobs, oponentebis kampanias zRudavs da arCevnebis arasasurveli

Sedegebis aRiarebaze uars acxadebs. nebismieri mTavrobisTvis Zali-

an mniSvnelovania, iyos legitimuri; xolo Tu mas konstituciis far-

glebs gareT moqmedad aRiqvamen an arakanonierad miiCneven, es SesaZ-

loa seriozuli Sedegebis momtan faqtorad gadaiqces rogorc qvey-

nis SigniT, ise saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis farglebSi.

qveynis SigniT aSkara legitimurobis dakargvam SesaZloa mniSv-

nelovnad Seuwyos xeli politikuri opoziciis legitimurad qcevas.

politikurma opoziciam SeiZleba `sazogadoebrivi kontraqtis~ cne-

ba gamoiyenos da ganacxados, rom Tuki mTavrobam konstitucia re-

alurad daarRvia, maSin xalxsa da mTavrobas Soris arsebuli kont-

raqti darRveulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, reJimis morCilebaze, mis mxar-

daWerasa da masTan TanamSromlobaze uaris TqmisTvis qmnis safuZ-

vels.

qveynis gareT reJimis mier legitimurobis dakargvam SeiZleba sa-

erTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mis winaaRmdeg ekonomikuri da politi-

kuri sanqciebis dawesebisTvis ganawyos. politikur da ekonomikur

boikots ki msgavsi reJimebis dasusteba SeuZlia, rogorc es samxreT

afrikis aparTeidul reJims da birmis diqtaturas daemarTa. 2002

wels zimbabves gaZevebam britaneTis Tanamegobrobidan naTeli gaxa-

da, rom mugabes reJims ar SeeZlo im demokratiuli mTavrobebis gver-

diT yofna, romlebic kolonializmis epoqidan damoukidebel demok-

45

ratiuli sazogadoebebis gaerTianebad iqca. amasTan, rodesac avto-

ritaruli reJimis uflebamosileba, marTos qveyana, seriozuli kiT-

xvis niSnis qveS dgeba, demokratiul opoziciur dajgufebebs qveynis

gareT bevrad meti finansuri da moraluri mxardaWeris mopoveba

SeuZliaT. Tumca es saerTaSoriso Jestebi, rogorc aseTi, ar aris

xolme sakmarisi mmarTvelis damxobisTvis. amave dros, msgavsma

sanqciebma SeiZleba sapirispiro Sedegebi moitanos, Tuki isini xalxs

ufro met zians miayenebs, vidre sakuTriv reJims.

2. adamianuri resursi

reJimis Zalauflebas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im adamianebis

raodenoba, romlebic mmarTvelTan TanamSromloben, mas mxars uWeren

da emorCilebian. es ar niSnavs, rom Tuki xalxis umravlesobas lide-

rebi ar moswons, maSin reJimis Secvla gardauvalia. es mxolod cvli-

lebis moxdenis potenciur SesaZleblobas aCvenebs. istorias mravali

SemTxveva axsovs, rodesac umravlesoba umciresobis mxridan ganic-

dida Cagvras. meore mxriv ki strategiuli araZaladobrivi qmedeba

ver miaRwevs warmatebebs, Tuki umravlesobis mxridan aqtiuri mxar-

daWera da TanamSromloba ar iarsebebs. demokratiisTvis brZolaSi

ricxvebi mniSvnelovania!

3. unarebi da codna

dRes marTva bevrad ufro garTulebulia, vidre warsulSi.

ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi gavrcelebuli azri amerikis Seer-

Tebuli Statebis prezidents msoflioSi yvelaze Zlier pirad saxavs.

Tumca am yvelaze Zlierma mmarTvelma Zalian cota ram an saerTod

araferi icis TviTmfrinavebis muSaobis Tu frenis ganrigebis war-

moebis rTul amocanebze, sazRvaosno kanonmdeblobis administri-

rebaze, kriminalis gamoZiebaze, gadasaxadebis akrefaze, saomari geg-

mebis Sedgenaze, sakvebis ganawilebaze, sakomunikacio qselebis Seq-

mnasa da ganviTarebaze, da kidev uamrav sxva dargze. amiT imis Tqma

gvsurs, rom mosaxleobaSi arsebuli unarebi da codna mTavrobebs

yvela doneze funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs. amgvari daxmare-

bis gareSe darCenili mTavroba veRar arsebobs.

4. bundovani (fsiqologiuri da ideologiuri) faqtorebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mniSvnelobis gazomva sakmaod rTulia,

iseT bundovan faqtorebs, rogoricaa religia, morCilebis mimarT

46

damokidebuleba, garkveuli misiis qonis SegrZneba da kulturuli

normebi, SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon mmarTvelisa da sazogadoebis

urTierTobaze. magaliTad, arsebobda epoqa, rodesac zogierT sazo-

gadoebaSi bevrs `mefeebis RvTaebrivi uflebis~ sjeroda _ maTTvis

mefeebi dedamiwaze RmerTis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. Sesabamisad,

mmarTvelis daumorCilebloba RmerTis daumorCileblobis tolfasi

iyo. sxva sazogadoebebSi, magaliTad iaponiaSi, imperatori `RmerTad

da mefed~ iyo moazrebuli. amgvar pirobebSi, cxadia, demokratia war-

moudgeneli iqneboda. ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi iyo SemTxve-

vebi, rodesac zogierT mTavrobaSi islamis da tradiciuli politi-

kuri Zalauflebis Serwymis mcdeloba ganxorcielda. marTalia, sav-

sebiT sworia is, rom `keisars keisrisa unda mivceT~, magram pirvel

rigSi is unda ganvsazRvroT, konkretulad ra ekuTvnis mas. demok-

ratia xom imis rwmenas emyareba, rom nebismieri Zalaufleba, romelic

mmarTvels gaaCnia, mas xalxisgan `nasesxebi~ aqvs.

5. materialuri resursi

`vinc fuls ixdis, musikasac is ukveTavs~ _ es gamoTqma zustad

esadageba politikas. ekonomikis, sakuTrebis, bunebrivi resursebis,

komunikaciebisa da transportis kontroli sazogadoebaze Zalauf-

lebis flobis SezRudvaSi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia. magaliTad, ro-

desac saxelmwifo fermebis mTel miwebs flobs, is efeqtianad gana-

gebs yvela fermeris ojaxis cxovrebas. amis msgavsad, iq, sadac cen-

zura mZlavria, mTavroba akontrolebs da gavlenas axdens Jurna-

listikis sferos nebismier aspeqtSi CarTuli adamianebis cxovreba-

ze. qveynebi, sadac navTobis industria saxelmwifo mflobelobaSia,

naklebad arian damokidebuli mosaxleobaze da maTgan amoRebul

sagadasaxado Semosavlebze. es ki, Tavis mxriv, mTavrobaSi Zalauf-

lebis centralizebas iwvevs.

6. sanqciebi

mTavrobis kanonebis, misi wesebisa da regulaciebis morCilebisa

da mxardaWeris iZulebis SesaZlebloba sazogadoebis mxridan gamov-

lenili mxardaWeris, TanamSromlobisa da Tanxmobis xarisxiT izRu-

deba. sanqciebi gamoiyeneba rogorc miuRebeli qmedebebis dasjis,

ise maTi Tavidan acilebis mizniT. imisaTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, ar

aris aucilebeli, sanqciebi mkacr da ukidures xasiaTs atarebdes,

magaliTad, sikvdilis dasjas an cixeSi Casmas utoldebodes. morCi-

47

lebis misaRwevad iseTi sanqciebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba, rogoricaa

samuSaos micemaze uaris Tqma an samsaxuridan daTxovna, sapensio

SeRavaTebis dakargva, ganaTlebis miRebis an dawinaurebis SezRudva,

gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobis SezRudva (pasportis gamoyofaze ua-

ris Tqma), sakuTrebis warTmeva Tu wyliT uzrunvelyofis SezRudva.

zogierTi avtoritaruli reJimis pirobebSi media TviTcenzuras

mimarTavs, vinaidan mTavrobas SeuZlia gamomcemlobebi da axali am-

bebis organizaciebi sagazeTo qaRaldis ganawilebis an radio da sa-

televizio licenziebis kontrolis gziT daxuros. msgavsi sanqciebi

sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba.sanqciebi nebismieri mTavrobis iaraRs warmoadgens. yvelaze xSi-

rad isini antisazogadoebrivi qmedebis aRmofxvris mizniT wesdebaxolme. sxva SemTxvevebSi, politikuri miznebidan gamomdinare, sanq-ciebs mosaxleobis daSinebisa da dasjis gamo iyenebdnen. magaliTad,nacisturi germania koleqtiuri dasjis meTods im iatakqveSa qmede-bebis aRmosafxvrelad iyenebda, romlebic germanuli armiis mxridanokupacias uwevda winaaRmdegobas. mimdinare saukunis dasawyisSi is-raelis mTavroba koleqtiuri dasjis meTods teroristuli aqtebisTavidan acilebis gzad saxavda da amarTlebda. individebis mier Ca-denili qmedebis gamo mTeli jgufis dasja SesaZloa adamianis Ziri-Tadi uflebebis darRvevis tolfasi iyos; amave dros, am meTodisprevenciuli Zalac kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. sinamdvileSi, koleqti-uri dasjis meTodebma da mkvlelobebma, SesaZloa, sasurvelis sapi-rispiro Sedegebi moitanos. koleqtiurma dasjam SeiZleba araTu po-tenciuri Zaladobis aqtebi ver SeaCeros, aramed, piriqiT, SurisZi-ebis survili aRZras.

araZaladobrivi moZraobis sawyis stadiaze mniSvnelovania ro-gorc Zalauflebis struqturebis gaazreba, ise politikuri oponen-tebis tipis gansazRvra. daimaxsovreT: mCagvrel da usamarTlo reJi-mebs erTmaneTisgan sami ZiriTadi aspeqti ganasxvavebs:

1. rogor movidnen xelisuflebaSi?a. mmarTveli odesRac samarTlianad iyo arCeuli.b. mmarTvels misi posti `memkvidreobiT gadaeca~.g. reJimi revoluciiT movida.d. reJimi samxedro gadatrialebiT movida.

2. rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba?a. erTpirovnulad, diqtatoris mier, romlisac xalxs eSinia.

48

b. avtoritaruli partiuli aparatis mier.

g. partiuli umravlesobis mier, umciresobis uflebebis

daTrgunvis xarjze.

d. sxva qveynis samxedro okupantis an koloniuri mmarTvelis mier.

3. ras efuZneba kontrolirebis meqanizmebi?

a. absolutur terors.

b. samxedro da policiur represiebs.

g. devnas da akrZalvebs.

d. iZulebiT instituciur mxardaWeras da samoqalaqo

morCilebas.

Sejameba

pirvel TavSi Zalauflebis ori modeli ganvixileT. monoliTuri

modeli Zalauflebas ucvlel da mdgrad struqturad aRwers, sadac

xalxi mmarTvelzea damokidebuli. pluralisturi modeli ki Zala-

uflebas sxvagvarad xedavs _ aq, piriqiT, mmarTveli gvevlineba xalx-

ze damokidebulad. Zalauflebis pluralisturi modeli aSkarad

gvaCvenebs, rom xalxs imaze bevrad meti Zala da potenciali aqvs,

vidre SeiZleba erTi SexedviT gvegonos. am TavSi agreTve gavaanali-

zeT Zalauflebis is wyaroebi, romlebic mTavrobas xalxisgan eZle-

va. da Tuki mmarTvels es wyaroebi gamoecleba, igi marTvas veRar

SeZlebs.

araZaladobrivi brZolis mawarmoebeli moZraobebi swored Zala-

uflebis pluralisturi modelis gaazrebas eyrdnobian. Zalauf-

lebis bunebis Seswavlis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi misi funqcionirebis

gzebis gaanalizeba dgeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, rogorc mTavrobis Sig-

niT, ise mis gareT arsebul organizaciebs da institutebs ukavSir-

deba. organizaciebs, romlebsac Zalauflebis struqturebi efuZ-

neba, `sayrden burjebs~ vuwodebT. aucilebelia gaxsovdeT: rodesac

mniSvnelovani sayrdeni burjebi sustdeba, Zalaufleba kraxs ganic-

dis, daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc saZirkvlis Seryevis SemTxvevaSi Se-

noba waiqceoda.

1.2. sayrdeni burjebi

gaxsovdeT: TviTon mmarTvelebs ar SeuZliaT gadasaxadebis amo-

Reba, kanonebis da regulaciebis amoqmedeba, transportis reguli-

reba, fulis dabeWdva, gzebis SekeTeba, maRaziebis produqtebiT mo-

49

marageba, policiis da jaris gawvrTna. am yvelafers mmarTvelisTvis

xalxi akeTebs sxvadasxva institutebis Tu organizaciebis meSveobiT.

da Tu xalxi amis gakeTebas Sewyvets, mmarTveli marTvas veRar SeZ-

lebs!

rodesac konkretuli reJimis oponentebi nebismier araZaladob-

riv strategiaze iwyeben fiqrs, sayrdeni burjebis amocnoba da gaana-

lizeba Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba. sanam reJimis mTavari burjebi

ar dasustdeba, ar neitralizdeba an ar ganadgurdeba, politikuri

reformis an reJimis Secvlis ganxorcielebas Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs.

amdenad, avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg araZaladobrivi brZolis

warmoebisas ZiriTad institutebsa da organizaciebs didi yuradReba

unda mieqces.

policia

policia mTavrobisTvis umniSvnelovanes sayrden burjs warmo-

adgens. policia jarTan erTad wesrigs da kanonierebas amyarebs,

mTavrobas da xalxs icavs, da sistemis stabilurobas emsaxureba. lo-

zungi „davicvaT da vemsaxuroT~ im imijs gamoxatavs, romliTac po-

liciis ganyofilebebi mTel msoflioSi cdiloben sazogadoebis wi-

naSe sakuTari saxis warmoCenas. Tumca is, visac isini icaven da emsa-

xurebian, yovelTvis sazogadoeba ar aris. amis nacvlad mTavrobis

es yvelaze xiluli da yvelganmyofi „saxe~ zogjer korumpirebuli

da represiuli reJimis dacvas irCevs xolme.

saRi azria is, rom sadac korufcia sistemur xasiaTs atarebs, re-

Jimis Secvlis gareSe reforma rTulia da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli. de-

mokratiul sazogadoebebSic ki, Tuki policiis struqturebSi ko-

rufcia damkvidrdeba, reforma mxolod im pirebis SecvliT SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes, vis winaSec angariSvaldebulia policia. Tu adgi-

lobriv policias adgilobrivad arCeuli oficialuri pirebi ganage-

ben, amis dadebiTi mxare is aris, rom sazogadoebam icis, uSualod

vin agebs pasuxs policielebis qmedebebze. rodesac policia erov-

nul da centralizebul struqturas warmoadgens, maSin adgilobriv

doneze policielebis qcevaze gavlenis moxdena bevrad ufro rTu-

lia.

imisaTvis, rom policielebis Sexedulebebisa da qmedebebis Sec-

vla daiwyon, sulac ar aris saWiro, moqalaqeebi reJimis Secvlas da-

elodon. rodesac saubari policiazea, ramdenime faqtori unda ga-

viTvaliswinoT. pirvel rigSi, pilicielebi, rogorc wesi, im adami-

50

anebs Soris cxovroben, visac emsaxurebian. maSasadame, maT ojaxebs,

naTesavebs, nacnobebs da megobrebs sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis

sxvadasxva formebi akavSirebT (mag., skolebis, biznesis, religiuri

organizaciebisa Tu sazogadoebrivi jgufebis meSveobiT). aqedan ga-

momdinare, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mTavroba sakuTar mowinaaRmde-

geebs kriminalebad, jaSuSebad an teroristebad racxs, policias sxva

gzebiTac SeuZlia mTavrobis propagandis Sefaseba. doqtorma jin

Sarpma norvegiaSi awarmoa kvleva, romelic meore msoflio omis

dros germanelebis mimarT norvegielebis winaaRmdegobas exeboda.

igi siamovnebiT ixsenebs imis magaliTebs, Tu rogor „erTgulad~ as-

rulebda adgilobrivi policia germanelTa brZanebebs. erTxel, maga-

liTad, policia im piris ojaxs daukavSirda, visi dapatimrebac igeg-

meboda, da sTxova, eWvmitanilisTvis misi dagegmili dapatimrebis

Sesaxeb ecnobebinaT. policiam ojaxs agreTve zustad uTxra is dRe,

saaTi da wuTi, rodesac moqalaqis saxlSi policia unda misuliyo.

meore gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria is, rom policia, romelic

diqtatoruli reJimis brZanebebs asrulebs, ar unda Seiracxos xal-

xis mtrad. isini ubralod im sistemis msaxurebi arian, romelmac ime-

debi ar gaamarTla. swored sistema unda Seicvalos da ara is aTaso-

biT wesieri da Rirseuli adamiani, visi gamocdileba da unaric auci-

lebelia demokratiuli sazogadoebis dasacavad. ra Tqma unda, arse-

boben calkeuli individebi, romlebic mkvlelobis, wamebis an mara-

diorobis gamo unda daisajon, magram koncentracia am pirebze unda

moxdes da ara yvela im adamianze, vinc policiaSi msaxurobs.

jari

Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas av-

toritaruli reJimebi bolo da mniSvnelovan svlad miiCneven. adgi-

lobriv mosaxleobasTan erTad mcxovrebi da momuSave policiele-

bisgan gansxvavebiT, samxedro danayofebi xSirad gancalkevebulebi

arian moqalaqeebisgan: sakuTari sacxovrebeli sivrce, maRaziebi,

saavadmyofoebi da skolebi aqvT. sazogadoebisgan aseTi gancalke-

veba, Tavis mxriv, samxedro da samoqalaqo ojaxebs Soris adamianuri

urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas aferxebs. rodesac Ria politikuri

konfliqtebis dros mTavroba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis gadawyve-

tilebas iRebs, samxedro danayofebi naklebad cdiloben Zaladobis

regulirebas an mis SezRudvas. birmaSi amboxebis dros, 1988 wels _

da erTi wlis Semdeg CineTSi _ mTavrobebma samxedro danayofebi gag-

51

zavnes konfliqtis arealSi. am situaciebSi mTavrobam jariskacebi

bevrad ufro sandod miiCnia, vidre adgilobrivi policia da milicia

_ da Sesabamisad, brZanebebis ukeTes Semsruleblad. zogierT qveya-

naSi, Tu masobrivi demonstraciebis gamarTvaa mosalodneli, are-

ulobasTan sabrZolvelad specialurad gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli

danayofebi iqmneba.opozicionerebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisTvis jarSi arsebuli mza-

obis dasusteba imaze bevrad ufro adre unda daiwyos, vidre mTav-roba maT moixmobs. nebismieri aseTi gegmis amosavali wertili undaiyos jariskacebis darwmuneba, rom maT da maTi ojaxebis sicocxlesaraferi emuqreba, da rom profesional jariskacebs demokratiis pi-robebSi daculi momavali eqnebaT.

brZanebebze samxedro danayofebis reagirebis xasiaTze gavlenasjaris mmarTvelebis Sexedulebebi, faseulobebi da profesionalizmiaxdens. rogorc wesi, oficrebi sakuTar Tavs patriotebad, erTgule-bad da konservatorebad aRiqvamen. maTi „profesionalizmi~ zogjerimas iwvevs, rom isini brmad uWeren mxars politikur mmarTvelebs.amboben, rom germaniis armiis Semadgenloba ar eTanxmeboda adolfhitleris politikur miznebs, magram fiureris nebis gasatarebladmainc qmnida samxedro gegmebs. es imis gamo xdeboda, rom hitleri,rogorc germaniis raixstagis udidesi partiis lideri da konsti-tuciis mixedviT kanclerad daniSnuli, legitimur mmarTvelad mo-iazreboda.

moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg jaris destruqciuli Zalis gamoyenebisSezRudvaSi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria samxedro kulturasTan demok-ratiuli faseulobebis Serwyma. kidev erTi faqtoria samxedro pire-bis mxridan imis aRqma, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobisas maT mniSv-nelovani roli eqnebaT. am orive faqtoris Tu ideis gavrcelebisformebs xangrZlivi da frTxili gaazreba sWirdeba. erT-erTi mniS-vnelovani mizezi, Tu ratom mohyva serbeTis araZaladobrivi moZra-obis mier parlamentis aRebas ase mcirericxovani msxverpli (erTiadamiani gulis SeteviT daiRupa, meore _ avtoavariaSi), iyo jarisgadawyvetileba, ar Careuliyo „politikur~ sakiTxSi. eWvgareSea, amgadawyvetilebaze gavlena im faqtmac moaxdina, rom demokratiulimoZraoba aSkarad igebda, jaris warmomadgenlebis interess ki post-miloSeviCis epoqaSi poziciebis mopoveba warmoadgenda.

samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebisamoqalaqo mosamsaxureebs xSirad akritikeben, dascinian da ar

afaseben. zogjer am samTavrobo biurokratebs WianWvelebis kolo-

52

niad warmoaCenen xolme _ rogorc aTasobiT usaxelo, usaxur da uW-kuo muSas, romlebic TavianT patara davalebebs asruleben da pataraderefnebSi moZraoben. miuxedavad amisa, politikur liderebs _rogorc WianWvelebis koloniaze damokidebul „dedofals~ _ arse-boba ar ZaluZT damjeri da profesionali samoqalaqo mosamsaxu-reebisa da maTi, erTi SexedviT, usaxuri Sromis gareSe. es is adami-anebi arian, romlebic brZanebebs qmedebebad aqceven: isini gamoscemenregulaciebs, afaseben da krefen gadasaxadebs, amzadeben biujetebs,amuSaveben skolebs, SeaqvT informacia aTasobiT cxrilSi, akeTebenSenaZenebs mTavrobisTvis, akontroleben sahaero da sazRvao sivr-ces, akompleqteben saelCoebs, amuSaveben komunikaciebis sitemebs _asruleben yvela im samuSaos, romelic reJims funqcionirebis saSu-alebas aZlevs. maT gareSe arc erT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia muSaoba.

im opoziciur dajgufebebs, romlebic reJimis Sesacvlelad stra-

tegiul araZaladobriv konfliqts mimarTaven, mTavrobaSi momuSave

adamianebis mxardaWeris mopovebis mniSvneloba kargad unda esmodeT.

magram isic unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom es adamianebi uSualod arian

damokidebuli mTavrobaze _ da Sesabamisad, bevri maTgani ver SeZlebs

mTavrobasTan pirdapir dapirispirebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi manam, sa-

nam naTeli gaxdeba, rom maTi mmarTvelis sayrdeni burjebi sakmari-

sadaa dasustebuli. magram, amis miuxedavad, mTavrobis mier daqirave-

buli adamianebis mxridan opoziciuri moZraobisTvis mxardaWeris

gamocxadeba _ Tundac Sefaruli, arapirdapiri formiT _ moZraobas

miznis miRwevaSi SeiZleba warmoudgeneli intensivobiT daexmaros.

media

demokratiuli cvlilebisTvis mebrZol moZraobas warmatebis mi-

saRwevad esaWiroeba saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac sakuTar gzavni-

lebs samizne auditorias miawvdens. es kargad ician avtoritarulma

reJimebma da amitomac cdiloben aseTi SesaZleblobebis SezRudvas,

rac, Tavis mxriv, internetuli omis centrebisa da drakonuli kano-

nebis Seqmnas iwvevs, riTac personaluri kompiuterebisa Tu faqsebis

mflobeloba izRudeba. birmaSi, magaliTad, „aralicenzirebuli~

teqnikis mflobelebs didi xniT emuqrebodaT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.

zogjer satelituri telefonebis floba izRudeba, da xandaxan mTav-

robebi opoziciuri jgufebis satelevizio da radiogadacemebis dax-

Sobas da informaciis gavrcelebis xelis SeSlas cdiloben.

presis da masobrivi komunikaciis sxva adgilobrivi saSualebebis

kontroli advili misaRwevia represiuli mTavrobebisTvis. zog Sem-

53

TxvevaSi efeqtiani aRmoCnda specialuri komisiebis daarseba,

romlebic yvela wigns, gazeTs Tu Jurnals gamocemamde da gavrce-

lebamde ganixilavdnen. rodesac aseTi ganxilva ar xdeba, arsebobs

TviTcenzuris mZlavri survili, sanam gamocemis xarjebi mTlianad

ar aris amoRebuli. gazeTebs, sxva saxis publikaciebs, satelevizio

da radiosadgurebs SeiZleba licenzia CamoarTvan, teqnikis konfis-

kacia moaxdinon da mflobelebi an redaqtorebi fizikurad daaSinon.

msgavsi faqtorebis gadalaxvis gavrcelebuli saSualeba sazRvar-

gareTidan warmoebuli mediis produqciaa, iqneba es birmis radiosad-

guri, romelic norvegiidan axorcielebs mauwyeblobas, Tu kalifor-

niaSi arsebuli iranuli televizia, romelic Teiranis auditorias

opoziciis liderebTan interviuebs sTavazobs. qveynis sazRvrebs ga-

reT gaCenili masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebis kidev erTi magali-

Tia serbeTsa prodemokratiuli moZraoba. 2000 wlis arCevnebamde

ramdenime dRiT adre qveyanaSi sazRvargareTidan samoc tonaze meti

bukleti iqna Setanili da darigebuli.

biznesis wreebi

biznesis wreebi yvelaze metad centralizebuli, socialisturi

da avtoritaruli reJimebis ekonomikaSic ki mniSvnelovan rols Ta-

maSoben. isini mosaxleobas im saqonels Tu momsaxurebas sTavazoben,

romlebsac mTavroba ar aZlevs. samomxmareblo saqonlis naklebo-

biT gamowveuli, sazogadoebis politikuri ukmayofilebis Tavidan

asacileblad xSirad mTavrobebi irib Tanxmobasac acxadeben arale-

galuri, Savi bazris arsebobaze.

Tumca biznesis wreebTan muSaobas _ gansakuTrebiT, Tu es ucxo-

uri da transnacionaluri biznesia _ Tavisi naklic aqvs. arsebobs

mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso firmebs saqmis daWera avtoritarul

reJimebTan ufro aZlevT xels, vidre Ria da demokratiul mTavro-

bebTan. rodesac mmarTveli konkretuli SeTanxmebis dadebiT mxa-

reebs gaiazrebs da mas dasTanxmdeba, amis Semdeg SedarebiT naklebi

sakiTxi rCeba gasarkvevi. xSirad mmarTveli Cumad da swrafad agva-

rebs iseT potenciur problemebs, rogoricaa samuSao pirobebis, ja-

magirebis da profesiuli kavSirebis sakiTxebi. amiT imis Tqma gvsurs,

rom SesaZloa saerTaSoriso firmas saerTod ar ainteresebdes, kon-

kretuli mTavroba demokratiulia Tu tiranias warmoadgens. maT

mxolod mogeba ainteresebT. demokratiuli moZraobis amocanas am

kompaniebis imaSi darwmuneba warmoadgens, rom cvlileba moxdeba

54

da rom SesaZlebelia, samomavlod maTTvis xelsayreli iyos konfliq-

tis dros, sul cota, neitraluri poziciis dakaveba.

pozitiur mxares rac Seexeba, adgilobrivi da ucxouri biznesis

wreebs xSirad kontaqtebi aqvT adgilobrivi, regionuli da ucxo-

uri biznesis warmomadgenlebTan. da Tu es maT interesebSi iqneba,

isini SeZleben mogawodon mniSvnelovani resursebi _ fuli iqneba

es, Suamavlebi Tu mrCevlebi demokratiuli cvlilebis sakiTxebSi.

axalgazrdoba

avtoritaruli reJimebis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavi axalgazr-

debis politikaSi CarTvis ardaSvebaa, Tuki es CarTuloba mTavrobis

kontroliT da misi mxardaWerisTvis ar xdeba. manam, sanam studentebs

da sxva axalgazrdebs mTavrobis stabilurobis winaaRmdeg organi-

zebis saSualeba ar eZlevaT, opoziciur dajgufebebs swrafi poli-

tikuri cvlilebis tradiciuli avangardis gareSe uwevT yofna.

zogierTi meTodi, riTac mTavrobebi studentebs politikur opozi-

ciaSi aqtiur CarTvas uSlian, kargad aris cnobili. magaliTad, maT,

vinc Riad upirispirdeba reJims, ar eZlevaT ganaTlebis miRebis

saSualeba. garda amisa, mravalricxovani dajgufebebis Camoyalibe-

bisTvis xelis SeSlis mizniT SesaZloa skolebi daxuron, an bevri

filiali gaxsnan. im kanonebis darRvevisTvis, romlebic gamoxatvis

da Sekrebebis Tavisuflebas zRudaven, SeiZleba xangrZlivi patim-

roba SemoiRon. SesaZlebelia, mTavrobam mis mierve kontrolire-

buli axalgazrduli jgufebi daaarsos, da studentebi opoziciuri

politikuri partiebis diskreditaciis sanacvlod fuliT, sakvebiT,

tansacmliTa da iaraRiT moamaragos.

axalgazrdebi xSirad gamoxataven survils, riskis miuxedavad

saTaveSi Caudgnen revoluciur moZraobebs. zogierTi amas imiT xsnis,

rom „axalgazrdebs araferi aqvT dasakargi~. rogorc wesi, axalgazr-

debs naklebad anaRvlebT samsaxurebrivi movaleobebi, da xSirad arc

mniSvnelovani ojaxuri pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. isini sicocxles

axalgazrduli enTuziazmiT ekidebian da sakuTari ukvdavebis sje-

raT. magram yvela es faqtori axalgazrdebis aqtivobas mxolod nawi-

lobriv xsnis, vinaidan maT sinamdvileSi bevri mniSvnelovani ram aqvT

dasakargi, magaliTad sicocxle da momavali. Tumca axalgazrdul

moZraobebs yvelaze mZlavrad ara is amoZravebs, Tu ra SeiZleba da-

kargon, aramed is, Tu ramden rames moipoveben Tavisufal da samar-

Tlian sazogadoebaSi cxovrebiT. axalgazrdebi, rogorc wesi, tira-

55

niis qveS sakuTar uRels racionalurad ar udgebian; maT arc cvli-

lebis SeuZleblobis aRiareba surT. cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis

naklebobis gamo isini instinqturad da mkafiod asxvaveben simarTles

siyalbisgan, marTals mtyuanisgan. da swored es azrobrivi sicxade

warmoadgens maT motivacias.

rodesac demokratiul moZraobebSi studentebisa da axalgazr-

debis CarTvaze fiqrobT, sifrTxile gmarTebT. rogorc jgufi, isini

cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi riskze wamsvlelebi arian. mkafiod gamo-

xatuli xelmZRvanelobis da disciplinis gareSe maTi qmedebebi SesaZ-

loa gadametebuli gaxdes, da provocirebis SemTxvevaSi maT, SeiZle-

ba, iseTive TavzexelaRebuli Tvisebebi gamoavlinon, rogoric avto-

ritaruli reJimebis samsaxurSi myof pirebs axasiaTebs. „qcevis nor-

mebi~ moZraobis yvela monawilisTvis unda iyos mniSvnelovani, mag-

ram es gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdul organizaciebs exeba. zianis mom-

tani qcevis SezRudvisTvis saWiroa ganmsazRvreli qcevis normebis

wvrTniT da Zlieri xelmZRvanelobiT ganmtkiceba.

muSebi

eWvgareSea, rom globalizaciis Tanmdevma procesebma muSebis

mdgomareoba mTeli msoflios masStabiT gaarTules. ganviTarebul

qveynebSi profesiuli kavSirebi imis gamo dasustda, rom kompaniebi

sxva qveynebSi wasvliT daimuqrnen _ sadac muSaxeli ufro iafia. gan-

viTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebi ki bevrad ufro dainteresdnen maT-

Tan produqciis gadasvlis ekonomikuri upiratesobebiT, vidre iseTi

Zireuli aspeqtebiT, rogoricaa samuSao adgilebis usafrTxoeba,

normaluri jamagiri an muSaTa uflebebi. Zalauflebis uTanasworoba

muSaTa uflebebis uxeS darRvevebs iwvevs, amis gamosworebis gza ki

demokratiaze, kanonis uzenaesobasa da Sekrebis Tavisuflebaze ga-

dis.

muSebis organizebis amocana SesaZloa rTuli iyos, magram, Tuki

es moxerxdeba, erTianoba SeiZleba swrafad gavrceldes. SegaxsenebT,

rom poloneTSi demokratiulma moZraobam qalaq gdanskis gemTsaSeni

qarxnis eleqtrikosebis gaficvis Sedegad moipova warmateba.

strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis damgegmavi pirebisTvis

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani transportis seqtori da masTan

dakavSirebuli sferoebia. saqonlis, adamianebis Tu momsaxurebis ga-

daadgilebis nebismierma Seferxebam SeiZleba myisieri ekonomikuri

da politikuri zarali moutanos reJims. Tumca, amave dros, stra-

56

tegiaze momuSave pirebma is gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebic unda gai-

azron, romlebic, SesaZloa, sazogadoebisTvis sakvebis da sxva auci-

lebeli sagnebis miwodebis SeCerebam moitanos.

religiuri organizaciebi

organizebul religias tiraniis winaaRmdeg mimarTul brZolebSi

mniSvnelovani rolis didi istoria aqvs _ rogorc wesi, is cvlilebis

maZiebelTa mxares idga, Tumca yovelTvis ara. xSirad religiur

organizaciebs rogorc sulieri, ise finansuri kavSirebi gaaCniaT

im sazogadoebebSi, sadac moRvaweoben. es kavSirebi sazogadoebis yve-

la fenaze vrceldeba _ rogorc SeZlebul elitaze, ise naklebi pri-

vilegiis mqone socialur jgufebze. es imis gamoc xdeba, rom reli-

giur liderebs xSirad kargi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli rogorc reli-

giaSi, ise sazogadoebis funqcionirebaSi. maT pativs scemen rogorc

mimdevrebi, ise sxvebic da xSirad maT sxva adamianebis qcevaze gavle-

nis moxdena moraluri da religiuri swavlebebis miRmac ZaluZT.

amave dros, maT SeuZliaT opoziciur moZraobas sulieri aspeqti Ses-

Zinon da opoziciis yvelaze kargi oratorebic gaxdnen. Tumca, meore

mxriv, isini SeiZleba tiranuli reJimis viwro interesebis samsaxurSi

zustad amdenadve gavleniani da aseTive oratorebi gaxdnen. Sesaba-

misad, moZraobis liderebi religiuri liderebis mxardaWeris mopo-

vebas an maTi mxridan negatiuri gavlenebis moxdenis SezRudvas unda

Seecadon.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi (NGO-ebi)

nebismieri jgufi an organizacia, romelsac mTavrobis pirdapiri

kontrolis miRma SeuZlia funqcionireba, demokratiuli moZraobis-

Tvis potenciur monapovars warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso arasamTav-

robo organizaciebs SeuZliaT saxsrebis mozidva, mraval audito-

riasTan pirdapiri urTierTobis damyareba, sazRvargareTidan saWi-

ro rCevebis miReba da sxva demokratiuli moZraobebis gamocdile-

bebis gaziareba. adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi zogjer

sakmaod SezRuduli arian rogorc qmedebebSi, romelTa ganxorci-

elebis saSualeba gaaCniaT, ise dafinansebis wyaroebis mxriv. rogorc

saerTaSoriso, ise adgilobriv arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi xSi-

rad mTavrobis mogzavnili pirebi muSaoben xolme, Tumca, umetes Sem-

TxvevebSi, es problema advilad dasaZlevia. araZaladobriv konf-

liqtSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mniSvnelobas isic gansazR-

57

vravs, rom isini sazogadoebas sxvadasxva samsaxurs sTavazoben da,

Sesabamisad, aCveneben, rom ar aris aucilebeli, xalxi mTlianad

mTavrobaze iyos damokidebuli. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qme-

debebs im iZulebiTi, magram amavdroulad Semparavi, kavSiris dasus-

teba SeuZliaT, romelic avtoritarul reJimebs xalxis mxridan mor-

Cilebis mopovebisTvis sWirdebaT.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxridan avtoritarul reJimze xal-

xis damokidebulad yofnis dasustebis mkafio magaliTia is, rac

birmaSi 1962 wels, general ne vinis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan Zalian

male moxda. qveynis dasavleTiT, arakanSi, mZlavri wyaldidoba moxda.

gadmocemis mixedviT, erTi kaTolike misioneri maSinve daukavSirda

qveynis sxva nawilebSi da indoeTSi myof misionerebs da Seatyobina,

rom daxmareba iyo saWiro. amas swrafi da efeqtiani reagireba mohyva:

ramdenime dReSi sakvebi, tansacmeli da samSeneblo masalebi Camovi-

da. rodesac mTavrobam zianis Sesafaseblad iq Tavisi jgufebi miav-

lina, gairkva, rom xelisuflebis daxmareba aRar iyo saWiro _ xalxs

TviTonve moevlo krizisisTvis. amboben, rom aman ne vini imdenad ga-

moiyvana mdgomareobidan, rom birmidan qristiani misionerebi gandev-

nes.

Tumca demokratiul moZraobebs isic unda SevaxsenoT, rom ara-

samTavrobo organizaciebs SesaZloa sakuTari miznebi amoZravebdeT.

mniSvnelovania am SesaZlo miznebis gaazreba da imis uzrunvelyofa,

rom isini demokratiuli moZraobis miznebs da amocanebs emTxveodes.

mxardaWera SeiZleba profesiul gaerTianebebSi, politikur par-

tiebSi, ucxour biznesebsa da ucxoeTis mTavrobebSi ipovoT, rogorc

individualurad, ise saerTaSoriso organizaciebis SuamavlobiT.

yuradRebidan ar gamogrCeT sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli mcire

jgufebi, romlebic konkretuli interesebis gamoa Seqmnili _ maga-

liTad, kervis jgufebi, monadireebis da meTevzeebis gaerTianebebi,

wignis moyvarulTa jgufebi, enis Semswavleli jgufebi, motocik-

listebis dajgufebebi, sportis moyvarulTa klubebi, koleqcione-

rebis jgufebi, mebaReebis jgufebi da sxva. strategiuli araZala-

dobrivi konfliqti saWiroebs rogorc Zalauflebis wyaroebis kont-

rols, ise mosaxleobis aqtiur CarTulobas. organizaciebi moicaven

Zalauflebis wyaroebs da gaaCniaT koleqtiuri qmedebebisTvis saWi-

ro safuZveli.

58

1.3. morCileba

„adamiani Tavisufali ibadeba, magram yvelgan borkilebi

aqvs dadebuli~.

Jan Jak ruso,

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb,

wigni 1, Tavi 1

am da msgavsi mosazrebebis sapasuxod doqtorma jin Sarpma Semdegi

SekiTxvebi wamoWra:

rogor xdeba, rom mmarTveli uamrav qveSevrdomze politikur

dominacias moipovebs da inarCunebs? ratom eqvemdebareba da emor-

Cileba mas amdeni adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom es aSkarad ar Sedis

maT interesebSi?

am SekiTxvebis dasmas Sarpis mier xalxis morCilebis gamWriaxi

analizi mohyva. es Tavi didwilad am analizs eyrdnoba. Zalauflebis

pluralisturi modeli (1-li Tavi), Zalauflebis wyaroebis gamovli-

neba sayrdeni burjebis meSveobiT (me- 2 Tavi) da morCileba im sameuls

Seadgens, romelic mTavaria strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis

Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebis gaazrebaSi. amdenad, aucilebe-

lia, kargad gvesmodes, Tu ratom aris xalxi morCili _ zogjer im-

denadac ki, rom sakuTar sicocxles swiraven faqtorebs, romleb-

sac aSkarad ar eTanxmebian. morCileba „politikuri Zalauflebis

guls warmoadgens~. Tu xalxi ar emorCileba, mmarTveli ver marTavs.

araZaladobrivi brZolis strategiebi swored am mosazrebas emyare-

ba. Tuki Cveni mizani is aris, rom xalxi STavagonoT, diqtatorebs da

sxva avtoritarul reJimebs Tanxmoba waarTvan, maSin pirvel rigSi

is unda gvesmodes, Tu ratom aris xalxi morCili.

Cveva

xalxis umravlesobis morCilebis mizezi maT morCilebis CvevaSia.

vibadebiT Tu ara, maSinve ufrosebis damjerad yofnas gvaswavlian.

umetesi CvenganisTvis pirveli avtoritetuli figurebi mSoblebi,

ufrosi da-Zmebi, bebiebi, babuebi da sxva naTesavebi arian, Semdeg es

xazi skolis maswavleblebiT, policielebiT da avtoritetuli sim-

boloebiTac ki grZeldeba. magaliTad, Cvevis gamo Cven SuqniSans ca-

riel gzajvaredinebzec ki vemorCilebiT.

59

jarSi wvevamdelebis wvrTnis mTavari amocana morCilebis axle-

buri Cvevebis SeqmnaSi mdgomareobs. wvevamdeli swrafad swavlobs

Tavisi zemdgomis brZanebebze myisier da erTmniSvnelovan reagire-

bas. saaTobiT gagrZelebul, erTferovan wvrTnas da xelmZRvanelo-

bis damafrTxobel meTodebs araferi aqvT saerTo Tanamedrove omis

warmoebisTvis saWiro unarebTan _ yovelive es brZanebebis Sesru-

lebis Cvevis gamomuSavebisaken mimarTuli qmedebebia. amavdroulad,

jariskacis Zireuli unarebi _ rogoricaa, magaliTad, iaraRis gamo-

yeneba _ imdenadaa gamjdari ganmeorebadi wvrTnebis meSveobiT, rom

ukve CvevaSia gadasuli da aranair fiqrs ar saWiroebs.

Tambaqoze damokidebulma adamianebma kargad viciT, ras niSnavs

Cveva. Cven ar viciT, ramden sigarets veweviT, ver vixsenebT, rodis

movwieT, da mowevas Tavs verc maSin vanebebT, rodesac sigaretis fasi

absurdamde matulobs. imisaTvis, rom es da nebismieri sxva Cveva _

mmarTvelis morCilebis CaTvliT _ davarRvioT, aucilebelia konkre-

tuli gadawyvetileba miviRoT, mis Sesaxeb sakuTar Tavs mudmivad

vaxsenoT da vimeoroT, Tu ratom aris gadaCveva mniSvnelovani.

sanqciebis SiSi

daumorCileblobis gamo sasjelis SiSi xalxis morCilebis kidev

erTi mizezia. rodesac kanons varRvevT, SeiZleba Cven winaaRmdeg

saxelmwifos Zala iyos gamoyenebuli. SeiZleba didi TanxiT dagvaja-

rimon. saxelmwifom SesaZloa sakuTreba CamogvarTvas. saxelmwifom

SeiZleba cixeSi Cagvsvas. saxelmwifos sikvdiliTac ki SeuZlia dagv-

sajos, Tuki mis kanonebs davarRvevT. sanqciebis mizani kanonis damr-

Rvevis dasja da/an sxvebis mxridan imave an msgavsi kanonis darRvevis

Tavidan acilebaa. morCilebis mosapoveblad sanqciebis SiSs tirani

ufro metad eyrdnoba, vidre is mmarTvelebi, romlebsac sazogadoeba

sakuTari surviliT uWers mxars.

subieqturi interesebi

arsebobs bevri iseTi adamiani, romelic acxadebs, rom mTavroba

saSinlad ar moswons, magram amis miuxedavad mainc aqtiurad uWers

mas mxars. am paradoqsis axsna im subieqturi interesebiT da pirovnu-

li jildoebiT SeiZleba, romlebic mTavrobis mxardamWerebs gaaCni-

aT. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT, ra jildoebi eZlevaT samxedroebs

arapopularuli da sastiki politikis erTgulebisTvis; es SeiZleba

60

iyos dawinaureba, ordenebi, prestiJi, socialuri privilegiebi da

didi pensiebi. rodesac ekonomikas mTavroba akontrolebs da mosax-

leobis umravlesobasac mTavroba qiraobs, pirovnebis subieqtur

interesebSi Sedis is, rom ar dakargos samsaxuri, vinaidan SesaZle-

belia man sxva adgili ver iSovos. sxvebma reJimis mxardaWeris sanac-

vlod SesaZloa mniSvnelovani finansuri mogeba naxon. Cven ar unda

gavkicxoT yvela is adamiani, romlebic subieqturi interesebidan

gamomdinare, arapopularul mTavrobas uWeren mxars. TiToeul maT-

gans amis sakuTari mizezebi aqvs. bevri fiqrobs, rom alternativa

ar arsebobs. Cveni amocanaa, davajeroT es adamianebi, rom daumorCi-

lebloba SesaZloa maTsave interesebSi iyos.

moraluri valdebulebamorCilebis moraluri valdebuleba yvela sazogadoebas axasi-

aTebs. morCilebis am valdebulebas safuZveli sazogadoebis saerTokeTildReobaSi aqvs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kanoni yvela moqalaqesicavs. zogierTi kanoni Cven sxvebis antisazogadoebrivi saqcielis-gan (qurdoba, mkvleloba, gaupatiureba) gvicavs. sxva kanonebi sazo-gadoebis saerTo keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs (saqonlis da momsa-xurebis ganawileba, axalgazrdebis jarSi gawveva, gadasaxadebi). zog-jer, SesaZloa, isic ki vifiqroT, rom saerTo keTildReobas yvelazemetad maSin vuwyobT xels, rodesac saZulvel mmarTvels vemorCi-lebiT, radgan ar gvjera, rom vinme sxva ukeTesi SeiZleba iyos. iosebstalini aSkara tirani iyo, magram mas milionobiT adamiani emorCi-leboda, radgan iTvleboda, rom morCileba sazogadoebis saerTointeress Seadgenda. zogierT russ „Zveli dro~ mas Semdegac ki enat-reba, rac gaiges, rom stalinis gamo oc milionze meti adamiani iqnamokluli. morCilebis am moraluri valdebulebis kidev erT gamoxa-tulebad TaobebSi arsebuli mimbaZvelobac SeiZleba miviCnioT. gax-sovdeT, rom am Taobriv fenomens SeuZlia misabaZi gaxados rogorcmorCileba, ise daumorCilebloba, amdenad, misi gamoyenebiT qcevisnormebis Secvlac SesaZlebelia.

zeadamianuri faqtorebiaris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTvels zeadamianuri buneba da

RmerTis dari maxasiaTeblebi eniWeba. rodesac mmarTvels yovlisSem-Zled an religiis personifikaciad aRiqvamen, misi daumorCileblobapraqtikulad warmoudgenelia. vin gabedavda, ar damorCilebodaadolf hitlers maSin, rodesac igi mmarTvelobis mwvervalze

61

imyofeboda? liderebis RvTiurad qcevas grZeli istoria aqvs.adamianebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi uSvebdnen „RmerTi-mefis~ da„mefis RvTiuri uflebis~ cnebebs. RvTaebrivi mmarTvelobis kideverTi formacia meoce saukunis iranSi religiisa da saxelmwifos Ser-wymaa. morCilebis am faqtorTan dapirispirebas mxolod simarTlisTqma SegvaZlebinebs _ adamiani ar aris yovlisSemZle da arc mmarTve-lia RmerTis mier movlenili miwaze.

mmarTvelebTan fsiqologiuri identifikaciaarseboben adamianebi, romlebic mmarTvelebs sakuTari ojaxebis

wevrebad aRiqvamen. daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc fexburTis gundisgulSematkivrebi ganicdian sixaruls, rodesac maTi gundi igebs, damwuxarebas, rodesac is agebs, mmarTveli individis „gagrZelebad~iqceva xolme. es gansakuTrebiT maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac xalxma dammarTvelma erTad gamoiares raime rTuli gamocdileba _ magali-Tad, damoukideblobisTvis brZola (damoukideblobisTvis mebrZoliramdenime arcTu Zalian dadebiTi magaliTia xo Si mini, generali nevini da robert mugabe). Tuki piris morCilebas swored es „ganvrco-bili ojaxis~ faqtori ganapirobebs, mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisdarwmuneba imaSi, rom mmarTvelTan msgavsi gaigiveba ukve aRar arisgamarTlebuli.

gulgrilobazogierTi piri SeiZleba saerTod gulgrili iyos im umetesi, Tu

yvela ara, kanonis mimarT, romlebic maT yoveldRiur cxovrebas mxo-lod Soridan Tu SeiZleba Seexos. isini mxolod imitom arian morCi-lebi, rom daumorCileblobam SeiZleba zedmeti xifaTi Seqmnas. ada-mianebis umravlesoba swored amgvarad udgeba umetes kanons. prob-lemebi maSin Cndeba, rodesac ZiriTadi uflebebisa da TavisuflebisSemzRudavi kanonebi gulgrilobis am komfortul zonaSi iwyebenSeWras. demokratiuli opoziciis amocanaa, sazogadoeba gamoafxiz-los da miuTiTos, rom msgavsi SeWris mimarT gulgriloba aRar SeiZ-leba; rom gulgriloba sazogadoebis damonebas uwyobs xels, vinaidanindividualuri Tavisufleba sul ufro metad izRudeba xelisuf-lebis mier.

sakuTari Tavis rwmenis arqonasxvadasxva mizezebis gamo zogierT adamians Tavdajerebuloba ak-

lia da sakuTari gansjis unaris, winaaRmdegobis gawevis an daumorCi-

62

leblobis gamoCenis SesaZleblobis ar sjera. iq, sadac avtorita-ruli mmarTveloba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, sazogado-ebas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis mcire gamocdileba da liderebisgamovlenis mwiri SesaZleblobebi hqonda. SesaZlebelia, zogierTifiqrobs, rom mmarTvelebs maTze ukeTesad SeuZliaT gadawyvetile-bebis miReba. da rac Zalian mniSvnelovania winaaRmdegobis moZra-obisTvis, isini SesaZloa fiqrobdnen, rom maT ar ZaluZT mTavrobiswinaaRmdeg warmatebuli daumorCileblobis gamovlena an gaTavisuf-lebisTvis brZolaSi monawileoba. araZaladobrivi brZolis warma-tebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, xalxs imis rwmena daubrundes, rommmarTvelebis qmedebebis Sefaseba da Semdeg am Sefasebebidan gamom-dinare qmedeba SeuZlia. is, rac Cven SesaZloa `gulgriloba~ gvego-nos, zogjer SeiZleba sinamdvileSi sakuTari Tavis rwmenis arqonaiyos.

Sejameba

Cven axla imis ramdenime mizezi ganvixileT, Tu ratom emorCileba

xalxi mmarTvelebs. es mizezebi, Tavis mxriv, im mosazrebis uaryofaa,

rom morCileba `bunebrivi~ maxasiaTebelia. morCileba adamianebs

genetikurad ar mosdgamT _ is Cvevebis, SiSis da interesebis kombina-

ciis Sedegad Cndeba. xolo Cvevebi da interesebi SeiZleba Seicvalos,

SiSi ki _ damarcxdes.

63

Tavi 2araZaladobrivi brZolis formebi da meTodebi

`me mxolod imas vamtkiceb, rom Cem mier

ganxorcielebulma yovelma eqsperimentma

ganmimtkica rwmena – araZaladobrioba

kacobriobis xelSi arsebul udides Zalas

warmoadgens~.

mahaTma gandi

2003 wlis movlenebis Semdeg, albaT, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis

didi nawilisTvis naTeli gaxda araZaladobrivi brZolisa da xalxis

mobilizebis potenciali da Zala. dRes albaT sazogadoebis didi

nawili Tanxmdeba, rom maSin ganxorcielebuli reJimis Secvla mosax-

leobaSi wlebis manZilze dagrovili ukmayofilebis Sedegi iyo, ro-

melmac kulminacias miaRwia da romlis mobilizebac didwilad axal-

gazrdobis erTma nawilma da samoqalaqo sazogadoebam iTava.

2003 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarda saxalxo araZa-

ladobrivi moZraoba, romlis erT-erT RerZs studenturi organiza-

cia `kmara~ warmoadgenda. am organizaciis istoria 2000 wels, saxelm-

wifo universitetSi studenturi jgufis CamoyalibebiT iwyeba,

romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi korufcias aprotes-

tebda. mas Semdeg jgufi gafarTovda da serbeTis identuri moZra-

obis _ `otporis~ _ gamocdilebis gaziarebiT bevrad gaiRrmava saor-

ganizacio potenciali da araZaladobrivi brZolis Teoriuli codna.

am wignis funqcias ar warmoadgens `kmaras~, rogorc organizaciis,

qmedebebis safuZvliani da sistematuri analizi. winamdebare teqstis

miznebidan gamomdinare, mTavari aspeqti, romelic `kmaras~ aqtu-

alurs xdis, is aris, rom am organizaciam saqarTveloSi deklarire-

buli saxiT Semoitana araZaladobrivi, strategiuli brZolis ideebi.

es ideebi ki, Tavis mxriv, ukanasknel aTwleulSi gamorCeuli inten-

sivobiT gavrcelda regionul Tu globalur konteqstSi da mravali

socialuri moZraobis STagonebis wyaro gaxda. gviandel 1990-ian

wlebSi serbebma araZaladobrivi brZolis gamocdileba slovakebis-

gan gadmoiRes; 2002-2003 wlebSi `kmaram~ serbebisgan iswavla; ser-

bebma da qarTvelebma Semdeg gamocdileba ukrainelebs da yazaxebs

gauziares.

64

Tumca, cxadia, sakuTriv araZaladobriv brZolas am magaliTebze

bevrad farTo da mravlismomcveli istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa,

rom msoflio da erovnuli istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebisa da isto-

riuli wyaroebis didi umravlesoba erebis sidiadis warmoCenis mTa-

var aqcents omebis rolze akeTebs, warsuls uamravi SemTxveva axsovs,

rodesac xalxma konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi Zaladobriv oms sxva

meTodebi arCia.

araZaladobrivi brZolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino da yve-

laze xSirad citirebuli magaliTi mahaTma gandis mier indoeTSi

aTwleulebis manZilze warmoebuli brZolaa, romelmac bolos brita-

neTis imperia aiZula, indoeTis okupaciaze uari eTqva. meore msof-

lio omis dros germanelTa okupacias daniis mosaxleobam araZala-

dobrivi winaaRmdegoba daupirispira. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

1960-ian wlebSi masobrivi araZaladobrivi brZola warmoebda samo-

qalaqo uflebebisTvis, romelmac rasobrivi segregaciis mniSvnelo-

vani dasusteba moitana. 1980 wels poloneTis muSebma gaficvebis me-

Todi gamoiyenes da socialistur qveynebSi pirvelad miaRwies Tavi-

sufali profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis uflebas. 1980-ian wlebSi diq-

tatorebis Camogdebis mizniT araZaladobriv kampaniebs filipinelma

da Cilelma xalxmac mimarTa. samxreT afrikis araZaladobrivma sa-

moqalaqo moZraobam boikotebi da sxva sanqciebi gamoiyena aparTe-

iduli reJimis dasustebisa da sabolood misi Secvlis mizniT. warma-

tebuli araZaladobrivi brZolis sxva magaliTebi baltiispireTis

qveynebSi warmoebuli damoukideblobis moZraobebi da CexeTisa da

slovakeTis `xaverdovani revoluciebia~. istorias warumatebeli

araZaladobrivi iniciativebic axsovs: iqneba es palestinis pirveli

intifada, CineTis tiananminis moednis moZraoba, birmis politikuri

daumorCilebloba Tu kosovos samoqalaqo winaaRmdegoba.

yvela am magaliTs aerTianebs araZaladobrivi brZolis principe-

bis gaziareba, Tumca, cxadia, yvela es calkeuli SemTxveva mniSvne-

lovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan rogorc zogadi kulturuli

maxasiaTeblebiT, ise specifikuri strategiisa Tu taqtikis gamoyene-

bis formebiT. am araZaladobrivi konfliqtebis didi nawili mniSvne-

lovnad eyrdnoboda spontanurobisa da improvizaciis elementebs,

Tumca sxvebi ufro dagegmil xasiaTs atarebda da winaswar gansazR-

vrul strategias misdevda. araZaladobrivi brZolis forma, rome-

lic serbeTSi gamoiyenes da romelic miloSeviCis CamogdebiT dam-

Tavrda, mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda jin Sarpis Sromebs (araZaladob-

65

rivi qmedebis politika/The Politics of Nonviolent action, da diqtatu-

ridan demokratiamde: gaTavisuflebis Teoriuli CarCo/From Dicta-

torship to Democracy. a Conceptual Framework for Liberation). amasTan,

araZaladobrivi brZolis strategiis SemuSavebaSi `otpors~ didad

daexmara SeerTebuli Statebis jaris yofili samxedro polkovniki,

robert helvi. swored helvim mouwoda otporis wevrebs serbul sa-

zogadoebaSi `Zalauflebis wyaroebisa~ da `sayrdeni burjebis~ gaana-

lizebisa da maTi TavianTi miznebisTvis gamoyenebisken.

SesaZlebelia, zogs araZaladobriv brZolaSi samxedro sqemebisa

da azrovnebis gamoyeneba paradoqsulad moeCvenos. magram araZala-

dobrivi brZola, garkveuli parametrebiT, Zaladobis gareSe warmo-

ebuli omia, romelsac dagegmva, strategia da taqtika esaWiroeba da

romelic konkretul meqanizmebs da meTodebs eyrdnoba. winaswar

gansazRvruli, gaanalizebuli da sistematurad SemuSavebuli stra-

tegia mniSvnelovnad zrdis araZaladobriv konfliqtSi gamarjvebis

mopovebis Sanss.

winamdebare wignis es nawili im principebs, safuZvlebs da meTo-

debs ganixilavs, romelTa meSveobiTac araZaladobrivi konfliqti

dagegmil da gaazrebul formas iZens. rodesac wignis mesame, praqti-

kul nawilze gadaxvalT da kampaniis warmoebisTvis konkretuli for-

mebis SerCevas daiwyebT, mniSvnelovania, es Teoriuli safuZvlebi

gaiTvaliswinoT. imis miuxedavad, Tqvens mizans zogadad avtorita-

rul reJimTan brZola warmoadgens Tu calkeuli sakiTxis irgvliv

specifikuri kampaniis warmoeba, farTo konteqstis aRqma da gaazre-

buli dagegmva yovelTvis aucilebelia.

2.1. strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis principebi

pirvel rigSi, albaT upriani iqneba, erTianad gaviazroT is Ziri-

Tadi principebi, romelTac strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZola

emyareba. piter akermanisa da kristofer krugleris mixedviT, es

principebi SeiZleba Tormet ZiriTad punqtad daiyos:

ganviTarebis principebi

1. funqciuri miznebis gansazRvra.

2. organizaciuli Zalis ganviTareba.

3. saWiro materialuri resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

4. gareSe mxardaWeris mopoveba.

5. meTodebis/formebis gamravalferovneba.

66

brZolis principebi

1. mowinaaRmdegis kontrolis SenarCunebis strategiaze

Tavdasxma.

2. mowinaaRmdegis Zaladobrivi iaraRis neitralizacia.

3. mowinaaRmdegisTvis sayrdeni burjebis warTmeva.

4. araZaladobrivi disciplinis SenarCuneba.

konceptualuri principebi

1. movlenebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba strategiul

konteqstSi.

2. Setevisa da Tavdacvis operaciebis morgeba mowinaaRmdegis

Zalebsa da sisusteebze.

3. meTodebs, formebsa da miznebs Soris erTianobis SenarCuneba.

am Tormet princips, Tavis mxriv, sami ZiriTadi SekiTxva aerTi-

anebs. ganviTarebis pirveli xuTi principi miznad isaxavs, gaiazros,

ris gakeTeba SeiZleba imisaTvis, rom strategiuli araZaladobrivi

konfliqtis warmoebisTvis ukeTesi da ufro metad xelsayreli

garemo Seiqmnas. brZolis oTxi principi ukve konfliqtis warmoebis

etaps exeba da pasuxobs SekiTxvas, Tu rogor unda moxdes mowinaaRm-

degesTan urTierToba ise, rom araZaladobriv meTodebs maqsimaluri

Sedegi hqondes. SekiTxva, romelsac sami konceptualuri principi

pasuxobs, ase JRers: `rogor SevafasoT is nabijebi, romlebic aqamde

gadavdgiT, da kidev ra qmedebebs unda mivmarToT konfliqtis Semd-

gom etapebze?~.

es principebi erTmaneTs mWidrod ukavSirdeba, Tumca SesaZloa

zemoT moyvanili Tanamdevroba konkretul miznebs da kampaniebs mo-

ergos da sxva forma miiRos. mTavari, rac unda gaxsovdeT, am princi-

pebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobaa sistematuri da erTiani stra-

tegiuli midgomis SemuSavebisTvis.

2.2. araZaladobrivi brZolis meqanizmebi da meTodebi

arCeuli gzis miuxedavad, sazogadoebis diqtaturidan demokra-

tiaSi gadayvana yovelTvis rTulia. Tuki opoziciuri moZraoba ami-

saTvis strategiuli araZaladobriobis gzas irCevs, gaazrebuli un-

da iqnes is sxvadasxva formebi Tu meqanizmebi, romliTac araZala-

dobrivi brZola mmarTvelsa da daqvemdebarebulebs Soris urTier-

TobaSi sasurvel cvlilebebs iwvevs. jin Sarpi `Zalauflebis struq-

67

turebis Secvlis meqanizmebis~ oTx formaze laparakobs. esenia: gar-

daqmna, Sewyoba, iZuleba da daSla. es oTxi aspeqti warmoadgens Se-

mecnebiT CarCos, romelSic SegviZlia Zalauflebis struqturebis

cvlilebis Sesaxeb informacia ganvixiloT. amave dros, araZaladob-

rivi qmedebis es gakveTilebi SeiZleba cvlilebis dasaCqarebel meTo-

debad, an warsulSi ganxorcielebuli araZaladobrivi qmedebebisa

Tu kampaniebis Sesafaseblad gamoviyenoT.

am TavSi araZaladobrivi qmedebis farTo kategoriebsac ganvixilavT:

protestsa da darwmunebas, araTanamSromlobas, intervencias.

gardaqmna

cvlilebebis moxdenis mizniT oponentis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli

araZaladobrivi qmedebebis meqanizmebi an procesebi miswrafebebs Tu

gavlenebs gansxvavebuli intensivobiT aRweren. SeiZleba Seiqmnas

situaciebi, rodesac SeZlebT, reJimi daarwmunoT, rom opoziciuri

jgufis rekomendaciebis an moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba misive in-

teresebSi Sedis. gardaqmnas kampaniis mawarmoebeli jgufisTvis mra-

vali upiratesobis motana SeuZlia. reJimis mxridan daTmobam da

cvlilebis saWiroebis aRiarebam SeiZleba opoziciis liderebisTvis

ndobis da legitimurobis xarisxi gazardos, saxelmwifosTan pirda-

piri dapirispirebis potenciuri riski Seamciros da, rac Zalian mniS-

vnelovania, datovos is resursebi, romlebsac konfliqtis ufro

gviandel etapebze gamoiyenebT. magram es meqanizmi _ romelic, ro-

gorc wesi, mciredi zewolis Semcvel qmedebebs saWiroebs _ radika-

luri avtoritaruli reJimebis winaaRmdeg gamosayeneblad xSirad

sakmarisi ar aris. amis miuxedavad, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis

da misi dayenebis gzebis sworma SerCevam Zalze sastiki reJimebis

winaaRmdegac ki moipova warmateba.

Tuki gavixsenebT, rom strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZola

Zalauflebis wyaroebze axdens Setevas, SesaZlebelia, reJimis sayr-

deni burjebis gardaqmnis mcdelobebmac Sedegi gamoiRos. am proce-

sis pirveli safexuri is aris, rom am organizaciebisa da samizne ins-

titutebis wevrebi darwmundnen: isini, rogorc individebi, `xalxis

mtrebi~ ar arian da sinamdvileSi demokratiuli sazogadoebis dafa-

sebuli da pativcemuli wevrebi gaxdebian. rogorc ki es mizani miRwe-

uli iqneba, samizne institutebis wevrebi maSinve ufro meti yuradRe-

biT moekidebian politikuri cvlilebebisken, mogvianebiT ki konkre-

tuli aqciebisken, mowodebebs.

68

gardaqmna ZiriTad meqanizms warmoadgens prodemokratiuli Zale-

bis gafarToebisa da gaZlierebis saqmeSi. gardaqmnis miRwevis mcde-

lobebSi propagandis is formebi gamogadgebaT, romlebic demokra-

tiuli da avtoritaruli reJimebis pirobebSi cxovrebis kontrasts

warmoaCenen, da mTel msoflioSi mimdinare araZaladobrivi aqciebis

ambebs hyvebian. demonstraciebis, gaficvebis, boikotebis da protes-

tis sxva formebis Sesaxeb axali ambebi sazogadoebis Sexedulebebze

gavlenas axdens. da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, sazogadoebas `xva-

lindeli dRis xedva~ da am xedvis ganxorcielebis gzebi unda miewo-

dos.

gardaqmnis mcdelobebSi yvelaze Zlier Zalas, albaT, avtorita-

rul reJimebTan dapirispirebisTvis gambedaobis demonstrireba war-

moadgens. Cagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sazogadoebrivi gambedaobis

qmedebebi im stereotips angrevs, romelic araZaladobriv protestSi

CarTul adamianebs laCrebad saxavs. simamace universalur pativis-

cemas aRZravs, sulerTia, mas brZolis velze gasuli jariskacebi ga-

moxataven Tu isini, vinc mCagvreli reJimis winaaRmdeg araZaladob-

rivad ibrZvis. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, opoziciuri dajgufebis wevre-

bis mier gadatanil tanjvas didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia rogorc

mCagvrelebis, ise Cagrulebis Sexedulebebze. simamace yovelTvis

miznis misaRwevad daRvrili sisxliT ar izomeba. gambedaobis WeSma-

rit sazoms qmedebis mZime Sedegebis mimarT gamovlenili mzaoba war-

moadgens. magaliTad, isini, vinc 1776 wels amerikis damoukideblobis

aqts moaweres xeli, inglisis mefis daumorCileblobiT simamacis di-

debul magaliTs iZleodnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im samoqalaqo uf-

lebebisTvis mebrZol aqtivistebze, romlebic 1950-ian da 1960-ian

wlebSi segregaciis aRmosafxvrelad mjdomare aqciebs mimarTavdnen.

daumorCileblobis am orive magaliTma da riskze wasvlis mzaobam

gamoiwvia is, rom sazogadoeba am moZraobebis monawileTa miznebis

samarTlianobaze dafiqrda.

Sewyoba

zogjer isec xdeba, rom reJimi prodemokratiuli Zalebis Txovnas

Tu moTxovnebs miiRebs da maTTan Sewyobas Seecdeba. es pativiscemisa

da Tavazianobis gamo ki ar xdeba, aramed imis gamo, rom reJims Se-

saZloa socialuri daZabulobebis ganeitraleba, ucxoeTis mTavro-

bebis damokidebulebaze gavlenis moxdena, xalxze zrunviT moqala-

qeebze STabeWdilebis moxdena an sakiTxis daxurva surdes. reJimis-

69

Tvis es iZuleba ar aris _ is ubralod gadawyvets, rom uSualod mis

interesebs araferi emuqreba da opoziciasTan konkretul sakiTxze

daTmobaze wasvla mas ar daasustebs. sinamdvileSi reJimis mxridan

Zalauflebis absoluturi floba ukve dasustebulia, vinaidan is im

sakiTxebis mimarT iCens yuradRebas, romlebmac SesaZloa mTavrobis

mimarT xalxis ukmayofileba gazardos. `axali ambebi~ regularulad

gadmoscemen totalitaruli mTavrobebis mxridan moTxovnebis

simboluri miRebis ambebs. politikuri reformebis moTxovnis nawi-

lobrivi miRebis mizniT rangunis politikuri reJimi da komunistu-

ri CineTis liderebi xSirad aTavisufleben ramdenime patimars maSin,

rodesac dasavleTis mniSvnelovani pirebi maTTan vizitad Cadian.

israelis mTavrobac regularulad axorcielebs simbolur Jestebs,

raTa palestinelebisadmi humanuri mopyrobis Sesaxeb SeerTebuli

Statebis mTavrobis moTxovna daakmayofilos. sakiTxebi, romelTa

dakmayofilebasac mTavrobebi irCeven, rogorc wesi, gamaRizianebel

faqtorebad miiCneva, xolo daTanxmebiT maT xelisuflebaSi yofnas

araferi emuqreba. sxva sityvebiT, es maTTvis iseTi gadawyvetilebaa,

romelsac minimaluri riski axlavs Tan.

mTavrobebis mxridan opoziciuri jgufebis mimarT daTmobebze

wasvlis bolodroindeli magaliTebi simboluri Jestebidan erTi Se-

xedviT Tavisufali arCevnebis gamarTvamde meryeobs. litvaSi, maga-

liTad, komunisturi reJimis mimarT sazogadoebaSi mzardi protes-

tis sapasuxod uzenaesma sabWom 1988 wels demokratiuli moZraobis

moTxovnebis dakmayofileba scada, rac sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT

litvuri enisTvis oficialuri statusis miniWebas da erT-erT is-

toriul adgilas erovnuli droSis aRmarTvas gulisxmobda. im dro-

isaTvis demokratiuli moZraoba _ romelsac `TanasabWo~, `saiudisi~

da sxva jgufebi edgnen saTaveSi _ imdenad farTo da warmatebuli

iyo, rom reJimis mxridan mxolod simboluri daTmobebi aRar iyo sak-

marisi. amis Sedegad gaizarda opoziciis, rogorc demokratiuli

cvlilebis momxdeni Zalis, mimarT ndoba.

sadam huseinis 2002 wlis gadawyvetileba, neba daerTo religiuri

ritualebis SesrulebisTvis, Cveni drois Sewyobis kidev erTi maga-

liTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom sadam huseini erayis sazogadoebis abso-

lutur kontrols axorcielebda, igi mainc dasTanxmda Siitebis

moTxovnas baRdadis gareubanSi arsebul salocavSi aTasobiT adami-

anis msvlelobis gamarTvaze. huseins SeeZlo, am moTxovnaze uari ga-

necxadebina, da mas, cxadia, gaaCnda is samxedro da policiuri Zala,

70

riTac am akrZalvas ganamtkicebda. magram igi mainc wavida daTmobaze

_ SeiZleba imis imediT, rom opoziciis kidev erTxel gaRizianebas

da Ria da Zaladobriv dapirispirebas Tavidan aicilebda.

erT-erTi yvelaze radikaluri daTmoba, romelzedac SeiZleba

reJimi wavides, Ria arCevnebis moTxovnis miRebaa. magram aseTi ar-

Cevnebis gamarTva TiTqmis yovelTvis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. meoce

saukunis bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uamravi SemTxveva iyo,

rodesac arademokratiuli reJimebi sakuTar sazRvrebSi `Tavisufa-

li~ arCevnebis gamarTvas daTanxmden. saqarTvelos xalxs mTavrobis

mier arCevnebis gayalbebis da amis Sedegad gamowveuli masobrivi am-

boxebis gamocdileba albaT kargad axsovs.

rodesac jgufebi im sakiTxebs arCeven, romelTan `Sewyobac~ Se-

iZleba mTavrobam isurvos, mniSvnelovania, rom Tanxmobis SemTxve-

vaSi mTavrobas xalxis winaSe `kargad gamoCenis~ saSualeba mieces.

amave dros, sazogadoebam unda gaigos, rom reJimis mxridan daTmo-

baze wasvla araZaladobrivi moZraobis mzard Zalas asaxavs, da rom

sazogadoebis gaumjobesebisTvis ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi su-

lac ar saWiroeben sisxlisRvras. gardaqmnis da Sewyobis erTiani

efeqtianoba sazogadoebas aZlierebs da mas kidev ufro mZlavri

qmedebebisTvis amzadebs.

avtoritaruli reJimebi arCevnebs xSirad iyeneben imisaTvis, rom

opoziciis mxridan politikuri cvlilebebis moTxovnebs `Seewyon~.

sazogadoebisTvis samwuxarod, opoziciis liderebi xSirad fiqro-

ben, rom arCevnebi Tavisufali da samarTliani iqneba, rom xalxs mTav-

robis mxridan daSinebebis gaZleba SeuZlia, an rom saerTaSoriso

damkvirveblebi xmebis daTvlis procesis samarTlianad Catarebas

uzrunvelyofen. serbeTis 2000 wlisa da zimbabves 2002 wlis arCev-

nebi im gansxvavebuli Sedegebis magaliTebia, romlebic SeiZleba ga-

yalbebul arCevnebs mohyves.

serbeTSi politikurma opoziciam arCevnebis monitoringis sis-

tema Seqmna saarCevno ubnebidan belgradis centralur ofisamde. maT

kompetenturi da organizebuli kampaniis (GOTV) monawileebi hyavdaT

da samoqmedo gegmac gaaCndaT im SemTxvevisTvis, Tuki mTavroba sa-

arCevno xmebis moparvas Seecdeboda. xmis daTvlis adgilebidan mo-

suli opoziciuri jgufebis pirveladi monacemebiT, gamarjveba de-

mokratiulma Zalebma moipoves, da es oficialuri Sedegebis gamov-

lenamde gamocxadda. rodesac mTavrobam ganacxada, rom misi monace-

mebiT opoziciam ver gaimarjva, xalxi quCaSi gavida da sakuTari ga-

71

marjveba mTeli qveynis masStabiT gamarTuli masobrivi demonstra-

ciebiT gamoxata. es demonstraciebi parlamentisken msvlelobiT

dasrulda. yvelaferi imdenad momzadebuli iyo, rom axali mTavro-

bis gamocxadebis procesSi arc policia da arc jari ar Careula.

2002 wlis martSi zimbabveSi gamarTul arCevnebs gansxvavebuli

Sedegi hqonda. zimbabves demokratiuli gardaqmnis opoziciurma moZ-

raobam (MDC) sakuTari strategia serbiis moZraobisa da Tavisufalida samarTliani arCevnebis gamarTvisTvis saerTaSoriso organiza-

ciebis rekomendaciebis mixedviT ganaviTara. naklebi yuradReba

moeqca `saTadarigo~ gegmas im SemTxvevisTvis, Tuki robert mugabesaarCevno xmebs moiparavda. Tumca imis niSnebi, rom mugabe Zalauf-

lebaze uaris Tqmas ar apirebda, adreve gamoCnda. Seiqmna axalgazr-

duli dajgufebebi, romlebic xeljoxebiT da danebiT SeaiaraRes daromlebsac opoziciuri partiebis muSakebze Tavdasxmis sanacvlod

sakvebs da fuls dahpirdnen. opoziciuri moZraobis mxardamWerebs

da im adamianebs, romlebzec eWvobdnen, rom general mugabesTvis xmismicemas ar apirebdnen, scemdnen da aSinebdnen. opoziciis saprezi-

dento kandidati Ralatis braldebiT daapatimres. policia da

uSiSroebis agentebi xalxis daSinebas Seudgnen. rogorc ambobdnen,uSualod arCevnebis dResac ki rigSi mdgar adamianebs saerTaSoriso

damkvirveblebis Tvalwin scemdnen. zogierTi evropuli qveynisdamkvirvebeli qveynidan gaaZeves. arCevnebis dRes saarCevno ubnebi

gadaaadgiles, rac amomrCevlebis dasabnevad gamiznuli mTavrobis

strategia iyo. Sedegebis Tvlis procesSi aTasobiT amomrCeveli ariqna gaTvaliswinebuli. mugabem sakuTari gamarjvebis Sesaxeb ganacxada.

vinaidan arc gegma hqonda da arc imis SesaZlebloba, sxva gzebiT mieRwia

xalxis nebis aRsrulebisTvis, MDC-s sxva aRaraferi darCenoda imisgamocxadebis garda, rom arCevnebi Tavisufali da samarTliani ar iyo.

maT arCevnebis Tavidan gamarTva moiTxoves, Tumca imis garantia, rom

axali arCevnebi sxva SedegiT dasruldeboda, aravis hqonda.am yvelaferSi mTavari is aris, rom arCevnebi mTavrobebisTvis Za-

lian mniSvnelovani faqtoria, vinaidan damarcxeba maTi legitimu-

robis dakargvis tolfasia rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saerTaSorisokonteqstSi. amave mizezTa gamo arCevnebi da maTSi gamarjveba aranak-

leb mniSvnelovania demokratiuli opoziciisTvis. aucilebelia imis-

Tvis momzadeba, rom adamianebi mzad iyvnen arCevnebSi sakuTari nebisgamovlenisTvis, agreTve saWiroa iseTi frTxili da gonivruli geg-

mis qona, romliTac reJimis mxridan saarCevno xmebis gayalbebas

daupirispirdebiT.

72

iZuleba

gardaqmna da Sewyoba mCagvrels saSualebas aZlevs, araZaladob-

rivi oponentebis Txovnebi an moTxovnebi miiRos an uaryos ise, rom

amas myisieri Sedegebi ar mohyves. iZulebas ki SeuZlia, mTavrobis-

Tvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis mimarT damorCileba gamoiwvios. maSin,

rodesac iZuleba efeqtiani xdeba, reJimis realuri Zala ukve mniS-

vnelovnad Seryeulia. opoziciur jgufebs unda esmodeT, rom na-

adrevad ganxorcielebulma iZulebis mcdelobebma SesaZloa sazo-

gadoebis TvalSi maTive diskreditacia moaxdinon. iZulebiTi moT-

xovnebis dayeneba, romlebic mCagvreli mTavrobis arsebobas uSu-

alod ayeneben kiTxvis niSnis qveS, mxolod frTxili dagegmvisa da

warmatebis Sansis obieqturi gaanalizebis Semdeg unda moxdes. Tuki

iZulebis Sedegad moTxovnebis dakmayofileba realuri ar aris, maSin

am meqanizmis gamoyenebis samomavlod gadadebaze an moTxovnebis

formulirebis Secvlaze unda dafiqrdeT.

politikuri partiebi da studenturi jgufebi zogjer iseT `moT-

xovnebs~ ayeneben, romelTa dakmayofileba ar aris SesaZlebeli. uf-

ro upriani iqneba, reJims organizaciuli miznebis Sesaxeb acnoboT

da mxolod sazogadoebis mobilizebis Semdeg ganaviTaroT jgufis

strategiuli dagegmvis SesaZleblobebi. reJimis sayrdeni burjebis

dasustebis mcdeloba maSin unda ganaxorcieloT, rodesac es miznebi

konkretul moTxovnebad iqceva. Tu, magaliTad, arsebobs `moTxovna~

`Tavisufali da samarTliani arCevnebis~ Catarebaze, am moTxovnis

uaryofis SemTxvevaSi ra zomebi gatardeba reJimis winaaRmdeg?

iZuleba warmatebulia maSin, rodesac, reJimis survilis sawinaaR-

mdegod, opoziciis moTxovnebi miRweulia. 2000 wlis oqtomberSi

serbeTSi gamarTuli arCevnebis dros opoziciurma jgufebma gamarj-

veba gamoacxades imis miuxedavad, rom miloSeviCis reJimma arCevnebis

gameorebis aucileblobaze ganacxada. vinaidan reJimis mxridan ar-

Cevnebis gayalbeba iyo mosalodneli, strategiuli araZaladobrivi

brZoliT Zalauflebis mopovebis dagegmvis vrceli procesi arCevne-

bamde iyo dasrulebuli. parlamentis Senobisken svla asobiT aTasma

serbma ganaxorciela da diqtatori erTiani, mtkice gadawyvetilebiT

Camoagdo. miloSeviCs ar SeeZlo sakuTari marcxisTvis winaaRmde-

gobis gaweva. misi mTavari sayrdeni burjebi gamqraliyo. policiam

uari ganacxada samoqalaqo protestis monawileebis belgradSi arSe-

mosaSvebad gzebis gadaketvaze, jarma ki uari miloSeviCis saxeliT

Carevaze Tqva, vinaidan arCevnebi politikuri sakiTxi iyo, romelic

73

samxedro Carevas ar saWiroebda. am ori sayrdeni burjis gamocla

Tveebis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli procesis Sedegi iyo, rodesac ja-

ris, policiisa da mTavrobis wevrebs arwmunebdnen, rom demokrati-

uli cvlileba maT poziciebs ar Seamcirebda da ar gamoiwvevda xeli-

suflebis wevrebis devnas. miloSeviCi swrafad mixvda, rom mas Zala

gamoecala.

imis miuxedavad, rom arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac araZaladob-

rivi iZulebis gamoyeneba opoziciuri jgufebisTvis warmatebiT das-

rulda, qmedebis realuri SesaZleblobis gareSe ganxorcielebuli

muqara nebismier moZraobas zians ayenebs. ase moxda 2002 wels zim-

babveSi, rodesac saerTo gaficvisken ori mowodeba mowodebad darCa

da ar ganxorcielda. kidev erTi, amjerad warmatebuli, gaficvis mow-

yobas Tveebis manZilze warmoebuli dagegmva da koordinireba das-

Wirda. dapirebuli sanqciebis sisruleSi moyvanis SesaZleblobis ga-

reSe ganxorcielebul iZulebis mcdelobebs SeuZliaT demokrati-

isTvis brZola daasuston; sazogadoebis aqtiuri mxardaWera SesaZ-

loa ganeldes; saerTaSoriso mxardamWerebs SesaZlebelia moZraobis

SesaZleblobebis mimarT eWvebi gauCndeT. moZraobisTvis amgvari ne-

gatiuri Sedegebis Tavidan asacileblad Zalian mniSvnelovania rom,

farTomasStabiani araZaladobrivi kampaniebis dagegmvas da gamar-

Tvas Tan SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba erTvodes.

daSla

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, opoziciuri jgufebis mxridan mmarTve-

lebis iZulebis SesaZlebloba imaze miuTiTebs, rom Zalauflebis

mniSvnelovani gadanawileba ukve momxdaria. da rodesac opozicia

gaiazrebs, rom Zalauflebis balansi mis sasargeblodaa Secvlili,

reJimze Seteva ufro farTo frontze unda ganxorcieldes, TanamS-

romlobaze uaris Tqmisa da Carevis ufro Zlieri meTodebis gamoye-

nebiT. Tu es Setevebi mdgradia, reJimi daiSleba, vinaidan misi mmarT-

velobisTvis aucilebeli sayrdeni burjebi aRar iarsebebs.

Tuki opozicia reJimis daSlas aucileblobad miiCnevs, maSin ara-

Zaladobrivi qmedebebis intensivoba da masStabi ar unda Semcirdes

manam, sanam reJimis ngreva miRweulia. Tuki opozicia nebismieri mi-

zezis gamo Zalas kargavs, reJimma es SeiZleba sakuTari Zalauflebis

gasamyareblad gamoiyenos. rogorc samxedro kampaniis `eqspluata-

ciisa da devnis~ (Exploitation and Pursiut) fazis dros, romelic maSin

dgeba, rodesac Tavdacvis poziciebi dasustebulia da mteri ukan

74

daxevas cdilobs, Seteva yvelaze didi intensivobiT unda ganxorci-

eldes. amave dros, unda iyos im riskis miRebis mzaoba, romelic Se-

iZleba kampaniis adre dasrulebas axldes Tan. strategiuli gegmis

gareSe jarma SesaZloa ver SeZlos swrafi reagireba da wyvetis gamya-

reba. igive xdeba araZaladobrivi brZolis SemTxvevaSic.

araZaladobrivi qmedebis meTodebi

araZaladobrivi qmedeba araZaladobrivi cvlilebis meqanizmebs

asaxavs da amyarebs. arsebobs uamravi gansxvavebuli meTodi, romle-

bic opozicias SeuZlia oponentis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenos. araZala-

dobrivi qmedebis politikaSi Sarpi orasamde meTodze wers da ama-

tebs, rom es sia yovlismomcveli ar aris. konkretuli situaciebis-

Tvis Sesaferisi meTodebis dasadgenad SemoqmedebiTi midgomaa sa-

Wiro.

mCagvreli reJimis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli araZaladobrivi qmedeba

xSirad pasuxad Zaladobriv mogeriebas miiRebs. mosalodnelia cema,

wameba, dapatimreba da sxva sanqciebi (Zaladobrivi, ekonomikuri da

socialuri). magram rodesac mTavroba aseTi gzebiT reagirebs, msgav-

si aqtebis farTod gaxmaureba opozicias SeuZlia gamoiyenos demok-

ratiuli moZraobis mimarT sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris gaZliere-

bisTvis, sisastikis gamo reJimis dasustebisTvis da misi legitimu-

robis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebis wamoWrisTvis. gasuli saukunis movlenebis

dros dapatimreba da cixeSi Casma Rirsebis maCvenebeli iyo.

araZaladobrivi qmedebisTvis Sesaferisi meTodebis SerCeva maTi

gamoyenebiT misaRwev miznebzea damokidebuli. zogjer moZraobebi

an organizaciebi meTods mowonebis an gamocdilebis gamo irCeven da

Semdeg adgenen araZaladobrivi qmedebis mizans, an ar adgenen. aseTi

midgoma `cxenis etlis win dayenebas~ hgavs. idealur SemTxvevaSi jer

miznebi unda gaanalizdes da mxolod amis Semdeg unda iqnes fiqri

dawyebuli meTodebis meniuze, raTa strategiuli da taqtikuri miz-

nebis misaRwevad yvelaze Sesaferisi meTodebi iqnes arCeuli. ganxil-

vis gasamartiveblad meTodebi sam farTo kategoriad SeiZleba da-

iyos. esenia: protesti da darwmuneba, araTanamSromloba, Careva (in-

tervencia).

protesti da darwmuneba

saprotesto aqciebi da darwmunebis mcdelobebi reJimisTvis war-

moadgens gafrTxilebas, rom prodemokratiul Zalebs mTavrobis

75

konkretul qmedebebTan Tu politikasTan mimarTebiT seriozuli

uTanxmoebebi da pretenziebi aqvT. es protesti umTavresad simbolu-

ri xasiaTisaa. amave dros, imave aqciebma, SesaZloa, sazogadoebis yu-

radReba imaze miapyros, rom araZaladobrivi opoziciis moZraoba

mTavrobas konkretuli darRvevebis gamo iwvevs. araZaladobrivi sap-

rotesto aqciebi da darwmunebis mcdelobebi strategiuli araZa-

ladobrivi moZraobis nebismier stadiaze SeiZleba warmatebiT iyos

gamoyenebuli; magram, rogorc wesi, maT mainc adreul etapebze mimar-

Taven xolme, Tundac es sazogadoebisTvis moZraobis gacnobis sta-

dia iyos.

protestisa da darwmunebis rogori formac ar unda iyos SerCe-

uli, am aqciebma farTo asaxva unda povon mediaSi. demonstraciebs

da saprotesto werilebs mcire an saerTod aranairi gavlena ar gaaC-

niaT, Tuki maT Sesaxeb aravin icis. protestisa da darwmunebis TvalSi

sacemi magaliTi, romelmac mTeli msoflios yuradReba miipyro, 60-

iani wlebis vietnamSi gvqonda _ iq ramdenime berma Tavi daiwva ame-

rikelebis mier mxardaWerili saigonis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg. TviT-

mkvlelobis am aqtebma bevri adamiani daafiqra imaze, Tu ratom air-

Cies maT protestis niSnad aseTi tanjviT sikvdili. msxverplis gaRe-

bis mizani didwilad miRweuli iyo imis gamo, rom organizatorebma

aqciis gasaSuqeblad da gadasaRebad axali ambebis saerTaSoriso sa-

agentoebi miiwvies.

es meTodebi ar warmoadgens pirdapir Setevas oponentis Zalauf-

lebis im wyaroebze, romlebic pirvel TavSi ganvixileT. isini iribad

uteven da miznad reJimis qmedebebis sazogadoebisTvis gacnobas da

cvlilebebis aucileblobaSi reJimis warmomadgenlebisa da sxvebis

darwmunebas isaxaven. araZaladobrivi brZola ukmayofilebis gamom-

xatvel demonstraciebze bevrad metia.

araTanamSromloba

araTanamSromloba yvelaze Zlieri kategoriaa im araZaladobriv

meTodebs Soris, romelTa gamoyenebac opoziciur moZraobebs SeuZ-

liaT. qmedebebis am kategoriis gonivruli arCeva da strategiaSi

CarTva reJimisTvis Zalauflebis wyaroebis gamoclis albaTobas

zrdis. reJimis Zalauflebis wyaroebze (uflebamosileba, adamianuri

resursi, unarebi da codna, materialuri resursi, bundovani faqto-

rebi da sanqciebi) Setevis ganxorcieleba ara mxolod samxedro

asakis mamakacebs, aramed mTel mosaxleobas SeuZlia. xalxis TanamS-

76

romlobis gareSe verc erTi mTavroba ver gaZlebs. TanamSromlobaze

uaris Tqmis aqciis gzavnili is aris, rom `Cven, xalxi, aRar davexma-

rebiT mTavrobas Tavisi moqalaqeebis Cagvris saqmeSi~. mizani ki

mTavrobisTvis funqcionirebis garTulebaa. araTanamSromloba yve-

laze did gavlenas maSin axdens, rodesac arCeuli aqciebi araZala-

dobriv strategias emTxveva, da rodesac kargad SeTanxmebulia da

ara qaosuri.

reJimis sayrdeni burjebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli adgilobrivi

araTanamSromlobis kampaniebis paralelurad sanqciebis dawesebaze

saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mosapoveblad koncentrirebuli mcde-

lobebi unda xorcieldebodes. es sanqciebic TanamSromlobaze uaris

Tqmas unda iTvaliswinebdes. rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saerTaSo-

riso doneze warmoebul araTanamSromlobas SeuZlia politikuri

cvlilebis momxreebs didi daxmareba gauwios. saerTaSoriso mxarda-

Weris SesaCereblad warmoebuli kampaniebi moicavs investiciebisa

da importis SezRudvas an akrZalvas, reJimis politikis gakritikebas

saerTaSoriso forumebze, oficialuri pirebisTvis savizo SezRud-

vebis dawesebas, mCagvrel reJimebSi moqalaqeebis mogzaurobis Sez-

Rudvas da ucxouri dafinansebis limitirebas iseTi proeqtebisTvis,

romlebsac arasamTavrobo organizaciebi uSualod humanitaruli

miznebisTvis axorcieleben.

socialuri araTanamSromloba

socialuri araTanamSromlobis ganxorcieleba nebismier adamians

SeuZlia. reJimis konkretul warmomadgenlebTan sazogadoebrivi ur-

TierTobis Tavis aridebas, SesaZlebelia, gamanadgurebeli gavlena

hqondes oficialuri pirebisa da maTi ojaxebisTvis. sazogadoebrivi

elitis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT, Sewyviton sazogadoebriv Sexved-

rebze reJimis warmomadgenlebis dapatiJeba da aRar iaron im samTav-

robo Tu kerZo miRebebze, romlebsac oficialuri pirebic unda da-

eswron. SesaZlebelia reJimis warmomadgenlebis garemocvis amoReba

im sazogadoebriv Sexvedrebze dasapatiJebeli pirebis siebidan, rom-

lebsac mezoblebi an arasamTavrobo organizaciebi awyoben. Tavis

aridebis aseTi gamoxatuleba imis niSania, rom xalxs ar SeuZlia imaT-

Tan erTad yofna, vinc reJims uWers mxars. magram aseTi qmedebebi

frTxilad da faqizad unda ganxorcieldes. arasworma gamoyenebam

SesaZloa reJimis momxreebis opoziciaSi gadayvanis procesi Seafer-

xos. im sazogadoebriv da sportul movlenebs, romlebic prestiJu-

77

lia reJimisTvis, SesaZlebelia boikoti gamoecxados. araTanamSrom-

lobaa reJimis mimarT protestis gamomxatveli tansacmlis tarebac

ki. isini, vinc aseTi aqciebis samiznes warmoadgenen, swrafad xvdebian

im gzavnils, romelsac aseTi araTanamSromloba gulisxmobs.

amerikis koloniuri periodis dros masaCusetsis mmarTvelma erT-

xel daiCivla, rom inglisis imperiis warmomadgenlad yofnis miuxe-

davad, igi arafriT iyo patimarze meti. mas aravin emorCileboda,

adgilobrivi wesrigis damcvelebi ignorirebas ukeTebdnen, misi

brZanebebi da miTiTebebi ar sruldeboda da eklesiuri gaerTianebebi

Tavs aridebdnen.

ekonomikuri araTanamSromloba

imisaTvis, rom socialuri pirobebi Seasrulos, mTavrobas, cxa-

dia, Semosavlebi esaWiroeba. amdenad, ekonomikuri araTanamSromlo-

bis meTodi imisTvisaa gamiznuli, rom mTavrobis mxardaWeraze gana-

xorcielos Seteva da reJimis momxreebis ekonomikuri daintereseba

moSalos an Seamciros. politikis ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli

saqonlis da momsaxurebis SeZenisTvis saWiro pirobebis warTmeviT

an SemcirebiT ekonomikuri araTanamSromloba mTavrobas mxardam-

WerTa erTgulebis SenarCunebis saSualebas usustebs.

ekonomikuri araTanamSromlobis erTi magaliTi gadasaxadebis

gadauxdeloba an nawilobriv gadaxdaa. sxva magaliTebia myidvelTa

boikotebi im produqciis an momsaxurebis winaaRmdeg, saidanac mTav-

robas Semosavali aqvs; gaficvebi, romlebic ekonomikis destabiliza-

cias iwveven; an sabanko depozitebis gatana, rac iseT fiskalur kri-

ziss iwvevs, romlis ignorirebac ar SeuZliaT ucxoel investorebs.

amavdroulad, zogjer SesaZlebelia saerTaSoriso korporaciebis,

savaWro organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organi-

zaciebis darwmuneba, rom samizne mTavrobebTan ekonomikuri TanamS-

romloba SeaCeron, rac maT ekonomikur mdgomareobas kidev ufro

metad daasustebs. ekonomikis destabilizacia ara mxolod mTavrobis

sayrdeni burjebis dasustebas iwvevs, aramed reJims opoziciis

araTanamSromlobaze reagirebis saSualebasac uzRudavs. es ki araZa-

ladobrivi brZolis mTliani strategiuli miznebisTvis sakmaod

mniSvnelovani faqtoria.

strategiuli araZaladobrivi brZolis warmoebisas mniSvnelo-

vania, Tvali adevnoT mTavrobis mimoqcevaSi arsebul myar valutas.

es im sferoebis amocnobisTvis aris saWiro, romlebzec ekonomikuri

78

araTanamSromlobis meTodebiT Seteva yvelaze efeqtian Sedegebs

gamoiRebs. zogjer myari valuta bunebrivi resursebis gayidvidan

Semodis, an saqoneli da momsaxureba iyideba muSaxelis siiafis Sede-

gad. rac Seexeba eqsports, ekonomikuri araTanamSromlobis gamoye-

nebisTvis yvelaze efeqtiani samizne aq gayidvis wertilebia. impor-

tis mxriv Setevas yvelaze naklebad warmomavlobis wertilebi uZ-

leben.

politikuri araTanamSromloba

miuxedavad imisa, rom araTanamSromlobis nebismieri (da yvela)

aqti, romelic strategiul araZaladobriv moZraobaSi gamoiyeneba,

bunebiT `politikuria~, jin Sarpma 198 meTodidan mxolod ocda-

Tvramets mianiWa specifikurad politikuris statusi. es qmedebebi

ZiriTadad gamiznulia uflebamosilebis uaryofaze _ romelic mTav-

robisTvis Zalauflebis mTavar wyaros warmoadgens. politikuri

araTanamSromlobis Tanmdevi dadebiTi faqtoria is, rom is samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebas aZlierebs. organizaciebi gamocdilebas iZenen

da ematebaT rwmena reJimis winaaRmdeg moqmedebis sakuTar SesaZleb-

lobebSi, iqneba es calke Tu Tanamoazre jgufebTan erTad ganxor-

cielebuli moqmedeba.

politikuri araTanamSromloba mTavrobaze pirdapir Tavdasxmas

warmoadgens. deklaraciebma, manifestebma da sxva dokumentebma,

romlebic reJimis uflebamosilebas da legitimurobas uaryofs,

SeiZleba sazogadoeba daarwmunon _ reJims ar gaaCnia uflebamosi-

leba da funqcionirebis ufleba. aseT saprotesto aqciebs, Tavis

mxriv, mosdevs samTavrobo institutebis boikotebi, samoqalaqo mo-

samsaxureebis muSaobaSi Seferxebebi da mTeli mosaxleobisTvis

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis uamravi SesaZlebloba, romlebic, Tu

farTod da meTodurad ganxorcieldeba, avtoritaruli reJimis Za-

las gaaneitralebs da SesaZloa daSalos kidevac.

Careva (intervencia)

araZaladobrivi aqciebi, romelTa Sinaarsi an gavlenebi arsebul

qcevis normebs, politikas, urTierTobebs da instituciebs arRvevs,

intervenciuli aqtebia. amave dros, SesaZlebelia, maT qcevis axali

normebis, axali urTierTobebisa da axali instituciebis Seqmnac ki

gamoiwvion. imis gamo, rom es meTodebi uSualod ZalTa gadanawilebis

arsebul mdgomareobas uqmnian problemebs, isini dayenebul sakiTxs

79

ufro swrafad aqceven sazogadoebis yuradRebis centrSi, ufro

pirdapir ugzavnian mTavrobas gamowvevas da, SesaZlebelia, proble-

mis ufro swrafad gadawyvetis saSualebasac qmnian. Tumca, meore

mxriv, intervenciul aqciebs SesaZlebelia myisieri da ufro mkacri

represiebi mohyves, vidre aqciebs, romlebic saprotesto xasiaTs

atarebs an araTanamSromlobas warmoadgens.

SeerTebuli Statebis uaxlesi istoria moicavs magaliTebs, Tu

ramdenad efeqtiani SeiZleba gaxdes mesame Zalis Careva arsebuli

qcevis normebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlis saqmeSi.

samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis dros sasadiloebSi ganxorci-

elebuli mjdomare aqciebi mkveTri da efeqtiani aqciebi iyo, romleb-

mac pirdapir Seuties da swrafad mouRes bolo restornebSi rasob-

riv segregacias. amave dros, am kampaniebma rasobrivi segregaciis

sakiTxis ufro farTod, kanonmdeblobis WrilSi ganxilvisTvis saWi-

ro xilvadoba da aucilebloba Seqmnes. am aqciebis ganxorcielebidan

ukve aTwleulebia gasuli da dRes zogjer ignorirebuli xdeba is

Zaladoba, romelic bevr aseT mjdomare aqcias mohyva. es iyo cemis

uamravi SemTxveva, policielebis mxridan gawvrTnili ZaRlebiT

ganxorcielebuli Seteva da sxva Zaladobrivi qmedebebi. am Zalado-

bam, romelic xSirad mTavrobis mxridan modioda, politikur jiu-

jicus misca dasabami, vinaidan mSvidobiani saprotesto aqciebis

monawileTa mimarT Zaladobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobam samarTli-

anobis momxre da rasobrivi segregaciis dasrulebis momTxovni Zale-

bi kidev ufro gaamZlavra. avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg warmo-

ebul strategiul araZaladobriv brZolaSi xalxis interesebisTvis

samarTlianobis momTxovni Zala SesaZlebelia erovnuli mTavroba

ar iyos da es funqcia SeiZleba saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam aiRos.

saerTaSoriso Carevis magaliTi 2002 wlis dekemberSi indoneziis

aCes provinciaSi saerTaSoriso samSvidobo brigadebis gagzavna iyo.

maT im adamianebis Tanxleba evalebodaT, vinc adamianis uflebebze

awarmoebda dakvirvebas, da humanitarul daxmarebas warmoadgenda,

vinaidan isini aCes politikuri statusis cvlilebis momTxovni

Zalebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mxridan Zaladobrivi Tavdasxmebis ganxor-

cielebis riskis qveS imyofebodnen. amave dros, saerTaSoriso dam-

kvirveblebis iq yofna avtonomiis Tu damoukideblobis momTxovni

jgufebis mxridan indoneziis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis winaaRm-

deg Zaladobas uSlida xels. saerTaSoriso intervenciis kidev erTi

magaliTi iyo ucxoeTis moqalaqeebis mier palestineli fermerebisa

80

da sxva mcxovreblebis araZaladobrivi formiT dacva israelis

axalmosaxleebisa da israelis Tavdacvis Zalebisgan.

intervenciul aqtebs SeuZliaT reJimis sayrdeni burjebi daasus-

ton an maTi ngreva daaCqaron. kargad SemuSavebuli strategiis SemTx-

vevaSi damatebiTi gegmebi SeiZleba swrafad moergos arsebul SesaZ-

leblobebs. Tu strategia da gegma morgebis SesaZleblobas ar iTva-

liswinebs, SesaZlebelia moZraobam inercia dakargos, rac oponents

reagirebisa da gadanawilebis dros miscems. meore mxriv, Tuki mTav-

robis institutebi CaTvlian, rom intervenciis aqtebi maT gadarCenas

pirdapir safrTxes uqadis, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, am institutebis

wevrebi lideris irgvliv gaerTiandnen da `ukanaskneli brZolisT-

vis~ moemzadon. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aiciloT reJimis momxreTa

mxridan alyis Semortymis SesaZlo impulsis riski da gavlena, Zala-

uflebis am wyaroebis mimarT adreve unda gaswioT propagandistuli

samuSaoebi.

2.3. problemebis gadaWra

nebismieri konfliqtis warmatebulad ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa mka-

fio miznebis, stretegiisa da saTadarigo gegmebis qona. araZaladob-

rivi brZolis mTavari strategiis miznebi da xasiaTi im politikuri

gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi iqneba, romlebsac opoziciuri moZraobis

liderebi miiReben. rodesac am gadawyvetilebebis realurad gan-

saxorcielebel saTadarigo gegmebad qcevis dro dadgeba, an rodesac

Tqvens mizans strategiuli miznebis dayeneba da gegmebis SemuSaveba

warmoadgens, SesaZloa, mravali problemis gadaWra mogiwioT.

im qveynebis gamocdileba, sadac avtoritaruli reJimebi mkacrad

akontroleben sazogadoebas, da sadac mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesa-

xeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba mxolod reJimis mxardamWerTa mcire

wris prerogativaa, aCvenebs, rom prodemokratiul Zalebs proble-

mebis gadaWris unari naklebad aqvT. magaliTad, ukidures SemTxveveb-

Si mTavroba iseT gadawyvetilebebsac ki iRebs, rogoricaa individis

arCevani, sad icxovros, ra iswavlos universitetSi, sad imuSaos da

riT ikvebos. SiSis Tu kulturuli normebis gavlenis Sedegad zog-

jer daqvemdebarebuli adamianebi Tavs ikaveben rekomendaciebis mi-

cemisgan da mxolod sxvebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs asru-

leben. imisaTvis, rom problemebis cnoba, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis

amocnoba da qmediTi rCevebis micema SeeZloT, adamianebs ukve unda

hqondeT patara Tu didi problemebis gadaWris gamocdileba.

81

sinamdvileSi adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT gadawy-

vetilebas iReben problemebis gadaWris mizniT. am problemebis ume-

tesoba sakmaod mcirea (ra Cavicva, ra viyido an vin davpatiJo patara

bavSvisTvis gadaxdil dabadebis dRis wveulebaze). gvxvdeba ufro

mniSvnelovani problemebic, magaliTad, profesiis arCevis sakiTxi.

am gadawyvetilebebidan bevri imdenad umniSvneloa, rom saboloo

arCevani gansakuTrebuls arafers warmoadgens, vinaidan im SemTxve-

vaSic ki, Tuki optimalur gamosavals ar virCevT, didi problemebi

mainc ar gveqmneba. Tumca arsebobs iseTi arCevanic, romlis Sesaxebac

amas ver vityviT. magaliTad, gadawyvetilebas, Tu visze davqorwin-

deT, SeuZlia Cveni darCenili cxovrebis yovel calkeul dReze iqo-

nios gavlena.

individebis msgavsad problemebis gadaWra organizaciebsac

uwevT. vinaidan organizaciebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi bevr

adamianze axdens gavlenas rogorc sakuTriv organizaciaSi, ise mis

gareT, da mas SesaZloa mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyves, gadawyveti-

lebis mimRebi maqsimalurad obieqtur rekomendaciebs da sarwmuno

informacias unda daeyrdnos. imis gamo, rom garemo, sadac araZala-

dobrivi brZolis dros gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba, Zalian hgavs

imave garemos samxedro konteqstebSi, problemebis gadaWris samxed-

ro meTodologia SesaZloa gamosadegi magaliTi iyos maTTvis, vinc

gadawyvetilebebs uSualod iRebs an gadawyvetilebis mimRebisTvis

rekomendaciebis miwodeba aqvs davalebuli.

problemebis gadaWris meTodologia administraciul da meneje-

rul sakiTxebSi SesaZlebelia farTod iyos gamoyenebuli. is lakonu-

ri da amavdroulad detaluria da moZraobis nebismier stadiaze Se-

giZliaT gamoiyenoT. mniSvnelovania, rom formatis qvemoT moyvanili

Tanamimdevroba daculi iyos.

problemis Seswavlis formati:

1. problemis formulireba.

2. varaudebi.

3. problemasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi.

4. faqtebis ganxilva.

5. daskvnebi.

6. rekomendaciebi.

82

abzaci 1: problemis formulireba

imis gamo, rom yuradRebis koncentrirebas problemaze vaxdenT,

misi formulireba pirvelive abzacSi xdeba. am abzacSi Sesatani sit-

yvebis povna SeiZleba ise advili ar aRmoCndes, rogorc erTi Sexed-

viT Cans. arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom pirvel abzacSi SecdomiT simp-

tomebze isaubroT da ara uSualod problemaze. ganmeorebadi Tavis

tkivilis gamo aspirinis ori abis mimRebi adamianis nacnob suraTs

am Secdomis msgavsi logika aqvs. man Tavis tkivilis simptomebi Seim-

subuqa, magram mTavari problema _ tkivilis gamomwvevi mizezi _ xel-

uxlebeli datova.

abzaci 2: varaudebi

problemis SeswavlaSi varaudebi misaReb mosazrebebs warmoad-

gens, romlebic faqtebis nacvladac gamoiyeneba. rogorc wesi, es va-

raudebi momavalSi mosaxdeni movlenebis, pirobebisa da arsebuli

resursebis Sesaxeb iqneba gamoTqmuli. varaudebi codnaSi arsebuli

garRvevebis Sesavsebi xelovnuri meqanizmebia. idealur SemTxvevaSi,

sasurvelia, varaudebis gamoTqmis saWiroeba ar dadges. varaudebs

formatSi maSin vrTavT, rodesac es dayenebuli problemis gadaWris-

Tvis aucilebelia. amis gamo varaudebis safuZvlianoba frTxilad

da gonivrulad unda Sefasdes. amave dros, arsebobs imis saSiSroebac,

rom gaCndeba aradeklarirebuli, magram nagulisxmevi varaudebi

procesSi CarTuli jgufebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.

abzaci 3: problemasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi

problemebis gadaWris procesSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani stadia

problemasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis Segrovebaa. Tuki isev Tavat-

kivebuli kacis magaliTs davubrundebiT, am abzacSi mis cxovrebis

wesTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi unda iyos CamoTvlili: misi kveba,

mxedveloba, samuSao Cvevebi, stresis doneebi da uamravi sxva.

abzaci 4: faqtebis ganxilva

am abzacSi problemasTan dakavSirebuli varaudebi da faqtebi

ganixileba. amasTan, am procesis mimdinareobis dros SesaZleblobe-

bis ganviTareba da gaanalizebac xdeba. am proceduris mniSvnelobis

gaazrebaSi kvlav Tavatkivebuli kaci dagvexmareba. eqimma, romelic

misi ganmeorebadi Tavis tkivilis gankurnebas cdilobs, SeiZleba

pacientze Tavis tkivilis yvela SesaZlo gamomwvevi mizezis gavlena

83

ganixilos. pacients SesaZlebelia kargi Zili hqondes, kargad umk-

lavdebodes stress, SeiZleba igi ar cxovrobdes malariis gavrcele-

bis zonaSi da ar iyos Sepyrobili gripis virusiT, magram igi SesaZloa

bevrs kiTxulobdes, iyos ormoci wlis da 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mxed-

veloba ar hqondes gamokvleuli.

abzaci 5: daskvnebi

problemasTan uSualod dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da varaudebis

ganxilvis Semdeg am abzacSi optimaluri da saukeTeso gamosavlis

formulireba xdeba. magaliTad, Tvalebis daZabva SeiZleba is daskvna

iyos, romelic Tavatkivebuli pacientis eqims gamoaqvs.

abzaci 6: rekomendaciebi

am abzacSi daskvnebi konkretul rCevebad iqceva, romlebic ga-

dawyvetilebis mimRebs miewodeba. man Tavis mxriv rekomendaciebi

qmedebad unda aqcios problemis gadasaWrelad. isev Cvens magaliTs

Tu gamoviyenebT, Tavis tkivilis gankurnebisTvis rekomendacia

mxedvelobis gamokleva iqneboda.

rekomendaciebis martivi Sefaseba sami sazomis mixedviT SeiZleba

moaxdinoT:

1. Sesaferisoba. namdvilad gadaWrian es rekomendaciebi dasmul

problemas?

2. ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. ramdenad realuria am rekomen-

daciebis amoqmedeba?

3. misaRebobis xarisxi. mzad aris gadawyvetilebis mimRebi saWiro

resursebis dasaxarjad (politikuri, finansuri da adamianuri Tval-

sazrisiT)? gadawyvetilebas arsebuli resursebis gamoyeneba an axali

resursebis mopoveba dasWirdeba.

problemebis gadaWris am meTodis gamoyenebis kidev erTi upira-

tesoba is aris, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebs SeuZlia, rekomendaci-

ebis SemuSavebis process gaecnos. amave dros, SesaZlebelia, gadawy-

vetilebis mimRebebs damatebiTi informacia hqondeT, romelic re-

komendaciebis SemuSavebisas ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. am axali

informaciis gamo formatis gadaxedvac SesaZlebelia.

Sejameba

problemebis gadaWrisTvis problemis Semswavleli formatis ga-

moyeneba bunebrivi gaxdeba. rogorc seifs gaaRebT cifrebis konkre-

84

tuli kombinaciiT, formatSi mocemuli abzacebis Tanmimdevrobac

aseve dagexmarebaT problemebis gadaWris gzebis dadgenaSi.

2.4. strategiuli Sefaseba

`amitom vacxadeb: icnobdeT Tqvens mters da

icnobdeT sakuTar Tavs; Tqvens gamarjvebas

safrTxe arasodes daemuqreba.~

san cu, brZolis xelovneba (Zv. w. 500 w.)

strategiuli Sefaseba Seucvleli iaraRia strategiis dagegma-

rebis procesSi. amiT sistematuri midgoma geZlevaT imisaTvis, rom

miznis misaRwevad yvelaze efeqtiani gza airCioT. es iseTi mniSvne-

lovani faqtorebis dadgeniT da analiziT miiRweva, rogoricaa gare-

mo (fizikuri, samxedro, politikuri) da monawileebis SesaZleblo-

bebi (rogorc megobruli Zalebis, ise oponentebis). amave dros, moq-

medebis gzebis Sedgenis procesSi Zlieri da susti mxareebis Sedareba

xorcieldeba. Semdeg saukeTeso gzis arCeva xdeba. imis gamo, rom

strategiuli samoqmedo gegmebi didwilad strategiul SefasebaSi

mocemul informacias emyareba, warmatebis Sansebze mniSvnelovan

gavlenas axdens analizis xarisxi da moyvanili informaciis raode-

noba. strategiuli Sefaseba aseve gamosadegia politikis SemuSave-

bisas, krizisul situaciebze reagirebisas da maSinac, rodesac

demokratiuli moZraobis wevr organizaciebs sarwmuno da Rrma ana-

lizisgan da faqtebisgan Semdgar informacias awvdiT. maT, vinc

adgilobriv kampaniebSia CarTuli, SeuZliaT qvemoT moyvanili for-

mati Seamciron da is TavianT miznebs miusadagon.

informacia, romelsac strategiuli Sefaseba Seicavs, mudmivad

unda ganaxldes. amiT damgegmavebs SesaZlebloba miecemaT, axal

amocanebs upasuxon da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samoqmedo garemoSi an Se-

saZleblobebSi cvlilebebi moxdeba, gegmebi SesabamisobaSi moiyva-

non. amis uzrunvelsayofad erTi adamiani mxolod monacemTa ganax-

lebaze unda muSaobdes. sasurvelia, rom es adamiani is piri iyos,

vinc strategiuli Sefasebis momzadebas Tavidanve uwevda koordini-

rebas. Tumca informaciis Segrovebis, Sefasebisa da miwodebis pro-

cesebSi sxva adamianebic unda iyvnen CarTuli.

85

usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, strategi-

uli Sefasebis garkveuli segmentebis erT ganyofilebaSi Tavmoyra

dagWirdeT. es ganyofileba mxolod im pirebisTvis iqneba xelmisawv-

domi, visac mocemuli informaciis codna namdvilad esaWiroeba.

magaliTad, iseTi informacia, rogoricaa organizaciis wevrTa Zale-

bis Sefaseba, kurierebis marSrutebi an garkveuli pirebis koordi-

natebi SeiZleba frTxilad mopyrobas saWiroebdes da opoziciuri

jgufebis wevrTa umetesobisTvis gamosadegi ar iyos.

strategiuli Sefasebis im detalur formats, romelic qvemoT

iqneba moyvanili da romelic, Tavis mxriv, `situaciis samxedro

Sefasebas~ emyareba, SesaZlebelia, sruli formiT arc erTi konkre-

tuli opoziciuri dajgufeba ar iyenebdes. magram arCeul strategi-

asTan da dasaxul miznebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis Segrovebis,

analizisa da erTad TavmoyrisTvis mniSvnelovania erTiani, sistema-

turi midgomis SemuSaveba. strategiuli Sefaseba an misi msgavsi for-

mati informaciis im saxeobebs aerTianebs, romlebic SeiZleba Zalian

mniSvnelovani iyos, magram aseTi formatis arqonis SemTxvevaSi advi-

li SesaZlebelia, gamogrCeT.

miznobrivi gancxadebis SemuSavebis procesSi

gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtorebi

strategiul SefasebaSi sawyisi wertili miznobrivi gancxadebaa

(anu is, Tu rogor ayalibeben moZraobis liderebi misaRwev miznebs,

ra tipis brZolaa arCeuli da zogadad rogor iwarmoebs is). Sesaba-

misad, saWiroa imis codna, Tu rogor unda SemuSavdes miznobrivi

gancxadeba strategiuli araZaladobrivi moZraobisTvis.

Tu moZraoba avtoritaruli mTavrobis pirobebSi da mis Sedegad

Seiqmna, maSin misi miznebi mCagvreli Zalebis xelisuflebidan CamoSo-

reba iqneba. magram moZraobam agreTve unda ganacxados, ra gzebiT

Seicvleba arsebuli mTavroba da ra formis mTavroba Secvlis mas.

mTavroba, romelic unda movides, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebiT unda

airCes da im sazogadoebis saxes unda daeyrdnos, romlis miRebac

moqalaqeebs brZolis dasrulebis Semdeg surT, e. i. `xvalindeli dRis

xedvas~. Tu moqalaqeebi ar dafiqrdebian, ram unda Secvalos mCagvre-

li reJimi, maT SesaZloa erTi tirania mxolod imis gamo Camoagdon,

rom xelisuflebaSi sxva, kidev ufro despoturi reJimi movides. am-

denad, aucilebelia, rom `xvalindeli dRis xedva~ konkretul miz-

nebsa da pragmatul cvlilebebSi gamovlindes.

86

magaliTad, Tuki qveyanaSi erovnuli policia moqmedebs _ rome-

lic xSirad mTavrobis is erTaderTi `saxea~, rasac moqalaqeebi yo-

veldRiur cxovrebaSi xvdebian _ da am policias adgilobrivi mosax-

leoba veranairad ver akontrolebs, xalxs, SesaZloa, surdes, rom

adgilobrivi policia adgilobrivad arCeul oficialur pirebs da-

uqvemdebaros. SesaZlebelia, mosaxleobas undodes, rom politikuri

da ekonomikuri prioritetebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebzec aseve ad-

gilobriv doneze moaxdinos gavlena _ imis nacvlad, rom yvela es

gadawyvetileba mxolod qveynis dedaqalaqSi iyos miRebuli. mokled,

SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis decentralizaciis, centridan

misi adgilobriv mmarTvelobebze gadacemis saWiroebis Sesaxeb kon-

sensusi arsebobdes. es ki, Tavis mxriv, `xvalindeli dRis xedvam~ unda

gaiTvaliswinos da miznebSi federalizmis garkveuli formis miRweva

unda Caidos.

`xvalindeli dRis xedvam~ unda gaiTvaliswinos religiur niadag-

ze Seqmnili daZabuloba ganurCevlad imisa, es mTavrobis mier mxar-

daWerili diskriminaciis Sedegadaa Seqmnili, Tu erTi jgufis mier

meoris CagvriT. religiisa da politikis Serwymis praqtikas yovel-

Tvis axlavs demokratiisTvis safrTxis Seqmnis garkveuli riski. am

or faqtors Soris kompromisi ki yovelTvis iwvevs daukmayofileb-

lobis gancdas im adamianebSi, visac demokratiis damyareba surs, da

maTSic, vinc demokratiad SeniRbul Teokratias eswrafvis. magram

iqneb SesaZlebelia iseTi zogadi CarCos Seqmna, romelic mTavrobasac

aukrZalavs moqalaqeebisTvis religiuri movaleobebis iZulebas da

arc religiuri jgufebis wevrTa umravlesobis mxridan iqneba aRq-

muli kompromisad. aseTi SeTanxmeba SeiZleba im terminologiis bazi-

si iyos, romelic konstituciaSi Seva.

es SeTanxmebiT miRweuli xedva Semdeg SeiZleba moZraobis mizne-

bad da politikur amocanebad gadaiqces, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, uf-

ro konkretuli strategiuli miznebis saxes miiRebs. es konkretuli

miznebi SeiZleba moZraobis liderebma miawodon damgegmavebs; an

SeiZleba TviTon damgegmavebma `gadaakeTon~ politikuri miznebi da

gancxadebebi strategiuli dagegmvis miznebad. ganzogadebebi, rom-

lebsac `xedva~ Seicavs, sakmarisi ar aris dagegmvis saqmeSi. magali-

Tad, Tu `yvelasaTvis ukeTesi cxovrebis~ idea nebismieri opozici-

uri moZraobisTvis namdvilad Rirebuli mizania, strategiuli gegmis

TematikisTvis es zedmetad zogadia. Sesabamisad, yuradReba unda

gamaxvildes im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gansazRvraze, romlebic mTavro-

87

bis politikas, qmedebebs an marTvis stils gamoxataven da `yvelas-

Tvis ukeTesi cxovrebis~ perspeqtivaze negatiur gavlenas axdenen.

rodesac gadasaWreli problemebi mkafiodaa gansazRvruli, maSin ma-

Ti gadawyvetisTvis saWiro resursebsac ufro gonivrulad gaanawi-

lebT.

miznobrivi gancxadebis sxva mniSvnelovani elementebia mTlian

gegmasa da koordinirebaze, agreTve gegmis dokumentis gamocemaze

pasuxismgebeli aparatis daniSvna. miznobrivi gancxadeba unda daiw-

yos `vin?~ SekiTxvaze pasuxiT, anu imis axsniT, Tu vin aris mTeli qvey-

nis masStabiT dagegmili araZaladobrivi brZolis iniciatori. araZa-

ladobriv moZraobebs _ iseve, rogorc SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs _

iSviaTad aqvT mkafio ierarqiuli struqtura. opoziciuri jgufebis

gansxvavebuli interesebis, SesaZleblobebisa da pirovnebebis gaer-

TianebisTvis farTod gamoyenebuli praqtika erTgvari `qolgaor-

ganizaciis~ Seqmnaa brZolis sawarmoeblad. aq konsensusis Sedegad

dagegmvisa da koordinaciis saqmeSi erT jgufs lideris funqciis

Sesruleba daevaleba. dagegmvis ganxorcielebis alternatiuli va-

rianti qolgaorganizaciis mier sakuTari personalis Seqmnaa, rome-

lic wevri jgufebis warmomadgenlebisgan iqneba dakompleqtebuli.

sawyis stadiaze upriani iqneba wevri organizaciebis sakiTxebis irg-

vliv mobilizeba da ara sakuTriv organizaciebis gaerTianeba. sa-

surveli iqneba, am qolgaorganizaciaSi qveynidan gandevnili pirebic

CarToT da saSualeba misceT, brZolas dafinansebis mopovebiT, kvle-

vebis warmoebiT, saerTaSoriso doneze lobirebiT an mediis mxridan

interesis aRZvriT daexmaron.

mas Semdeg, rac damgegmavebi samizne gancxadebisTvis saWiro yvela

elements ganixilaven, iwyeba sakuTriv gancxadebis SemuSavebis, ko-

ordinirebisa da `qolgaorganizaciis~ wevrebis Tanxmobis mosapo-

veblad misi wardgenis procesi. gancxadeba SeiZleba daaxloebiT

aseTi formis iyos:

(qveynis saxelwodeba) xalxi demokratiuli aliansis (an nebismieri

sxva organizaciis) winamZRolobiT iwyebs strategiul araZaladob-

riv Setevas samxedro diqtaturis (reJimis zusti saxelwodeba) dam-

xobis, demokratiuli gziT arCeuli mTavrobis moyvanis, mTavrobis

federaluri reformis ganxorcielebisa da mTavrobis samxedro ga-

datrialebisgan dacvis mizniT.

Tavdapirvelad strategiuli Sefaseba SesaZlebelia iseTi speci-

alizebuli dokumenti iyos, romlis Sedgenac mxolod gamocdil ada-

88

mianebs SeeZlebaT. Tu aq SemoTavazebul formats gamoiyenebT, Se-

giZliaT strategiuli Sefasebis calkeuli segmentebis momzadeba

bevr adamians daavaloT da amiT praqtikulad nebismier pirs misceT

procesSi monawileobis saSualeba. ufro da ufro meti segmentis das-

rulebis Sedegad, dokumentSi moyvanil detalebze dayrdnobiT, dam-

gegmavebi `sruli suraTis~ aRqmas daiwyeben. rac ufro gamocdilia

analitikosi, miT ufro swrafad da mkafiod moxdeba `sruli suraTis~

danaxva.

strategiuli Sefasebisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebis, konk-

retuli magaliTis analizi mis Rirebulebas warmoaCens da gvaCvenebs,

rom msgavsi formatis Sedgena TiTqmis yvela jgufs SeuZlia.

strategiuli Sefasebis formati, romelsac qvemoT moviyvanT,

zogadi sqemaa, romelic praqtikaSi SegiZliaT SeamciroT, gazardoT

da Tqvens konkretul miznebsa Tu amocanebs miusadagoT.

Sejameba

am TavSi is Temebi da procesebi ganvixileT, romlebic strategi-

uli Sefasebis SemuSavebis dros aris aqtualuri. strategiuli omis

damgegmavisTvis strategiuli Sefaseba umniSvnelovanes dokuments

warmoadgens. es dokumenti swrafad ar mzaddeba, magram misi SemuSa-

veba namdvilad gamoadgebaT opoziciur politikur jgufebs. kargad

momzadebuli Sefaseba marcxis SesaZleblobas amcirebs, vinaidan

miznis misaRwevad saukeTeso samoqmedo gzas iZleva. strategiuli

Sefaseba `cocxali~ dokumentia, Tuki misi ganaxleba mudmivad xdeba.

iseve, rogorc problemis Seswavlis dros, formatis dacva da inten-

siuri koncentracia aqac aucilebeli pirobebia. formatis dacva

mkafiod azrovnebis saSualebas iZleva maSinac ki, rodesac zewolis

qveS imyofebiT.

89

nawili IIIpraqtikuli rCevebi

3.1. sakiTxis SerCeva

sakiTxis sworad SerCeva da gasagebad formulireba nebismieri

kampaniis warmatebiT dagegmvisa da Catarebis erT-erTi mTavari ele-

mentia. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa, erTmaneTisgan gavarCioT farTo prob-

lemuri sfero da konkretuli sakiTxi. magaliTad, Zviri an uxarisxo

samedicino momsaxureba, garemos dabinZureba, diskriminacia da umu-

Sevroba farTo problemebia; sakiTxi ki maTi gadaWris an nawilobriv

gadaWris gzebSi mdgomareobs, rogoricaa am SemTxvevaSi samedicino

momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba da misiT yvela socialuri fenis uz-

runvelyofa, mwvane politika, umciresobebis sazogadoebaSi integ-

rireba da umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saxelmwifo progra-

mebi.

problemis gadaWris gza

pirveli nabiji, rac unda gadaidgas, problemis analizi da misi

gadaWris iseTi gzis moZebnaa, romliskenac mimarTuli iqneba Tqveni

qmedeba. rig SemTxvevaSi adamianebs problemis amorCevis fufuneba

aqvT; sxva dros problema `irCevs~ maT, e. i. is maT uSualod exebaT

da, Sesabamisad, misi gadaWra pirdapir moqmedebs maTi cxovrebis ga-

umjobesebaze. narkomania, garemos dabinZureba, eTnikuri da reli-

giuri diskriminacia swored iseTi problemebis magaliTebia, rom-

lebic TviTon `irCeven~ adamianebs. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi or-

ganizaciebs da individebs mainc uwevT farTo problemidan konkre-

tuli sakiTxis amorCeva, rac, Tavis mxriv, problemis gadaWris gzis

formulirebas niSnavs.

nebismier problemas gadaWris ramdenime gza aqvs da yoveli maT-

gani frTxil da Rrma gaazrebas saWiroebs. sakmarisi ar aris mxolod

imis gaTvaliswineba, Tu romeli problemaa yvelaze seriozuli da

misi gadaWris romel gzas eqneba yvelaze grZelvadiani efeqti.

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sakiTxis dasmaproblemis gadaWris gzis SerCevaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania imis

gaazreba, Tu rogor unda daisvas sakiTxi maqsimaluri mxardaWerismopovebis mizniT. magaliTad, erTi organizacia municipalitetis mi-er mcire Semosavlis mqone socialuri jgufebis sacxovrebeli far-TiT uzrunvelyofaze muSaobda. organizaciis wevrebi mixvdnen, romTuki maTi moTxovna mxolod ukiduresad Raribi mosaxleobis binebiTuzrunvelyofiT Semoifargleboda, es saWiro politikur mxardaWe-ras ar motanda. amitom isini `xelmisawvdom binebze~ alaparakdnenda SeTavazebul kanonproeqtSi ukiduresad Rarib fenasTan erTadmcire Semosavlis mqone dasaqmebuli adamianebic CarTes. amasTan, maTgaiTvaliswines is aspeqtic, rom saxlebis mSeneblobiT axali samuSaoadgilebi Seiqmneboda da kampanias `xelmisawvdomi binebisa da samu-Sao adgilebis kampania~ uwodes. am kampaniiT maT 75 000 amerikulidolaris mopoveba SeZles da programa warmatebiT ganxorcielda.

sakiTxis sworad dasmiT mopovebuli warmatebis kidev erTi maga-liTia amerikis erT-erT konservatorul StatSi arsebuli organi-zacia, romelic eleqtroenergiis qaris ZaliT gamomuSavebis ganviTa-rebaze muSaobda. am organizaciis wevrebs SeeZloT mxolod garemosdacvis sakiTxebze gaemaxvilebinaT yuradReba da naklebi qvanaxSirisdawviT haeris gaumjobesebul xarisxze esaubraT. magram sakiTxi amg-varad bevr sxva jgufsac hqonda dasmuli da maT kampanias warmatebaar mohyolia. amitom am organizaciam gadawyvita im ekonomikur upira-tesobaze elaparaka, romelsac importirebuli qvanaxSiris nacvladqaris gamoyeneba moitanda. maT ganacxades, rom qaris Zalaze gadas-vliT qvanaxSiris importze daxarjuli Tanxebi adgilobriv ekono-mikas moxmardeboda da xazi gausves im mogebas, romelsac fermerebiqaris turbinebis dadgmis mizniT miwis gaqiravebiT naxavdnen. imStatSi pirveli komerciuli qaris turbinebi ukve muSaobs.

sakiTxze muSaobis SesaZlo gavlenebi organizaciazekidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic unda gaiTvaliswinoT,

Tqven mier arCeul sakiTxze muSaobis paralelurad organizaciazezrunvaa. dafiqrdiT, ra gavlenas moaxdens konkretul sakiTxze mu-Saoba Tqvens organizaciaze, an ras moutans organizacias ama Tu imsakiTxis ignorireba. nu ifiqrebT mxolod problemebze da maTi ga-daWris gzebze.

liderebis organizaciuli azrovnebis SesaZlebloba _ sakiTxebze

fiqris paralelurad _ mniSvnelovani faqtoria jgufis ganviTare-

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bisTvis. es faqtori xandaxan am ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT moaz-

rovne jgufis wevrebis konfliqtis sawindaric xdeba. rogorc wesi,

axali wevrebi organizaciaSi sakiTxebis gamo modian da naklebad er-

kvevian organizaciis struqturasa da misi muSaobis dinamikaSi. aseTi

wevrebi xSirad Riziandebian, rodesac xedaven, ramdeni dro da

energia ixarjeba organizaciul sakiTxebze. magram kampaniebis warma-

tebiT warmarTva da organizaciis Seneba erTi da imave procesis ori

damoukidebeli mxarea da orive saTanado yuradRebas saWiroebs. am-

denad, konkretuli sakiTxis socialuri mniSvnelobis ganxilvasTan

erTad aucileblad unda gaiazroT is SesaZlo gavlenebi, rac am sa-

kiTxze muSaobam SeiZleba moaxdinos organizaciis Semdgom muSaoba-

ze. nebismieri organizaciisTvis, misi ganviTarebis yvela safexurze,

zogierTi sakiTxi ufro ukeTesi da iolad misaRwevi iqneba, vidre

sxvebi. amitom Tqveni organizaciis gaZlierebaze zrunva ama Tu im

sakiTxze muSaobis paralelurad unda mimdinareobdes.

sakiTxebis Sefasebakampaniis efeqturad warmarTvisTvis sasurvelia, pirvel etapze,

sakiTxis SerCevisas, aqtivistebis jgufma Tavs Semdegi SekiTxva da-usvas: ra kriteriumiT varCevT sakiTxebs Cveni organizaciisTvis?SegiZliaT, dafaze an did qaRaldze CamoweroT yvelaferi, rasac dis-kusiis dros Tqveni jgufis wevrebi ityvian. amiT erTiani da da yve-lasTvis misaRebi kriteriumis Camoyalibeba gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

Rirebulma da mniSvnelovanma sakiTxma qvemoT moyvanili pirobe-bis umetesobas unda upasuxos:

1. man adamianebis cxovreba realurad unda gaaumjobesos.situaciis gaumjobesebas mxolod maSin dainaxavT da igrZnobT,

rodesac darwmundebiT, rom kampaniam warmatebiT Caiara. Tu Tqvenikampania ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis zogadi gaumjobese-bisken (mag., sazogadoebrivi transportis mdgomareobis Semowmeba)aris mimarTuli, realuri da grZelvadiani Sedegebis gansazRvra uf-ro rTuli iqneba, vidre konkretuli moTxovnebis SemTxvevaSi (mag.,matareblebis ganrigis dabeWdva).

2. adamianebs maTive Zalauflebis gaazrebaSi unda daexmaros.xalxi kampaniebidan im ganwyobiT unda dabrundes, rom gamarjveba

maT moipoves da ara eqspertebma, advokatebma an politikosebma. esmaT Tavdajerebas Sematebs, sxva, ufro farTo sakiTxebze muSaobis-

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Tvis ganawyobs da organizaciisadmi maTi erTgulebis xarisxs gazr-dis. mocemul situaciaSi moqalaqeebs an aqvT Zalaufleba, an ara.pirvel SemTxvevaSi maT es Zalaufleba unda gamoiyenon; meore SemTx-vevaSi ki misi mopovebisTvis unda ibrZolon.

3. Zalauflebis arsebuli gadanawileba unda Secvalos.moqalaqeebs da gadawyvetilebebis mimRebebs Soris arsebuli Za-

lauflebis struqturebis Secvla sami formiT SeiZleba moxdes:_ Zlieri organizaciis SeqmniT, romelic Zalauflebis axali cen-

tri gaxdeba da gadawyvetilebis mimRebze moaxdens gavlenas;_ kanonebis da regulaciebis SecvliT da am gziT Cveni Zalauf-

lebis gazrdiT meore mxaris Zalauflebis Sesustebis xarjze;_ xelisuflebaSi iseTi pirovnebebis arCeviT, romlebic mxars

uWeren da eTanxmebian Cvens poziciebs.

4. unda aRiqmebodes, rogorc Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani.jgufis wevrebi unda grZnobdnen, rom is, risTvisac isini ibrZvian,

maT marTla aRelvebT. umjobesia, kampaniis damTavrebisas imaze nak-lebs miaRwioT, vidre Tavidan gqondaT miznad dasaxuli, magram arSecvaloT da ar SeamciroT Tavdapirveli moTxovnebi.

5. unda Seicavdes warmatebis SesaZleblobas.Tqven mier arCeuli problema da misi gadaWris gza zedmetad far-

To da abstraqtuli ar unda iyos. jgufis wevrebs Tavidanve undahqondeT gancda, rom kampanias warmatebis kargi Sansi da sworad da-gegmili strategia gaaCnia. ecadeT, gaigoT, vin da rogor miaRwiawarmatebas msgavs kampaniaSi. Semdeg daukavSirdiT gamocdilebis mqo-ne adamianebs da hkiTxeT, ra strategias da taqtikas iyenebdnen.

6. unda iyos sazogadoebis mier farTod da Rrmad gancdili.sasurvelia, bevri Tanamoazre naxoT, vinc dageTanxmebaT, rom Ser-

Ceuli problema marTlac mniSvnelovania da aucilebelia misi gadaW-risTvis raimes gakeTeba. aseve sasurvelia, problemis gadaWris Tqvenmier dasaxuli gza bevrma CaTvalos efeqtianad.

7. advilad gasagebi unda iyos.rogorc wesi, Rirebul sakiTxs ar unda sWirdebodes detaluri

da grZeli axsna-ganmarteba. ubralod unda SegeZloT, TqvaT: `naxeT,rogori dabinZurebulia es mdinare. is aseTi ar iyo, sanam masSi qarx-nebis gadamuSavebul masalas ar CaRvridnen~.

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8. unda hqondes mkafio samizne dahyavdes konkretuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebi.

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi is adamiania, visac TqvenTvis sasurveliSedegis mocema SeuZlia. ufro rTul kampaniebs SeiZleba ramdenimegadawyvetilebis mimRebi hyavdes. Tu konkretuli gadawyvetilebismimRebis dasaxeleba giWirT, SesaZloa, araswor sakiTxze muSaobT ansulac konkretuli sakiTxis nacvlad farTo problemaze fiqrobT.gaxsovdeT, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yovelTvis pirovnebaa _ ma-galiTad, qalaqis meri _ da ara instituti, korporacia an arCeviTiorgano. sazogadoeba arasodes warmoadgens samiznes. Tqveni moTxov-nebis dakmayofileba mers SeuZlia da ara sazogadoebas.

9. droSi kargad unda iyos ganawilebuli.sakiTxze koncentrirebul kampanias gaaCnia dasawyisi, Sua stadia

da dasasruli. Tqven unda gqondeT miaxloebiTi warmodgena TariReb-ze, romlebzec es sami stadia gadanawildeba. sasurvelia, Tqveni kam-pania ar daamTxvioT sazogadoebriv dResaswaulebs an Svebulebebissezons, Tu, ra Tqma unda, konkretuli dResaswaulebis simboluridatvirTvis gamoyeneba Tqvens uSualo miznebSi ar Sedis. maSinac ki,rodesac Tqvens kampania ar ukavSirdeba arCevnebs, saarCevno kalen-dris gaTvaliswineba mainc sasurvelia, radgan kampanias warmatebisbevrad meti Sansi aqvs arCevnebis wina periodSi, vidre mis Semdeg.

10. ar unda iwvevdes Tqveni jgufis dayofas.Tavi aarideT iseT sakiTxebs, romlebic Tqveni organizaciis wev-

rebis gaxleCas gamoiwvevs. ar daupirispiroT erTmaneTs mezoblebi,axalgazrdebi da asakovnebi, sxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi. ardakmayofildeT imiT, rom Tqveni ubnis narkotikebis gamsaRebelssxva ubanSi gandevniT. ecadeT, grZelvadiani perspeqtiva gqondeT;dafiqrdiT, visi mozidva gindaT organizaciaSi da gansajeT, moce-muli sakiTxi amaSi xels SegiwyobT Tu, piriqiT, SegiSliT.

11. unda pasuxobdes jgufSi arsebuli resursebisada liderebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.

kampaniam jgufis wevrebs mravalferovani da konkretuli rolebiunda SesTavazos.

12. unda Seicavdes samomavlo kampaniebis SesaZleblobas.kampanias, romelic momsaxure personalisTvis samedicino dazRve-

vis gacemas isaxavs miznad, janmrTelobis da/an personalis sxva uf-

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lebebis dacvis kampaniasTan mivyavarT. meore mxriv, kampanias, rome-lic mawanwala ZaRlebis daWeras da daxocvas moiTxovs, rogorc wesi,isev mawanwala ZaRlebis daWerasTan mivyavarT. adamianebs, romlebsacjanmrTelobis dazRvevis yidvis saSualeba ar aqvT, rogorc wesi, sxvasaerTo ekonomikuri problemebic gaaCniaT; magram adamianebs, rom-lebsac mxolod mawanwala ZaRlebis siZulvili aerTianebT, SeiZlebasxva araferi hqondeT saerTo. momavali kampaniebis SesaZleblobebzefiqris paralelurad ecadeT, gaaanalizoT is Cvevebi da kontaqtebi,romlebsac jgufi ukve dagegmili kampaniiT SeiZens da momavalSicgamoiyenebs.

13. unda SeeZlos dafinansebis mozidva.

mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvrac, ramdenad SeZleben da moisurve-

ben jgufis wevrebi kampaniis dafinansebaSi wvlilis Setanas. agreTve

ecadeT, Tvali adevnoT fondebis samyaroSi prioritetul sakiTxebs.

14. unda emTxveodes Tqvens zogad Rirebulebebs da faseulobebs.

sakiTxi, romlis gamoc kampaniis warmarTvas gadawyvetT, Tqveni

zogadi Rirebulebebisa da faseulobebis amsaxveli unda iyos. maga-

liTad, cxadia, rom yovel Cvengans surs kriminalis SemTxvevebis Sem-

cireba. magram aris Tu ara policiis rigebisa da cixeebis raodenobis

masobrivi zrda is mimarTuleba, saiTac gvinda, rom Cveni sazogado-

eba ganviTardes?

am zogadi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebasTan erTad mniSvnelovania

Tqveni organizaciis specifikurobisa da xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebac.

magaliTad, Tu Tqvens ubanSi eTnikuri umciresobis mWidro dasaxle-

ba arsebobs da isini ar arian saTanadod warmodgenili Tqvens orga-

nizaciaSi, sakiTxis gansazRvris damatebiTi piroba SeiZleba is mniS-

vneloba gaxdes, romelsac sakiTxi am eTnikuri umciresobisTvis

atarebs.

3.2. strategiis SemuSaveba

kampaniis strategiis SemuSavebisas mniSvnelovania `strategiisa~

da `taqtikis~ erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. `taqtika~ kampaniaSi gamoyene-

bul konkretul qmedebebs niSnavs: peticiebis gavrcelebas, werile-

bis weras, saprotesto aqciis organizebas. `strategia~ ufro farTo

cnebaa. strategiis dasaxva Tqveni amJamindeli situaciis, dasaxuli

miznebisa da maTi miRwevis gzebis erToblivad gaazrebas niSnavs.

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efeqtiani strategiis dasaxva cxra ZiriTadi sakiTxis gaazrebas

moicavs:

1. miznebi: ris miRweva gindaT?

nebismieri kampania miznebis gaazrebiT unda daiwyos. mniSvnelo-

vania miznebis erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa: ra moklevadian, Sualedur

da grZelvadian miznebs emsaxureba Tqveni kampania? miznebi Sinaar-

sobriv sakiTxebs exeba (magaliTad, kanonmdeblobis Secvlas) Tu pro-

cesis dawyebas an gaZlierebas (magaliTad, kampaniis monawileTa So-

ris solidarobisa da mWidro TanamSromlobis damyarebas)? es miznebi

Tavidanve mkveTrad unda ganisazRvros, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes maT

misaRwevad konkretuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba da amaSi xalxis

CarTva.

2. auditoria: vis SeuZlia miznebis miRwevaSi dagexmaroT?

romeli pirebisTvis an organizaciebisTvis gindaT xmis miwvdena?

es SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc zemoT xsenebuli `gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebebi~, mag., kanonmdeblebi (radgan maT Tqveni miznebis ganxorci-

elebis formaluri ufleba da saSualeba gaaCniaT), ise mediis war-

momadgenlebi da amomrCevlebi (vinaidan maT formaluri Zalaufle-

bis mqone pirebze gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT). orive SemTxvevaSi sa-

Wiroa kampaniis ZiriTadi auditoriis winaswari gansazRvra da im

formebis gaazreba, riTac maTTan dakavSirebas da maTze zewolis

moxdenas SesZlebT.

3. gzavnili: ra unda gaigonos auditoriam?

am gansxvavebul auditoriebTan urTierToba mkafio da damaje-

rebeli gzavnilebis, anu mesijebis, Sedgenas moiTxovs. es gzavnilebi

yovelTvis marTal da realur movlenebze iqneba dafuZnebuli; mag-

ram maTi miwodebis forma Seicvleba konkretuli auditoriidan ga-

momdinare. umetes SemTxvevebSi gzavnilebi or ZiriTad komponents

unda Seicavdes: mtkicebas, rom, rasac Tqven moiTxovT, swori da

marTebulia; da auditoriis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas.

4. warmgzavnelebi: vin `gaaxmovanebs~ mesijebs?

erTsa da imave gzavnils sruliad gansxvavebuli gavlenis moxdena

SeuZlia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu vin axdens mis `gaJRerebas~. rig

SemTxvevaSi es `eqspertebia~, vis mimarTac sazogadoeba formaluri

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ndobiT aris gamwyobili. sxva dros SesaZloa `Cveulebrivi xmebis~

gamoyeneba dagvWirdes _ adamianebis, romlebic uSualod sakuTar

gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT isaubreben. nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda

gaviazroT, Tu ris gakeTeba SegviZlia imisTvis, rom es `warmgzavne-

lebi~ informirebulebi da daculebi iyvnen.

5. miwodebis formebi: rogor mivawvdinoT xma auditorias?

gzavnilebis, anu mesijebis, auditoriisTvis miwodebis mravalfe-rovani formebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba iyos `darbaisluri~ meTodebi

(mag., lobireba); an radikaluri formebi (mag., pirdapiri qmedeba). is,

Tu romeli forma iqneba efeqtiani, konkretuli situaciis specifi-kurobazea damokidebuli. mTavaria, arsebuli formebi SevafasoT da

sworad gamoviyenoT. bevr SemTxvevaSi maTi SeTavsebiT gamoyeneba Se-

iZleba warmatebis sawindari gaxdes.

6. resursebi: ra gvaqvs?

efeqtiani kampania Tqvens xelT arsebuli resursebis srul ga-azrebas moiTxovs. es Seicavs warsulSi mopovebuli gamocdilebis

gaanalizebas, kontaqtebis gamoyenebas, jgufis wevrebisa da kampani-

aSi CarTuli sxva pirebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebas, TqvensxelT arsebuli informaciis Sejamebas. mokled rom iTqvas, kampanias

nulidan ar iwyebT; Tqveni sawyisi wertili ukve arsebuli resursebis

gamoyenebaa.

7. garRvevebi: ra unda ganaviTaroT?

resursebis gaazrebis Semdeg saWiroa arsebuli garRvevebis gaana-lizeba. daukvirdiT, ra gakliaT da rogor SegiZliaT danaklisis

Sevseba. iqneb ufro meti kontaqtebis damyareba an meti informaciis

mopoveba gWirdebaT; an meti adamianebis mozidva kampaniaSi CasarTavad.

8. pirveli nabijebi: rogor daviwyoT?

rogor `davZraT~ strategia efeqturi formiT? ra aris Cveni po-tenciuri moklevadiani miznebi an proeqtebi, romlebic moizidavs

adamianebs, gamokveTs ufro farTo samomavlo samuSaos da Semdegi

nabijis sawindars Seqmnis?

9. Sefaseba: rogor ganvsazRvroT, efeqtiani Tu ara kampania?

strategia kampaniis procesSive unda daeqvemdebaros Sefasebas.gaiazreT, akmayofilebs Tu ara praqtikaSi ganxorcielebuli stra-

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tegia zemoT moyvanil pirobebs (mag., gvyavs Tu ara swori auditoria;vaxerxebT Tu ara maTTvis xmis miwvdenas da a. S.). SesaZloa, praqtikam

daganaxoT, rom Tavdapirvelad dasaxuli strategiis garkveuli ele-

mentebi efeqtiani ar aRmoCndeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi saWiroa am ele-mentebis uaryofa da efeqtiani aspeqtebis gaZliereba.

3.3. taqtikis arCeva

taqtika im konkretul nabijebs moicavs, romlebic mTliani gegmi-

sa da strategiis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. taqtikis meSveobiT

Tqven uSualod axdenT gavlenas Tqvens samizne auditoriaze da ga-

dawyvetilebis mimRebebze.

kampaniis dagegmvisas taqtika bolo stadiaze unda SemuSavdes, ra-

Ta Tavidan aiciloT xSirad daSvebuli Secdoma _ sakiTxis dakonkre-

tebisTanave taqtikis arCevaze gadasvla (mag., modi, yvelani wavideT

oqruaSvilis ofisTan, Tan oqros Tevziani akvariumi waviRoT da pla-

kati – `rac brwyinavs, yvelaferi oqro ar aris~). taqtika farTo

strategiisgan gancalkevebiT arasodes ar unda gaiazroT.

nebismier taqtikas unda gaaCndes:

_ Semsrulebeli;

_ samizne auditoria da konkretuli `gadawyvetilebis mimRebi~;

_ mizezi, ratomac `gadawyvetilebis mimRebs~ ar aZlevs xels es

kampania da mzad aris, kampaniis Sesawyvetad daTmobaze wamovides.

sxvadasxva taqtikas gansxvavebuli organizaciuli simZlavre da

gamocdileba sWirdeba. amitom garkveuli taqtika kampaniis dasaw-

yisSia efeqtiani, sxva ki mogvianebiT, rodesac kampanias ukve garkve-

uli Zala gaaCnia. taqtikis arCeva da urTierTSefardeba konkretuli

kampaniis specifikuri moTxovnebidan unda gamomdinareobdes. amas-

Tan, arCeuli taqtika siamovnebas unda aniWebdes kampaniis organi-

zatorebs da monawileebs. is mxolod simboluri mniSvnelobis mata-

rebeli ar unda iyos da mTliani strategiis organul da gaazrebul

nawils unda warmoadgendes. kampaniis organizatorebis mier erT-er-

Ti yvelaze xSirad Cadenili Secdoma mxolod taqtikaze koncentri-

rebaa mTliani strategiis gaazrebis nacvlad.

sasurvelia, Tqven mier arCeuli taqtika xuT ZiriTad pirobas

akmayofilebdes:

1. unda iyos kampaniis miznebze, uSualod gadawyvetilebis mim-

Rebsa da Tqvens auditoriaze mimarTuli.

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es umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria taqtikis gansazRvrisas.2. unda hqondes konkretuli moTxovna da am moTxovnis miRma re-

aluri Zalis demonstrirebas unda axdendes.yvelaze susti taqtika is aris, romelsac arc uSualo samizne

(gadawyvetilebis mimRebi) gaaCnia da arc konkretuli moTxovna.magaliTad, anTebuli sanTlebiT xelSi gadaSenebis gzaze mdgaricxovelis jiSis gadarCenis saxeliT gamarTuli TavSeyra, romelickonkretulad aravisgan moiTxovs raime qmedebis ganxorcielebas(aseTi zogadi moqmedeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos efeq-tiani, Tu Tqven aTeulobiT aTasi adamianis mozidvas SeZlebT. amanSesaZloa romelime politikoss ubiZgos sakuTari reitingis asamaR-leblad cxovelis am jiSis gadarCenisTvis raime zomis miRebisken).

3. unda iyos rogorc Tqveni organizaciuli miznebis, ise uSualodkampaniis miznebis Sesatyvisi.

sxva sityvebiT, taqtika unda dagexmaroT rogorc organizaciisgaZlierebaSi, ise konkretuli kampaniis warmatebiT CatarebaSi. ma-galiTad, rogorc cnobilia, `bostonuri Cais smis~ aqciam moaxdinagadasaxadebis problemis aqcentireba, magram organizaciis SeqmnaSiaranairi roli ar Seusrulebia. vinaidan aralegaluri iyo, am aqciamarc erT jgufs araferi Semata. mas Semdeg bevrma organizaciamgamoiyena `Cais smis~ taqtika raimes wyalSi gadagdebis gziT; magramaxla, rogorc wesi, am aqciebze mediasac patiJeben da aqciis momwyobiorganizaciac Riad asaxelebs vinaobas. es niSnavs, rom droTa ganmav-lobaSi am taqtikis gamoyenebis praqtika ufro efeqtiani gaxda.

4. taqtika ucnobi unda iyos Tqveni kampaniis samizne `gadawyve-tilebis mimRebisaTvis~.

magaliTad, erT-erTi sastumros axalma mflobelma TanamSrom-lebi samsaxuridan daiTxova da profesiul kavSirebTan dadebulikontraqti ugulebelyo. TanamSromlebma daxmarebisTvis religiurmuSaTa koalicias mimarTes. koaliciam iseTi taqtika airCia, romelicnamdvilad ucxo da molodneli iyo sastumros menejmentisaTvis: isi-ni movidnen da sastumros vestibiulSi koleqtiuri locva daiwyes.oTxdRiani locvis Semdeg maT sastumros menejeri Sexvda da hkiTxa,Sewyvetda Tu ara kavSiris kontraqtis dacva koleqtiur locvs. ko-aliciam gaimarjva _ samsaxuridan daTxovnili TanamSromlebi Tavi-anT postebze aRadgines.

5. taqtika ar unda iyos ucxo Tqveni jgufis wevrebisTvis. isinitaqtikis ganxorcielebis procesSi Tavs komfortulad unda grZnob-dnen.

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erTma samoqalaqo organizaciam ramdenime aseuli wevri moiyvana

Sexvedraze eklesiaSi, saidanac isini erT-erTi oficialuri piris

ofisisken unda daZruliyvnen. magram ofisisken erToblivi svlis

idea wevrebisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. es maTSi `saprotesto aqciis~

asociacias iwvevda. maT eklesiis datovebaze uari ganacxades. Sexved-

ris organizatorebs ukeT rom scodnodaT wevrTa Sexedulebebi,

SesaZloa, maT ofisisken erToblivi svlis moTxovnis nacvlad is ofi-

cialuri piri moeyvanaT eklesiaSi wevrebTan Sesaxvedrad.

momdevno qveTavebi taqtikis yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul formebs

gagacnobT. esenia: peticiebi, werilebis weris kampania, oficialur

pirTan Sexvedra, satelefono kampania, mediis gamoyeneba, saganmanaT-

leblo aqciebi, demonstraciebis mowyoba da SemoqmedebiTi aqciebi.

3.4. peticiebi

sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis dawyebis Semdeg albaT Zalian male ga-

icnobT politikoss, romelic getyviT: `nu momitanT peticiebs. mir-

Cevnia, miviRo erTi an ori kargad gaazrebuli, spontanuri xelnaweri

werili, vidre organizebuli jgufis mier gakeTebuli gancxadeba

Tundac aTasi xelmoweriT~. aseTia realoba. sinamdvileSi, politi-

kosebs Tavis Wkuaze undaT moqmedeba da arc xelmowerebis, arc xel-

naweri werilebis da arc organizebuli jgufebis danaxva ar surT.

da, ra Tqma unda, maT urCevniaT, rom Tqven erT an or moazrovne ada-

mians daelaparakoT aTasebis nacvlad.

sworad gamoyenebuli peticiebi SeiZleba mZlavr iaraRad iqces;

xelmowerebis Segroveba ki organizaciis Semdgomi gaZlierebis sawin-

daria. yvelaze mZlavria is peticiebi da werilebi, romlebSic aTa-

sobiT adamiani Tqveni kampaniis mxardaWeras gamoxatavs da Tqveni

moTxovnebis Semsrulebel politikoss xmis micemas hpirdeba, gansa-

kuTrebiT maSin, Tu am peticias adamianebis didi jgufi mediis Tanx-

lebiT waradgens. bevrad naklebad efeqtiania peticiebi, romlebic

ubralod fostiT egzavneba politikoss.

peticiebis Zala Semdeg pirobebSia:

1. xelmomwerTa raodenobaSi;

2. droisa da sivrcis strategiul mniSvnelobaSi;

3. organizebul Semdgom qmedebebSi.

amasTan:

xelmowerebs, romlebic mTeli raionis masStabiT grovdeba da

romlebic SemdgomSi sakanonmdeblo Cinovniks egzavneba, arcTu

100

ise didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT, Tu maTi ricxvi marTla Za-

lian didi ar aris. xelmowerebs, romlebic iseT ubanSi grovdeba,

sadac konkretulma deputatma mciredi gansxvavebiT moipova ga-

marjveba, didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT am deputatis qmede-

bebze.

xelmowerebs bevrad meti gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT arCeul ofi-

cialur pirze, vidre daniSnulze (garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac

daniSnuli piri momavalSi apirebs, kenWi iyaros; an misi uSualod

damniSnavi piria arCeuli).

xelmowerebs, romlebic servisis an maRaziis mflobels waredgi-

nebaT, didi gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini

uSualod klientebs ekuTvniT.

arCevnebamde erTi TviT adre warmodgenil peticiebs bevrad meti

Zala aqvT, vidre arCevnebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg _ Tundac orjer

meti xelmowera iyos Segrovebuli.

nebismieri oficialuri piri, visac peticia waredgineba, informi-

rebuli iyos unda, rom xelmomwerebi kargad organizebuli jgu-

fis wevrebi arian, da rom isini aucileblad Seityoben peticiaze

oficialuri piris reagirebis Sedegebs.

ramdenime rCeva peticiis SedgenisTvis:

saTqmeli mokled da martivad CamoayalibeT. ramdenime winadadeba

da Semdeg ori an sami ZiriTadi punqtis CamonaTvali sruliad sak-

marisia. mTavaria, peticia advili aRsaqmeli gaxadoT. ar aris saWi-

ro yvela detalis dawvrilebiT axsna. es SeiZleba calke werilSi

gaakeToT.

erT gverdze nu SeitanT aTi xelmoweris grafaze mets. es Tqvens

peticias vizualurad `gaasqelebs~, agreTve SesaZlebels gaxdis

yvela xelmomweris sakontaqto detalebis advilad garCevas.

vinc peticiaze xels mogiwerT, SeekiTxeT, isurveben Tu ara kampa-

niaSi moxalised muSaobas. CaiwereT maTi telefonis nomrebi da

imeili (mzad iyaviT, rom realurad albaT aTidan erTi adamiani

mova kampaniaSi monawileobis misaRebad). ecadeT, yvelas miawodoT

informacia bukletis saxiT. SegiZliaT, mcire finansuri daxma-

rebac iTxovoT.

xazi gausviT raodenobas da ara sakiTxis Sinaarss. Tqven xelmomwe-

rebis ricxvis gazrdiT xarT dainteresebuli; nu dakargavT dros

erTi adamianis sakiTxSi `ganaTlebis~ mcdelobiT.

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xelmowerebis Segrovebisas jgufurad iareT. ase saqme ufro saxa-

liso iqneba. organizebuli peticiebis dRe bevrad ukeTesia, vidre

yvelasgan xelmowerebis individualuri Segrovebis moTxovna maT

ubnebSi. SegiZliaT, erTmaneTs daTqmul adgilas SexvdeT, mokled

moilaparakoT dRis gegmaze, gansazRvruli droiT waxvideT xel-

mowerebis Sesagroveblad da Semdeg ukan dabrundeT yavis dasa-

levad da erTmaneTisTvis gamocdilebis gasaziareblad.

arasodes gagzavnoT an gadasceT xelmowerili peticiebi qseroas-

lebis TqvenTan datovebis gareSe. xelmowerebi Semdgomi qmedebe-

bisa da satelefono zarebisTvis dagWirdebaT. erTi da igive peti-

cia SeiZleba sxva dros da gadawyvetilebis sxva mimRebze gavlenis

mosaxdenadac gamoiyenoT.

3.5. werilebis weris kampania

werilebis weris taqtikas da peticiebis Zalas erTi da igive wyaro

ganapirobebs. oRond individualuri werilis dawera kampaniis mo-

nawileTagan met dros da energias moiTxovs, vidre peticiaze xelis

mowera. Tu oficialur pirTan Sexvedraze midixarT, manamde organi-

zeba gaukeTeT ramdenime aTeuli werilis daweras. werilebis naxevari

Sexvedramde ramdenime kviriT adre fostiT gagzavneT, danarCeni Sex-

vedraze Tan waiReT. es yovelTvis STambeWdavia xolme. magram gaxsov-

deT, rom oficialurma pirma SesaZloa TqvenTan Sexvedramde Tqveni

mxardamWerebisgan miRebul werilebs upasuxos, an werilebis avto-

rebi gaicnos. amiT SesaZlebelia, mas TqvenTan sakamaTo argumentebi

daugrovdes.

Tu kampaniis mocemul etapze auditoria mSvid da wynar garemoSi

gismenT, peticiaze xelis moweris nacvlad umjobesia, maT werilebis

daweris TxovniT mimarToT. werilebis daweras yvelgan SeZlebT,

iqneba es jgufuri Sekreba Tu gakveTilis an leqciis dasasruli.

werilebis sawer sivrced xmauriani quCac ki SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT,

Tu quCis kuTxeSi magidas dadgamT. SesaZlebelia, werilis teqsti

standartuli da winaswar dabeWdili iyos da adamianebs maTze ubra-

lod xelis mowera sTxovoT (rasac peticiebis msgavsi gavlena eqneba).

magram individualuri, xelnaweri werilebi avtorisgan sakiTxiT

bevrad met dainteresebas gamoxatavs.

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ramdenime rCeva werilebis werisTvis:

mimarTeT uSualod Tqveni kampaniis mTavar samiznes _ gadawyveti-

lebis mimRebs _ da werili swori tituliT daiwyeT (b-no, q-no,

pativcemulo qalaqis mero da a. S.).

SeadgineT lakonuri da zrdilobiani werilis teqsti. bevri efeq-

turi werili mxolod 4 an 5 winadadebisgan Sedgeba. Tu SesaZle-

belia, werilis dasawyisSi adresat deputats an oficialur pirs

bolodroindeli qmedebis (gamosvlis da a. S.) gamo madloba gada-

uxadeT.

iyaviT maqsimalurad konkretuli. gansazRvreT is sakanonmdeblo

iniciativa an sxva raime sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxebac mimarTavT ad-

resats da axseniT, ratom gindaT, rom man am iniciativas mxari

dauWiros an ar dauWiros.

Tqven TviTon dawereT werili da moawereT xeli. gaxsovdeT, ada-

mianebis Sexedulebebze mxolod mSrali, standartuli an mecni-

erulad dasabuTebuli faqtebi ar axdens gavlenas; ama Tu im

problemiT Sewuxebuli adamianis individualur gamocdilebas da

dakvirvebebsac SeuZlia nebismier Cvenganze zemoqmedeba. weril-

Si sakiTxi Tqveni piradi perspeqtividan aRwereT.

rogorc werils, ise konverts Tqveni misamarTi daawereT. SesaZ-

lebelia, Tqvenma adresatma gipasuxoT. Tqveni misamarTi depu-

tats an sxva oficialur pirs Tqveni, rogorc amomrCevlis, Sesaxeb

awvdis informacias (sacxovrebeli ubnis mixedviT) da gamoxmaure-

bis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.

gTavazobT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi universite-

tis studentebis rCevebs werilebis weris kampaniis organizebisTvis:

werilebis weris kampanias Cven daaxloebiT erTi TviT adre vgeg-

mavT, mas Semdeg, rac Cveni jgufi mocemul sakiTxze informaciis

mokvlevas daasrulebs. werilebis werisTvis gankuTvnil magidas sami

dRis ganmavlobaSi vdgamT, ZiriTadad erTi da imave kviris orSabaTs,

samSabaTs da oTxSabaTs. magidasTan yoveldRe daaxloebiT oTx sa-

aTs vatarebT da am saaTebs im dros vamTxvevT, rodesac universite-

tis SenobaSi yvelaze meti studentia.

magidaze yovelTvis gviwyvia bevri qaRaldi, kalami, konverti, we-

rilis savaraudo teqsti (romelic mxolod erT an or abzacs Sead-

gens) da Cveni samizne gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis (deputatebis,

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oficialuri pirebis, universitetis administraciis) sia. faqtebs

didi formatis plakatebze vwerT da am plakatebs _ werilis savara-

udo teqstTan erTad _ kedlebze vakravT yuradRebis misaqcevad.

mTavaria, veravin SeZlos magidasTan Cavla kedelze gakruli plaka-

tebis SemCnevis gareSe.

magidis ukan yovelTvis ori moxalise dgas, romlebic masalebs

arigeben da gamvlelebis kiTxvebs pasuxoben. es moxaliseebi werile-

bis weris kampaniis mSvid da organizebul viTarebaSi Catarebas uwyo-

ben xels.

Cveni jgufis minimum ori an sami warmomadgeneli magidis win dgas

da xalxs esaubreba. es moxaliseebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben imaSi,

rom kampaniam bevri werilis Segroveba SeZlos. Tu xalxs werilis da-

weras uSualod ar sTxovT, isini albaT arc SegekiTxebian, Tu ra xdeba.

maTi dainteresebis gza kontaqtis pirdapiri damyarebaa. miuaxlovdiT

gamvlelebs, gauRimeT, mokled auxseniT situacia da SeekiTxeT,

isurveben Tu ara erTi an ori wuTis gamoyofas werilis dasawerad.

Cven yvela gamvlels individualurad vuxsniT, rom maT werils didi

gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia adamianebis cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi.

dabolos, werilebis weris kampaniis msvlelobisas SeecadeT, ar

dasxdeT. kampaniis organizatorebi energiiT savse unda iyvnen, mxo-

lod maSin SeZleben isini sxva adamianebSi dainteresebis gamowvevas.

3.6. oficialur pirTan Sexvedra

oficialur pirebTan pirispir Sexvedra erT-erTi yvelaze efeq-

turi taqtikaa. aseT Sexvedrebze TxuTmetidan ocdaxuT mxardamWe-

ramde SegiZliaT miiyvanoT. Tu SesaZlebelia, Sexvedraze waiReT wi-

naswar momzadebuli werilebi da peticiebi _ amiT mxardamWerTa uf-

ro maRali raodenobis demonstrirebas moaxdenT. Sexvedrebi, ro-

gorc wesi, oficialuri piris ofisSi ewyoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

arCeul oficialur pirTa umravlesobas ar uyvars aseTi Sexvedrebi,

Tu aCvenebT, rom Tqvens kampanias bevri mxardamWeri hyavs, isini

iZulebuli iqnebian, Sexvedraze dagTanxmdnen.

gaiTvaliswineT, rom oficialuri pirebi yvelaze xSirad aseTi,

sicrueze damyarebuli, argumentebiT Seecdebian Tavidan mogiSoron:

`me TviTon vapirebdi imis gakeTebas, rasac Tqven iTxovT Cemgan;

magram imis gamo, rom ase iqceviT, amas aRar gavakeTeb~.

`Cemze zewola arasodes axdens gavlenas. me mudam TviTon vwyvet,

rogor moviqce~.

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`raSi gWirdebaT Cemze zewolis moxdena? me xom Tqveniani, Tqveni

megobari var~.

`me ar SemiZlia, Tqveni interesebis/moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis-

Tvis parlaments biujetidan Tanxebis gamoyofa vTxovo. amisTvis

kompetenturi (mag., samedicino, uflebadamcveli da a. S.) organiza-

ciebi arsebobs”.

ramdenime rCeva oficialur pirebTan Sexvedrebis organizebisTvis:

Sexvedris drois dasaniSnad daurekeT oficialuri piris mdivans.

uTxariT, ra sakiTxis (an sakiTxebis) ganxilva gsurT Sexvedraze

da aucileblad axseneT Sexvedraze mimsvleli adamianebis raode-

noba. Tu didi jgufiT midixarT, SesaZlebelia, oficialuri piris

ofisma ver dagitioT da SexvedrisTvis specialuri oTaxis gamo-

yofa gaxdes saWiro. gaxsovdeT, rom Sexvedrebze masobrivi warmo-

madgenlobiT gamocxadeba namdvilad ar aris aucilebeli, mcire

jgufiT misvla savsebiT normaluria.

gaxsovdeT, rom arCeul pirebTan pirispir Sexvedra SesaZloa uf-

ro efeqturi iyos, vidre daniSnulebTan.

rodesac oficialur pirTan Sesaxvedrad jgufis Sedgenas daiw-

yebT, SeecadeT, is erTi mxriv mravalferovani warmomadgenlobiT

da meore mxriv nacnobi adamianebiT daabalansoT. gaaanalizeT,

ras SeuZlia oficialur pirze gavlenis moxdena. magaliTad, Tu

mas gamokveTili religiuri mrwamsi aqvs, SeecadeT, Sexvedraze

misi religiis warmomadgeneli sasuliero piri waiyvanoT. amasTan,

gaxsovdeT, rom Sexvedraze wardgenili jgufi erTsa da imave

programas unda iziarebdes; jgufSi nu CarTavT iseT adamianebs,

visac ar icnobT.

jgufSi gamoyaviT erTi adamiani, romelic Tqvens moTxovnebs wa-

radgens da jgufis kidev erT an or warmomadgenels miscems mokle

sityvas. jgufis danarCeni wevrebi oficialur pirs unda warud-

ginoT da TqvaT, Tu romel organizacias an interesTa jgufs war-

moadgens TiToeuli maTgani.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven eqspertis poziciaSi yofnas aravin

mogTxovT, aucilebelia, Sexvedraze kargad momzadebulebi mix-

videT. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aiciloT kamaTi da garCeva, Zalian

kargad unda icnobdeT Sexvedraze garCeuli kanonmdeblobis Zi-

riTad punqtebs. winaswar moamzadeT is ramdenime punqti, romle-

bic mniSvnelovania Tqven mier ganxiluli sakiTxisTvis.

105

ecadeT, oficialur pirs specifikuri moTxovniT mimarToT da

konkretuli nabijebis gadadgma mosTxovoT (mag., mocemuli kanon-

mdeblobis mxardaWera). SesaZlebelia, Tqven erTbaSad ramdenime

sakiTxis dasma SegeZloT, magram Tqveni Sexvedra bevrad ufro

efeqtian iqneba, Tu erT an or ZiriTad sakiTxze gaakeTebT aq-

cents.

Tu uSualod oficialur pirTan ver axerxebT mocemul etapze

Sexvedras, SegiZliaT mis mrCevels (an moadgiles) SexvdeT. es ada-

mianebi, rogorc wesi, kargad informirebulebi arian da SeuZliaT

Tqveni moTxovnebis TavianT ufrosebamde rCevis saxiT mitana.

SesaZlebelia, oficialurma pirma (an misma mrCevelma/moadgilem)

SexvedrisTvis mxolod ramdenime wuTi gamogiyoT, amitom ecadeT,

saTqmeli rac SeiZleba mokled TqvaT da maqsimalurad daeyrdnoT

Tqven mier winaswar momzadebul ZiriTad punqtebs. Tu meti dro

geqnebaT, SegiZliaT, sakiTxi gaSaloT da mis Sesaxeb ofocialuri

piris mosazrebebic moisminoT.

SeecadeT, oficialur pirTan konkretul SeTanxmebas miaRwioT.

Tu es ar xerxdeba, mas kidev SexvdiT.

Sexvedris Semdeg oficialur pirTan kontaqti gaagrZeleT. Tu

Sexvedram kargad Caiara, mas baraTi gaugzavneT da madloba gada-

uxadeT. Tu man damatebiTi informaciis da masalebis miwodeba

gTxovaT, mokle droSi gaugzavneT. Tu oficialuri piri konkre-

tuli qmedebebis gatarebas dagpirdaT, Tvali adevneT, rogor

Seasrulebs amas.

3.7. satelefono kampania

zog SemTxvevaSi situacia gadaudebel reagirebas moiTxovs da we-

rilebis werisTvis an oficialur pirebTan SexvedrisTvis dro ar

rCeba. aseT dros satelefono kampaniis warmarTvaa SesaZlebeli. sa-

telefono kampania SesaZleblobas mogcemT, piradad da uSualod ga-

moxatoT Tqveni azri.

ramdenime rCeva satelefono kampaniis organizebisTvis:

daukavSirdiT TqvenTvis saWiro oficialur pirs ofisSi.

waradgineT sakuTari Tavi da Tqveni organizacia (skolis an uni-

versitetis saxeli, sainiciativo jgufi, arasamTavrobo organi-

zacia da a. S.)

106

moiTxoveT TqvenTvis saWiro oficialur pirTan uSualod sauba-

ri. Tu es ar xerxdeba, maSin SeiZleba, mis moadgilesTan scadoT

dakavSireba. magram Tu arc es gamova, mdivans Tqveni telefonis

nomeri, saxeli da misamarTi dautoveT da sTxoveT, maTTan mogvi-

anebiT dagakavSiroT.

Tu Tqveni kampania bevri satelefono zaris organizebas gulisx-

mobs, maSin umjobesia, es zarebi ara uSualod oficialurma pirma,

aramed misma mdivanma miiRos, vinaidan zedmetad bevri zaris

miRebam SesaZloa TqvenTvis saWiro oficialur pirze negatiuri

gavlena iqonios da TanamSromloba gaarTulos. datoveT mdivan-

Tan Setyobinebebi da sTxoveT, ufross gadasces, xolo uSualod

ufross SeiZleba ramdenime Tqvengani daukavSirdes da uTxras,

rom mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb bevri Setyobinebaa datovebuli

mdivanTan.

Setyobinebebi maqsimalurad mokle unda iyos. rogorc efeqtiani

werilebis weris SemTxvevaSi, aqac aucilebelia konkretuli da

Camoyalibebuli moTxovnis qona.

mzad iyaviT sakiTxis irgvliv informaciis gasacemad _ es, SesaZ-

loa, mogTxovon. satelefono kampaniis dawyebamde daukavSirdiT

im (arasamTavrobo) organizaciebs, romlebic TqvenTvis sainte-

reso sakiTxze muSaoben da moipoveT informacia.

satelefono qseli

satelefono zarebis STambeWdavi raodenobis miRwevaSi aqtivis-

tebisgan Semdgari qselis Camoyalibeba dagexmarebaT, romelic xis

gantotebis principiT imoqmedebs. qselis TiToeuli wevri piradad

urekavs oficialur pirs da erTsa da imave mosazrebas gadascems.

aseTi qseli gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maSin, rodesac deputati an

oficialuri piri, romelsac urekavT, sakanonmdeblo an dadgenile-

bis miRebis procesSi monawileobs da mocemul sakiTxze sazogado-

ebrivi azri ainteresebs.

satelefono qseli ase SeiZleba Seiqmnas:

1. airCieT koordinatori, romelic qselis SenarCunebaze da saWi-

ro dros mis gaaqtiurebaze izrunebs. satelefono kampaniis dawye-

bisas es pirovneba ramdenime wevrs daukavSirdeba, romlebic, Tavis

mxriv, kidev sxva monawileebs gadascemen informacias.

107

2. SeadgineT Tqveni organizaciis wevrebisa da satelefono kampa-

niis potenciuri monawileebis telefonis nomrebis sia.

3. SearCieT qselis ramdenime wevri da 10 monawilesTan dakavSireba

daavaleT.

4. gadaeciT maT dasakavSirebeli wevrebis telefonebi.

5. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom gzavnili, romelsac avrcelebT,

mokled da mkafiod iyos Camoyalibebuli. es gzavnili jer qselSi

vrceldeba, Semdeg ki qselis wevrebi da kampaniis monawileebi mas

oficialur pirs gadascemen. amdenad, is gasagebad da martivad Camo-

yalibebuli unda iyos, rom kampaniis yvela monawilem misi Cawera da

Semdeg sworad gameoreba SeZlos.

6. SeinarCuneT da xSirad amuSaveT satelefono qseli. SeecadeT,

organizeba gaukeToT imas, rom kampaniis dawyebisa da qselis gaaqti-

urebis dros gzavnilis mimRebma bolo monawilem qselis koordina-

tors daurekos da Seatyobinos, rom qselis mTliani informireba da

amoqmedeba moxerxda.

satelefono qselis amuSavebis magaliTi:

koordinatori qselis sam wevrs urekavs;

TiToeuli wevri, Tavis mxriv, 5 monawiles ukavSirdeba

da yovel mexuTes (mTlianobaSi sam wevrs) gzavnilis

Semdgom gavrcelebas sTxovs (ukve 18 monawilea informirebuli);

samive wevri kidev 5 monawiles ukavSirdeba da

yovel mexuTes (mTlianobaSi isev sam wevrs) gzavnilis

Semdgom gavrcelebas sTxovs (ukve 33 monawilea informirebuli);

samive wevri kidev 5 monawiles ukavSirdeba

(mTlianobaSi qselis 48 monawilea informirebuli).

3.8. mediis gamoyeneba

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis swori da efeqturi gamoye-

neba Zalian mniSvnelovania organizebisa da kampaniis warmatebulad

warmarTvisTvis. mediis gamoyeneba Tqveni organizaciis gaZlierebas

Seuwyobs xels; es agreTve erT-erTi efeqtiani gzaa Tqvens samizne

pirze, anu gadawyvetilebis mimRebze, gavlenis mosaxdenad da zewo-

lis gasaZliereblad. cxadia, amaSi is ar igulisxmeba, rom mediaSi

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yoveli gamoCenis dros konkretuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebis saxeli

unda dasaxeldes. zewola SeiZleba mocemul sakiTxze SemuSavebuli

samecniero an sxva saxis daskvnis gamoqveynebamac gaaZlieros, rome-

lic kampaniis samizne pirs uSualod ar daasaxelebs, magram mis pozi-

cias mcdarad da usamarTlod warmoaCens.

mediasTan muSaoba mTliani strategiis nawili unda iyos da maSin

unda gamoiyenoT, rodesac is maqsimalurad efeqturi iqneba. zog Sem-

TxvevaSi aqtivistebis jgufebi mediasTan kampaniis dasawyisSive iwye-

ben TanamSromlobas _ magaliTad, rodesac saqme sakanonmdeblo ini-

ciativas exeba da farTo mxardaWeris mopovebas saWiroebs. sxva SemT-

xvevebSi _ magaliTad, konkretuli politikuri Zalis an oficialuri

piris diskreditaciis mizniT mediis gamoyeneba kampaniis Sualedur

fazaSi igegmeba, rodesac amisTvis sakmarisi informacia da gamocdi-

leba arsebobs. yvela SemTxvevaSi mediasTan Tqveni urTierToba gaaz-

rebuli da dagegmili unda iyos.

nebismieri didi korporaciis msgavsad rogorc samauwyeblo, ise

beWdviT medias xSirad ori ZiriTadi mizani aqvs; maT surT fulis

keTeba da iseTi politikuri klimatis xelSewyoba, romelic kidev

ufro meti fulis Seuferxeblad gakeTebis saSualebas miscems. me-

dias xSirad reklamis Semomtani msxvili kompaniebis interesebic

amoZravebs. es kompaniebi, da sakuTriv mediac, im konkretuli poli-

tikuri pirebis karieraze arian damokidebuli, romlebic sxvadasxva

mizezebis gamo maT mfarveloben. cxadia, media ar warmoadgens yo-

veldRiuri cxovrebis im obieqtur da miukerZoebel `gamSuqebels~,

rogoradac is xSirad Tavis gasaRebas cdilobs. mediis formebis ume-

tesoba konkretul politikur da ekonomikur interesebs atarebs.

magram am yvelafris miuxedavad, media mainc SeiZleba Tqvens sasar-

geblod gamoiyenoT. yvelaze advili iqneba, rom mediasTan TanamS-

romlobis ar- an verdamyareba mediis politikur an korporaciul

kontrols davabraloT. amiT Tavi mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaimarT-

loT, rodesac JurnalistebTan da reportiorebTan urTierTobis

damyareba yvela saWiro meTodiT scadeT, magram Tqveni kampania mainc

ar Suqdeba mediaSi.

aqtivistebsa da sainiciativo jgufebs SeuZliaT, kampaniis mediaSi

efeqtur gaSuqebas miaRwion, da isini xSirad aRweven kidec amas. mTa-

vari, rac unda gaxsovdeT, is aris, rom medias erTi ZiriTadi interesi

_ auditoriis gazrda _ amoZravebs. Tu Tqveni qmedeba gazeTebis ga-

yidvas an ufro meti mayureblis/msmenelis mozidvas gamoiwvevs da

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amavdroulad mediis kerZo interesebs ar emuqreba, Tqveni kampaniis

saqmianoba aucileblad gaSuqdeba mediis mier.

ZiriTadi, rac mediasTan muSaobis dros unda gaiTvaliswinoT, Sem-

degia:

SeadgineT `mediis sia~, romelSic Jurnalistebis saxeli, tele-

foni, misamarTi, eleqtronuli fosta da faqsis nomeri iqneba

Setanili. SeecadeT, siaSi rac SeiZleba mravalferovani mediis

warmomadgenlebi SeiyvanoT (samauwyeblo, beWdviTi, sazogadoeb-

rivi, saxelmwifo, kerZo da a. S.). Tu did qalaqSi cxovrobT, iq

albaT mediis saagentoebi iarsebebs; isinic SeiyvaneT siaSi. da-

gegmili aqciis Sesaxeb mokle gancxadeba (ix. qvemoT) medias aqci-

amde samiode dRiT adre miawodeT; aqciis wina dRes mediis warmo-

madgenlebs uSualod daukavSirdiT.

piradad SexvdiT Jurnalistebs, tok-Souebisa da sxva gadacemebis

wamyvanebs, dijeebs da gazeTebis redaqtorebs. daamyareT da Se-

inarCuneT maTTan urTierToba, da gaigeT maTi interesebi.

Tvali adevneT axal ambebs, gadacemebs da statiebs. daukavSirdiT

avtorebs da gamoTqviT Tqveni azri. maT muSaobaze dakvirveba sa-

Sualebas mogcemT, sworad gansazRvroT, vin dainteresdeba Tqven

mier warmoebuli konkretuli kampaniiT.

mzad iyaviT JurnalistebisTvis faqtebis, lakonuri informaciis,

citatebis, istoriuli informaciis gadasacemaT. Tu saSualeba

gaqvT, maT `eqskluziuri informacia~ SesTavazeT, rac imas niS-

navs, rom maT mier gakeTebuli reportaJi mocemul Temas pirveli

gaaJRerebs mediaSi.

rac SeiZleba swrafad moaxdinoT reagireba Jurnalistis satele-

fono zarze an imeilze.

gamoiyeneT mediasTan urTierTobis yvela ufaso saSualeba: miswe-

reT werilebi gazeTebis redaqtorebs, daukavSirdiT radiosad-

gurebs da televiziebs.

mediis gamoyenebis gzebi

nebismierma organizaciam mediis yuradReba ramdenime gziT SeiZ-

leba miipyros _ es konkretuli sakiTxisa da konkretuli strategiis

mixedviT unda gansazRvroT. rodesac Tqveni organizacia sakiTxze

orientirebuli kampaniis dagegmvas daiwyebs, moifiqreT, ra gziT ga-

moiyenoT media imisaTvis, rom kampania warmatebulad ganaxorci-

110

eloT, gaaZlieroT Tqveni organizacia da organizaciis wevrebs So-

ris liderebi gamoyoT.

mediamovlenebi

kampaniis organizatrebi da sainiciativo jgufebi xSirad gegmaven

da awyoben specialurad mediisTvis gankuTvnil qmedebebs/movlenebs.

sxva SemTxvevebSi mediis warmomadgenlebs aqciebis an sxva Sexvedre-

bis gasaSuqeblad patiJeben, sadac gadawyvetilebis mimRebis mimarT

konkretuli moTxovnebi iqneba gamoTqmuli. rogori tipisac ar unda

iyos, mediamovlenebi yovelTvis dagexmarebaT Tqveni organizaciisa

da misi poziciis farTo sazogadoebisTvis gacnobaSi.

meti informacia mediamovlenebis Sesaxeb ixileT qvemoT mocemul

qveTavSi `ramdenime rCeva mediasTan muSaobisTvis~.

preskonferenciebi

preskonferenciebi erT-erTi efeqturi `movlenaa~, romelic

mediam SeiZleba gaaSuqos. magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom pres-

konferenciaze mediis warmomadgenlebis moyvana SeiZleba gagiWir-

deT, Tu namdvilad mniSvnelovan axal ambavs an raime cnobili movle-

nis Tanamdev saintereso ambavs ar sTavazobT. preskonferenciis war-

mateba SeiZleba gamomsvlelebis pirovnebamac gansazRvros, Tuki isi-

ni sazogadoebisTvis nacnobi da cnobili adamianebi arian. konfe-

renciis formati saSualebas gaZlevT, medias ara mxolod swrafi

informacia SesTavazoT, aramed misi saSualebiT sazogadoebas wa-

rudginoT kvlevebi, romlebic mocemuli problemis detalur ana-

lizs an vizualur masalas moicaven.

SeecadeT preskonferenciaze mxolod ramdenime ZiriTadi gamom-

svleli iyos, da ar SeexoT sam sakiTxze mets. sakiTxis arsi pirvelma

da mTavarma gamomsvlelma Camoayalibos, Semdeg danarCeni gamoms-

vlelebi waradginos. Tu politikuri mosazrebebis gamo damatebiTi

adamianebis daswreba gesaWiroebaT, sTxoveT maT, gamomsvlelebis

ukan dadgnen fotosuraTebze da videomasalaSi gamoCenis mizniT.

presrelizebis momzadeba

presrelizi ambis an movlenis mTlian da amomwurav gadmocemas

emsaxureba. is, rogorc wesi, ori gverdisgan Sedgeba da axali ambis

monaTxrobis formatSia dawerili. zogierTma gazeTma Tqveni pres-

relizi SeiZleba ucvleli saxiTac ki dabeWdos. bevri organizacia

111

amgvar presrelizebs yovelTviurad uSvebs, vinaidan mediaSi moxved-

ris garda, am gziT Jurnalistebs mudmivad axsenebs organizaciis

arsebobis faqts. amis Sedegad Jurnalistebma ician, rom mocemul

sakiTxze komentaris mosapoveblad SesaZlebelia organizaciis war-

momadgenlebTan dakavSireba.

presrelizis savaraudo struqtura aseTia:

pirveli paragrafi sakiTxs waradgens. is erTidan sam winadadebas

moicavs da ZiriTad SekiTxvebs _ vin? ra? rodis? sad? ratom? da

rogor? pasuxobs. pirvelma paragrafma redaqtoris yuradRebis

mipyroba unda SeZlos.

meore paragrafi wardginebidan detalur informirebaze gadasv-

lis erTgvari xidis funqcias asrulebs.

mesame paragrafi teqstis ZiriTadi nawili unda iyos. wardginebaSi

mocemuli informacia aq detalurad unda axsnaT. gamoiyeneT ci-

tatebi, faqtebi, romlebic pirvel paragrafSi ar Sevida, da zoga-

di informacia Tqveni organizaciis Sesaxeb.

yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT daurTeT foto.

presrelizis redaqciaSi gagzavnis Semdeg redaqtors telefoniT

daukavSirdiT an redaqciaSi midiT. aman SeiZleba Tqven mimarT

redaqtoris interesi gazardos.

presrelizi blankze dabeWdeT. striqonebs Soris erTnaxevari xa-

zi gamotoveT da gverdebze farTo carieli adgilebi datoveT.

gverdis TavSi sakontaqto piris saxeli da koordinatebi moaTav-

seT, aRniSneT TariRi da daurTeT mokle saTauri. Tu presrelizi

erT gverdze mets moicavs, ar dagaviwydeT gverdebis danomvra.

relizi nacnob Jurnalists an redaqtors faqsiT an imeiliT gaug-

zavneT.

interviuebi da tok-Souebi

rogorc radio, ise satelevizio tok-Souebi yovelTvis eZeben

saintereso da axal perspeqtivebs, adamianebs da sakiTxebs. gaicaniT

aseTi gadacemebis prodiuserebi da maTi asistentebi, Tundac mxo-

lod telefoniT. Tu saintereso stumrebs gaugzavniT da saintereso

masalebs gadascemT, SesaZlebelia, aseT gadacemebSi regularulad

migiwvion xolme. SeecadeT, iseTi urTierToba daamyaroT maTTan, rom

Tu mimdinare sakiTxebze `moqalaqeebis~ an `arasamTavrobo seqtoris~

mosazreba dasWirdebaT, Tqven dagikavSirdnen. xSirad medias ama Tu

112

im sakiTxis mimarTeba ainteresebs `adamianebis interesebTan~; esec

xelsayreli momenti iqneba imisaTvis, rom Tqveni Tavi warmoaCinoT.

(mTavar) redaqtorebTan gagzavnili werilebi

(mTavar) redaqtorebTan gagzavnili werilebi adgilobriv presaSi

Tqvens mosazrebas warmoaCens da SeiZleba im statiebis kontrargu-

menti iyos, romelTac Tqven ar eTanxmebiT. maT farTo auditoria

kiTxulobs, maT Soris arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da gadawyveti-

lebis sxva mimRebebi. presaSi gamoqveynebuli werilebiT agreTve ise-

Ti STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom mocemul sakiTxs farTo mxardaWera

gaaCnia.

werilebi kampaniis msvlelobisas Tqveni organizaciis lidereb-

Tan erTad dawereT. es meTodi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Tqveni

organizaciis an kampaniis/sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli statiebis

sapasuxod. SeecadeT, Tqveni werili maqsimalurad mokle iyos, rom

redaqtorebma raime ar amoWran.

iyaviT pirdapiri. werilSi erTi (an maqsimum ori) mosazreba gamoT-

qviT. gaxsovdeT, rom werilebs xSirad amokleben, amitom mosaz-

reba mokled da gasagebad CamoayalibeT pirvelive paragrafSi.

SeecadeT werilis pirvelive frazidan miipyroT mkiTxvelis yu-

radReba.

iyaviT drouli. upasuxeT konkretul statias, romelic mocemul

gazeTSi gamoqveynda, an konkretul movlenas, romelic axlo war-

sulSi moxda. moiyvaneT im statiis saTauri, avtori da gamoqvey-

nebis dRe, romelsac eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiT.

moiyvaneT argumentirebuli faqtebi. Tu sakiTxi, romelsac exe-

biT, sakamaToa, SegiZliaT, werils sxva sabuTebic daurToT. mag-

ram nurc zedmetad bevri masaliT datvirTavT redaqtors. uar-

yaviT an daeTanxmeT konkretul mosazrebebs, daumateT is faq-

tebi, romlebic ignorirebuli iyo, magram moerideT redaqtore-

bisa da Jurnalistebis Seuracxyofas.

gaiTvaliswineT Tqveni auditoria. SeecadeT, werili profesiona-

lis poziciidan daweroT _ gaxsovdeT, rom megobars ar swerT.

gaiTvaliswineT is auditoria, romelic gazeTs kiTxulobs. ar ga-

moiyenoT zedmetad bevri teqnikuri termini _ werili damajere-

beli da advilad gasagebi unda iyos yvela mkiTxvelisTvis.

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socialuri reklama

socialuri reklama efeqturi gzaa sazogadoebis informirebis-

Tvis adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb. mediis bevri forma

socialur reklamas ufasod aTavsebs eTerSi. daukavSirdiT adgi-

lobrivi mediis warmomadgenlebs da socialuri reklamis ganTavsebis

zusti pirobebi gaigeT. SeiZleba maT reklamis SeqmnaSi daxmarebac

ki SemogTavazon.

socialuri reklama farTo auditoriazea gaTvlili. man mniSvne-

lovani da yuradsaRebi ambis STabeWdileba unda moaxdinos.

SeecadeT, reklama advilad dasamaxsovrebeli iyos.

msmenels/mayurebels miawodeT Tqvens organizaciasTan dasakavSi-

rebeli koordinatebi: telefonis nomeri, eleqtronuli fostis

da vebgverdis misamarTebi. mzad iyaviT satelefono zarebis gazr-

dili raodenobis misaRebad.

gamoiyeneT zusti faqtebi, TariRebi da saxelebi. upasuxeT Se-

kiTxvebs: vin? ra? ratom? rodis? sad? da rogor?

Caweramde teqsti xmamaRla waikiTxeT da darwmundiT, rom advi-

lad da uproblemod ikiTxeba.

gaiTvaliswineT da CaetieT drois gansazRvrul limitSi.

rodesac Tqveni socialuri reklama eTerSi moxvdeba, redaqtors

(an wamyvans) daukavSirdiT da madloba gadauxadeT.

ramdenime rCeva mediasTan muSaobisTvis

am qveTavSi mocemuli rCevebi dagexmarebaT rogorc mediamovle-

nebisa da preskonferenciebis dagegmvaSi, ise mediis yuradRebis mip-

yrobaSi sxva qmedebebis dros. ecadeT, mkafiod ganasxvaoT erT-

maneTisgan sxvadasxva movlenebisa Tu qmedebebis mediasTan mimarTe-

ba. mediamovlenebi da preskonferenciebi sagangebod mediisTvis

imarTeba; maT auditorias mediis warmomadgenlebi Sedgenen, mizani

ki mediaSi gaSuqebaa. Tu sagangebod mediisTvis gamarTuli movlena

mediis mier ar gaSuqdeba, maSin is yvelanair azrs kargavs. sxva saxis

movlenebs, magaliTad, saprotesto aqciebs, piketebs, ralis da/an

donorebisTvis gamarTul pikniks mediisgan damoukidebeli funqcia

gaaCniaT, romelic mediaSi gaSuqebiT SeiZleba mxolod gaizardos

da gaZlierdes.

cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom sagangebod mediisTvis gamarTuli mov-

lena mxolod Tqveni jgufis warmomadgenlebis mier gancxadebis

gakeTebiT SeiZleba Semoifarglos. yovelTvis ukeTesia, Tu

114

movlenaSi Tqveni gadawyvetilebis mimRebis CarTvas SeZlebT _ ma-

galiTad, misi ofisis win aqciis gamarTviT da Semdeg peticiebiT an

moTxovnebiT uSualod masTan (an mis mdivanTan) SesvliT. rogorc

wesi, am etapze gamarjvebas ar unda elodeT. es gza ufro gadawyve-

tilebis mimRebze zewolis gaZlierebaSi dagexmarebaT, vinaidan saja-

rod amxelT mis araswor, usamarTlo an arapopularul pozicias/

nabijs.

mediamovlenis dagegmva mkveTri frazis mofiqrebiT daiwyeT,

romelsac Tqveni aqciis erTgvar saTaurad gamoiyenebT. mkafiod

CamoayalibeT Tqveni moTxovna da auditorias daskvnebis gakeTe-

bis saSualeba mieciT.

mediis warmomadgenlebs dagegmili aqciis Taobaze mokle gancxa-

debiT SeatyobineT. upasuxeT ZiriTad SekiTxvebs: vin? ra? sad?

rodis? da ratom? dasawyisSive aRniSneT, rom mediis warmomadgen-

lebs aqciaze foto- da videogadaRebis saSualeba eqnebaT. aqti-

vistebi xSirad Secdomas uSveben da am teqstSi zedmetad bevr in-

formacias aTavseben xolme. yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufi

raime kvlevis Sedegebis gamosacxadebel aqcias awyobda da kvlevis

mTel teqsts winaswar urigebda medias. Tu aqciaze mosvlamde

Jurnalistebs siuJetis gakeTebisTvis an statiis dawerisTvis

sakmaris informacias miawvdiT, SegiZliaT, ivaraudoT, rom isini

aqciaze marTlac ar gamocxaddebian. maT SeiZleba Tqven mier

werilobiT miwodebuli informacia _ Tqveni komentarebisa da vi-

zualuri mxaris gareSe – mosawyenadac CaTvalon da saerTod ar

gaaSuqon. ase rom, ecadeT, gancxadeba mokle da mkafio iyos da

damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis survils aRZravdes.

SeecadeT, Tqven mier dagegmil da Catarebul aqcias Rirebuli

axali ambis mniSvneloba misceT. Tu prezidenti, rok-varskvlavi

an mafiis bosi ar xarT, mxolod Tqveni mosazrebis gamoTqmis aqti

ar SeiZleba axal ambavad CaiTvalos. mediamovlenas mxolod imis

gamo ver moawyobT, rom xalxs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

Tqveni ukmayofilebis Sesaxeb mouTxroT. aseTi movlena axali

ambavi unda iyos, e. i. erT-erT Semdeg punqts unda akmayofileb-

des:

adamianebis didi raodenoba eswreba da monawileobs aqciaSi.

mediis TvalsazrisiT, Tu movlenam amdeni xalxi ise daainteresa,

rom isini uSualod gamocxaddnen, maSin kidev ufro bevri adamiani

waikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb.

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Tqveni aqcia `axali ambebis momxden~, cnobil pirovnebas mihyavs.

magram gaiTvaliswineT, rom e. w. `cnobili saxeebis~ xSirma gamoye-

nebam SeiZleba Tqveni organizaciis SigniT liderebis gamokveTas

SeuSalos xeli. Tqven dainteresebuli unda iyoT organizaciis

liderebis adgilobriv `cnobil saxeebad~ qcevaSi, romlebic uSu-

alod moizidaven medias. amdenad, aqciis wamyvanebad cnobili ada-

mianebis garedan dapatiJeba TqvenTvis iSviaTi praqtika unda gax-

des.

aqciis wamyvanebi acxadeben axali qmedebis dasawyiss, _ mag., `Cven

qalaqis meris gadayenebisTvis xelowerebis Segrovebas viwyebT~.

realuri gadayenebis safrTxis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba Tqvens aq-

cias axali ambebisTvis Sesaferis movlenad aqcevs. es ase ar iqne-

boda, Tqven rom ubralod amdgariyaviT da geTqvaT: `Cveni azriT,

meri unda gadadges~.

mimdinare da nacnob ambavs axali informacia emateba. magaliTad,

aqciaze cxaddeba, rom samSeneblo kompania, romelic qrTamis

micemaSia mxilebuli, cnobil politikoss ekuTvnis.

aqciaze yvelasTvis moulodneli informaciis gamocxadeba axali

ambis Seqmnis erT-erTi meTodia.

axali ambavi SegiZliaT Zveli an mimdinare problemis axleburi

gadawyvetiTac SeqmnaT.

Tqven mier organizebuli aqcia bevrad advilad moxvdeba sainfor-

macio gamoSvebebSi, Tu sakiTxi, romelsac aqcia eZRvneba, qveyanaSi

momdinare movlenas ukavSirdeba, magaliTad, Tu Tqveni aqcia im

dRes parlamentSi ganxilul sakiTxs eZRvneba. aseT SemTxvevebSi

SeecadeT, aqcia parlamentis sxdomis drois gaTvaliswinebiT da-

gegmoT, rom mediis warmomadgenlebma am ori movlenis gaSuqeba

da erTmaneTTan dakavSireba SeZlon.

izruneT aqciis vizualur mxareze. dRes ara mxolod samauwyeblo,

aramed beWdviTi mediac mniSvnelovnad aris orientirebuli vi-

zualur mxareze. ecadeT, gaiazroT, rogor gamoCndeba Tqveni

aqcia. medias ar uyvars `molaparake Tavebi~, ase rom, aqcia Senobis

gareT gamarTeT da SeecadeT, medias saintereso `suraTebi~ da

adamianebi SesTavazoT. maSinac ki, rodesac statias foto ar

axlavs, teqstis nawili Jurnalistis mier aqciaze nanaxi scenebi

iqneba. SeecadeT, rom Tqveni organizaciis saxelwodebis aRmniS-

vneli niSnebi yvelgan iyos. gamomsvlelebis fonad plakatebi

gamoitaneT. aqciaze mosul adamianebs plakatebisa da lozunge-

116

bis daWera sTxoveT. urigo ar iqneba, Tu Tqveni organizacia mud-

mivi daniSnulebis plakatis Seqmnaze izrunebs, romelic Tqveni

saxelisa da, Tu SesaZlebelia, logos gamomxatveli iqneba da ro-

melsac yvela aqciaze scenis an magidis Tavze aRmarTavT. gamom-

svlelebs aseve SeuZliaT Tqveni organizaciis gamomxatveli

samagrebis an Rilebis gakeTeba. Tu aseTebi ar mogepovebaT, orga-

nizaciis saxeli qaRaldis furclebze dawereT da warmomadgen-

lebs gaukeTeT, raTa isini advili SesamCnevi iyvnen kamerebis mier.

efeqtur vizualur mxares warmoadgens agreTve didi zomis lo-

zungi an mTavari mosazrebis sailustracio cxrili. rac ar unda

airCioT, gaxsovdeT, rom vizualuri gaformeba fotoze dafiqsi-

rebis funqcias emsaxureba _ is ar SeiZleba droSi gawelili pro-

cesi iyos. preskonferenciis an aqciis dawyebamde Tvalebi daxu-

WeT da warmoidgineT, rom kamera gaqvT. darwmundiT, rom Tqven

mier dagegmili movlenis vizualuri mxare efeqturia: mkafiod

warmoaCens aqciis Sinaarss da dasamaxsovrebels xdis Tqveni orga-

nizaciis saxelwodebas.

SeimuSaveT `xmovani citata~, romelic mTeli aqciis Tanmdevi fra-

za iqneba da vizualur mxareSic aisaxeba. es citata yvela gamom-

svlelma unda gamoiyenos.

daexmareT Jurnalistebs. rogorc nebismieri Cvengani, Jurnalis-

tebi xSirad daRlilebi an samuSaoTi ukmayofiloni arian. miawo-

deT maT mkafiod Camoyalibebuli informacia da SeecadeT, rom

am informacias mSrali faqtebis nacvlad garkveuli ambis forma

hqondes. es mediis warmomadgenlebs Tqveni aqciis gaSuqebas gau-

advilebs.

icnobdeT mediis warmomadgenlebs. JurnalistebTan da redaqto-

rebTan piradi urTierTobebis damyareba ramdenime aspeqtis gamo

aris Tqvens interesebSi. SeecadeT, gaigoT, vin aSuqebs Tqvens Te-

matikas da piradad gaicnoT is. pativi eciT Jurnalistebis pati-

osnebas da profesias. gaxsovdeT, rom maT uSualod axali ambebis

gaSuqeba evalebaT da ara xelovnurad dadgmuli movlenebisa,

romelsac Tqven mxolod mediaSi gaSuqebisTvis awyobT. maSinac

ki, rodesac JurnalistebTan axlo urTierToba gaqvT, gaxsovdeT,

rom araferi ar SeiZleba saidumlod darCes. Tu ar gsurT, rom

raime daibeWdos, ar TqvaT; Tu ar gsurT, rom raime televiziiT

gadaices, ar gaakeToT. Cven, rogorc wesi, vTvliT, rom informa-

cias Jurnalistebs Cven vawvdiT. magram Tu megobruli urTier-

117

Tobebis damyarebas SeZlebT da Jurnalistebs Tqveni daxmareba

moundebaT, isini informaciis SesaniSnav wyarod gadaiqcevian

TqvenTvis. gaxsovdeT aseve, rom piradi urTierTobis damyarebis

SemTxvevaSi Jurnalistebi, romlebic Tqvens Tematikas regula-

rulad aSuqeben, xSirad mogakiTxaven xolme komentarisTvis.

informaciaSi CarTeT `adamianis perspeqtiva~. adamianebze radi-

oaqtiuri narCenebis gavlenis kvleva SeiZleba mosawyenad JRer-

des, magram narCenebTan axlos mcxovrebi ojaxis gancxadebiT sa-

kiTxs adamianuri perspeqtiva da gamocdileba daemateba. aseTi

`adamianis perspeqtiva~, sasurvelia, yvela mediamovlenas gaaCn-

des, sadac Cveulebrivi adamianebi TavianT uSualo gamocdilebas

mohyvebian. movlena, romelzec mxolod eqspertebi an politi-

kosebi laparakoben, SeiZleba mediam gaaSuqos, magram savaraudod

mosawyeni da zedmetad oficialuri gamova.

gaiTvaliswineT gamarTlebis mniSvneloba. rogorc yovelTvis,

karg an cud beds mediamovlenebis organizebaSic didi mniSvne-

loba aqvs. SesaZloa, Tqven marTlac Zalian mniSvnelovani axali

ambavi an SesaniSnavad dagegmili aqcia gqondeT, magram Tu qveya-

naSi miwisZvra moxdeba an prezidentis irgvliv raime skandali

agordeba, im dRes media Tqven ar gagaSuqebT. meore mxriv, SesaZ-

loa, Tqveni aqcia arafriT gamorCeul dRes daemTxves da saRamos

sainformacio gamoSvebebis varskvlavad iqceT. es kanonzomieria.

aqcia mudmivad akontroleT. imisaTvis, rom profesionalurad

gamoiyurebodeT, ar aris saWiro sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis

specialisti iyoT. gamoyaviT magida mediis warmomadgenlebisT-

vis, sadac isini monacemebs datoveben (Tqven ki amas mediis sias

daumatebT). daarigeT mediisTvis gankuTvnili saqaRaldeebi, rom-

lebSic uSualod am movlenisTvis momzadebuli Tqveni gancxadeba

da Tqveni organizaciisa da sakiTxis Sesaxeb damatebiTi infor-

macia iqneba moTavsebuli. gamoyaviT erT-erTi wevri, romelic me-

diis warmomadgenlebs Sexvdeba da aqciaze gamomsvlelebs gaac-

nobs. daarigeT gamomsvlelebis saxelebis sia (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

isini sxva organizacias warmoadgenen, miuTiTeT misi saxelwode-

ba).

gaiTvaliswineT Jurnalistebis muSaobis stili. zogierT karg

Jurnalists wera bevrad ukeT exerxeba, vidre uSualo urTier-

Toba. ar ganawyendeT, Tuki isini laparaks Segawyvetineben da axal

SekiTxvas dagisvamen.

118

SeqmeniT mediisTvis saintereso vebgverdi. rac ufro aqtiuri

iqneba Tqveni organizacia, miT ufro meti Jurnalisti naxavs

Tqvens vebgverds organizaciis istoriisa da qmedebebis gasacno-

bad. veb-gverdi mediasTan Tqveni muSaobis zogadi strategiis

aucilebeli komponentia.

Tavi aarideT sasamarTloSi Civilis SesaZleblobas. yvelaze mar-

tivi, rac SeiZleba gaakeToT imisaTvis, rom ar giCivlon, fraze-

bis `viRacis mixedviT~, `rogorc amboben~ gamoyenebaa maSin, ro-

desac iciT, rom marTals ambobT, magram isic iciT, rom amis dam-

tkiceba rTuli iqneba. arasodes TqvaT iseTi ram, rac SeiZleba

araswori an Wori iyos.

gamomsvlelebis momzadeba mediamovlenebisTvis

rogorc wesi, adamianebs uyvarT, rodesac maTi saxeli presaSi

ibeWdeba; da gansakuTrebiT siamovnebT, rodesac sakuTar fotosu-

raTebs an gamosaxulebas xedaven gazeTebsa Tu televizorSi. aqti-

vistebs da liderebs sakuTari Tavis mediaSi warmoCenis msgavsad ara-

feri aniWebT Tavdajerebulobasa da Rirebuli saqmis keTebis gan-

cdas. mniSvnelovani faqtoria is, Tu vin iZleva interviuebs da vis

uReben mediis warmomadgenlebi fotosuraTebs. mediis winaSe Tqveni

organizaciis liderebi unda wardgnen xolme _ adamianebi, romlebic

realur saqmes akeTeben da mxolod gamarTuli laparakis niWiT ar

gamoirCevian. mediis winaSe nu gamoiyvanT iseT `moxaliseebs~, romle-

bic kampaniaSi arc ise bevr saqmes akeTeben.

SesaZlebelia, zogierT liders Tavdapirvelad eridebodes an

rcxvenodes mediis winaSe gamosvla. aseT SemTxvevebSi maT sakuTar

Tavze muSaoba da varjiSi mouwevT, SesaZlebelia, videokameris wina-

Sec. gaxsovdeT, rom TiTqmis yvela pirovnebas, visac kargad gamosdis

mediasTan urTierToba, Tavdapirvelad rcxvenoda da eSinoda amis.

aqciis dawyebamde sasurvelia, gamomsvlelebTan repeticia gaiaroT.

romelime Tqvenganma Jurnalistis roli iTamaSos da gamomsvlels

SekiTxvebi dausvas. CamoayalibeT mokle da mkafio pasuxebi, romleb-

Sic aqciis mTavar lozungebs da sakiTxebs gaimeorebT. mediis winaSe

gamomsvlelebs auxseniT, rom isini organizaciis saxeliT ilapara-

keben da, Sesabamisad, mxolod organizaciis pozicia unda `gaaxmova-

non~. Tu maTTvis es pozicia bolomde misaRebi ar aris, maSin gamoms-

vlelis funqciaze uari unda Tqvan. repeticiis dros SeecadeT, yvela

mosalodneli SekiTxva dasvaT, rom gamomsvlelebma winaswar SeZlon

119

maTze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom ar aris

aucilebeli, gamomsvlelma yvela SekiTxvas gasces amomwuravi pasuxi.

Tu konkretul SekiTxvaze pasuxi ar aqvT, dasaSvebia, ase upasuxon:

`ar vici, am sakiTxis Taobaze mogvianebiT gagcemT pasuxs~; an `Cvens

organizacias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT jer ar SeumuSavebia pozi-

cia~.

sasurvelia, Tu liderebis pasuxebi aqciis ZiriTad sakiTxebze

koncentrirebuli darCeba iseT SemTxvevebSic, roca Jurnalistis

SekiTxva sxva mimarTulebiT aris dasmuli. yvela mzad unda iyos, rom

pasuxebSi organizaciis saxelwodeba iyos naxsenebi. SekiTxvaze `ra-

tom xarT aq?~ organizaciis yvela gamomsvlelma unda upasuxos:

`(mag.) `mravalferovani saqarTvelo~ dRes aq imisTvis aris, rom...~

organizaciis saxelwodebis xSiri xseneba amcirebs imis SesaZleblo-

bas, rom aqciis Sesaxeb statiebsa Tu siuJetebSi Tqven `erT-erT ara-

samTavrobo organizaciad~ mogixsenion.

3.9. saganmanaTleblo aqciebi

araformaluri leqciebi da saubrebi kampaniis erT-erT formad

yvelaze aqtiurad 1960-iani wlebis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ga-

moiyeneboda, rodesac eklesiebsa Tu klubebSi Sekrebili axalgazr-

debi hovard Turmanisa da martin luTer king-umcrosisgan rasobrivi

diskriminaciis sakiTxebsa da rasizmis winaaRmdeg organizebis gzebs

swavlobdnen. es, SeiZleba iTqvas, gasul saukuneSi ganxorcielebuli

yvelaze warmatebuli araformaluri leqciebis cikli iyo. es forma

Tqvenc SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT.

gansazRvreT, ris gakeTeba gsurT. es Tqvens auditoriaze da Tqve-

ni aqciis masStaburobaze iqneba damokidebuli. SegiZliaT, aCve-

noT filmi, moiwvioT gamomsvleli, moawyoT studentebisa da leq-

torebis forumi, CaataroT vorkSopi konkretuli sakiTxisa Tu

meTodis irgvliv. Tqven am yvelafris erTad ganxorcielebac da

movlenisTvis konferenciis darqmevac SegiZliaT. zogierTi stu-

denturi dajgufeba ori nawilisgan Semdgar saganmanaTleblo aq-

ciebs awyobs: jer films uCvenebs, Semdeg ki interaqtiur semi-

nars awyobs aqtivizmis praqtikis Sesaxeb.

dajavSneT oTaxi, SeipireT gamomsvlelebi (iqonieT alternati-

uli gegma im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu gamomsvlelebi ar gamocxadde-

bian), SeamowmeT, rom Tqveni aqcia koncerts, fexburTis matCs an

sxva raime popularul movlenas ar emTxveodes, moiZieT vizualu-

120

ri masalis aparatura (televizori, video), moamzadeT an iSoveT

saganmanaTleblo broSurebi da moimarageT sasmeli da sakvebi.

leqciis Tu seminaris Sesaxeb informacia farTod gaavrceleT.

Tqveni saganmanaTleblo aqcia azrs dakargavs, Tu msmenelebis

moyvanas ver SeZlebT. skolebSi, institutebSi, universitetebSi

Tu sxva axalgazrdul dawesebulebebSi gaakariT plakatebi sagan-

manaTleblo aqciis Sesaxeb. Tu amis saSualeba ar gaqvT, SegiZliaT

informacia dafebze carciT daweroT. SeatyobineT megobrebs da

amxanagebs; daeswariT sxva aqciebs da potenciurad dainterese-

bul adamianebs Tqven mier dagegmili movlenis Sesaxeb uTxariT.

leqcia Tu seminari winaswar dagegmeT da SeecadeT, rom mxiaruli

da interaqtiuri iyos. moifiqreT saxaliso dasawyisi, rom audi-

toriam Tavidanve kargad igrZnos Tavi.

saganmanaTleblo aqciis dasrulebis Semdeg SeecadeT, mas gagrZe-

leba misceT. damswre auditorias sakontaqto monacemebi gamoar-

TviT da Semdgomi nabijebis Sesaxeb informacia miawodeT. Seeca-

deT, maT myisieri qmedebis saSualebac misceT, magaliTad, saganma-

naTleblo aqciaze garCeul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul werilebis

weris kampaniaSi CarTva SesTavazeT.

saganmanaTleblo aqciebis efeqturi formebia agreTve arafor-

maluri debatebisa Tu diskusiebis mowyoba. es axalgazrdebs saka-

maTo sakiTxebze sakuTari poziciis gamovlenas aswavlis da gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebis uflebis gamoyenebaSi daexmareba. amisaTvis uni-

versitetis kafe, baRi an sxva saerTo sivrce SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT.

SeecadeT, diskusiebSi mravalferovani da gansxvavebuli xmebi Car-

ToT. moiwvieT sxvadasxva interesebis, miswrafebebisa Tu Sexedule-

bebis mqone adamianebi. gaxsovdeT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi aucilebe-

lia problemis mkafiod dasma; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi diskusia SesaZ-

loa ukontrolo da zogadi gamovides. gaiTvaliswineT, rom aseTi

Sekrebebi xmauriani iqneba da darwmundiT, rom amiT xels aravis uS-

liT.

3.10. demonstraciebis mowyoba

axalgazrdebs masobrivi demonstraciebis organizebasa da Cata-

rebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT. dasavleTis qveynebis

universitetebSi TiTqmis yoveldRiurad imarTeba SedarebiT mcire-

masStabiani studenturi aqciebi. demonstraciis forma imis mixedviT

unda gansazRvroT, Tu ra aris Tqveni mTavari mizani _ raimes emxro-

121

biT Tu protests gamoxatavT. demonstraciis ZiriTadi formebi ki

Semdegia:

sanTlebi: rogorc wesi, es forma wynari saRamos demonstraciisas

gamoiyeneba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daRupuli adamianebis an raimetragikuli movlenis xsovnas eZRvneba.

mjdomare aqcia: es forma sazogadoebrivi an kerZo sivrcis daka-

vebas gulisxmobs _ romelic, rogorc wesi, gadawyvetilebis mim-Rebis ofisia xolme. aqciis monawileebi moTxovniT gamodian da

sivrces manamde ar toveben, sanam maTi moTxovna ar dakmayofil-

deba an mis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi ar daiwyeba.msvleloba: es forma gulisxmobs jgufs, romlis wevrebsac pla-

katebi moaqvT da xmamaRali SeZaxilebiT modian. msvleloba konk-

retul adgilas iwyeba da sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis adgilasmTavrdeba. igi miznad gzavnilis sazogadoebamde da gadawyveti-

lebis mimRebebamde mitanas isaxavs.

piketireba: aq igulisxmeba jgufi, romelic konkretuli Senobisan ofisis irgvliv moZraobs da SigniT myof adamianebs gadaadgi-

lebis saSualebas ar aZlevs konkretuli moTxovnis dakmayofi-

lebamde an molaparakebebis dawyebamde.demonstraciis yvela forma winaswar Catarebul did samuSaos _

dagegmvas, administrirebas da organizebas _ moiTxovs. demonstraciayovelTvis farTo strategiis erT-erTi komponenti unda iyos.

ramdenime rCeva demonstraciebis organizebisTvis:CamoayalibeT organizatorebis birTvi. kampaniis monawileebs kon-

kretuli funqciebi mianiWeT, rogoricaa mediasTan urTierToba,

informaciis gavrceleba, nebarTvebis koordinireba Tu sxv.izruneT demonstraciaze mosuli xalxis ricxvze. es mniSvnelo-

vani sakiTxia, vinaidan sazogadoebac da mediac Tqven mier mobi-

lizebuli adamianebis ricxvs Tqveni kampaniis popularobasTanaigivebs. SeimuSaveT demonstraciis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrce-

lebis gegma da SeecadeT maqsimalurad bevri adamiani moizidoT.

moipoveT nebarTvebi. gaarkvieT, gesaWiroebaT Tu ara oficialu-ri nebarTva Tqven mier arCeul adgilas demonstraciis gasamar-

Tavad da SeecadeT mis mopovebas. es Tavidan agacilebT unebarT-

vobis sababiT demonstraciis daSlis SesaZleblobas. Tu Tqveniaqcia dapatimrebis risks gulisxmobs, demonstraciaze gamocdili

iuristebi moiwvieT damkvirveblebad. icodeT Tqveni uflebebi

da movaleobebi.

122

moimarageT saWiro aRWurviloba. darwmundiT, rom yvelaferi

gaqvT, rac SeiZleba dagWirdeT (mikrofonebi, megafonebi, plaka-

tebi, broSurebi, sawvimari gadasafareblebi da pirveli samedi-

cino daxmarebis sagnebi).

Tan iqonieT mediisTvis gankuTvnili informacia. erTad moaTav-

seT faqtebis monacemebi, Tqveni jgufis mier mTavari redaqto-

rebisTvis miwerili werilebi, presrelizebi da Tqven mier dasmu-

li sakiTxis gadaWris rekomendirebuli gzebi.

moifiqreT lozungebi da SeZaxilebi. SeadgineT advilad dasamax-

sovrebeli lozungi da demonstraciaze xmamaRla iyvireT. gax-

sovdeT: Tqveni lozungi TviTmiznurad agresiulad da zedmetad

gamomwvevad ar unda JRerdes, vinaidan es xalxis gaucxovebas ga-

moiwvevs. Tqveni mTavari mizani ki maTi informireba da mxardaWe-

ris mopovebaa.

SeadgineT plakatebi da bairaRebi. SeecadeT, isini maqsimalurad

mkafio iyos da rac SeiZleba didi asoebiT eweros. quCaSi gamvle-

lebis umetesobas arc survili eqneba da arc dro imisaTvis, rom

demonstrantebs uSualod gamoelaparakos. amitom maTi yuradReba

swored plakatebiT unda miipyroT.

gaakeTebineT da gamoiyeneT didi Tojinebi. adamianis zomis To-

jinebs Tqven mier dasmuli sakiTxis kidev ufro mwvaved warmoCena

da mediisTvis SesaniSnavi vizualuri masalis miwodeba SeuZliaT.

SeecadeT, gamoiyenoT isini.

SekribeT gamomsvlelebi. SeadgineT demonstraciaze gamomsvleli

adamianebis mravalferovani jgufi. sxvebTan erTad am jgufSi,

ecadeT, aucileblad SeiyvanoT adamianebi, romlebzec Tqven mier

dasmuli sakiTxi uSualo gavlenas axdens. SeecadeT, gamomsvle-

lebi sxvadasxva socialur, asakobriv Tu eTnikur jgufs ekuTv-

nodnen. TiToeul gamomsvlels drois mokle reglamenti dauwe-

seT, vinaidan es demonstraciaa da ara saganmanaTleblo aqcia.

gaiTvaliswineT drois faqtori. demonstracia iseT dros daamT-

xvieT, rodesac gadawyvetilebis mimRebebi axlos iqnebian, magali-

Tad, Sekrebaze an sxdomaze.

gaiTvaliswineT amindi. Tu demonstracia Ria cis qveS ewyoba,

SesaZlebelia, wvimam SegiSaloT xeli. sasurvelia, aseTi SemTxve-

vebisTvis an raime sivrce gagaCndeT, an darigebul broSurebze

daweroT wvimis gamo gadadebuli demonstraciis xelaxali gamar-

Tvis TariRi.

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maqsimalurad ecadeT, CandeT. demonstracia iseT adgilas gamar-

TeT, sadac didi moZraoba iqneba (rogorc manqanebis, ise fexiT

mosiaruleebis).

3.11. SemoqmedebiTi aqciebi

Cveni dRevandeli cxovreba mudmiv stressa da drois naklebobas

ukavSirdeba, rac sakmaod arTulebs Tqveni kampaniisadmi adamianebis

yuradRebis mopovebas. SemoqmedebiTi aqciebis mowyoba erT-erTi yve-

laze efeqturi gzaa ara marto yuradRebis miqcevisTvis, aramed ada-

mianebis informirebisTvis ama Tu im sakiTxze.

SemoqmedebiTi aqciebis mowyobisas, sasurvelia, Semdegi rCevebi

gaiTvaliswinoT:

aqcia konkretul mizans an sakiTxs miuZRveniT.

aucilebeli ar aris, Teatralizebuli sanaxaoba moawyoT. SegiZ-

liaT, didi zomis plakati an sxva vizualuri nivTi moamzadoT da

am process SemoqmedebiTad miudgeT.

gaecaniT istorias _ samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis brZolas (martin

luTer king-umcrosi), araZaladobriv aqciebs (gandi), aparTeidis

winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqciebs (samxreTi afrika) da sxva. Seiswav-

leT warsulSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi da gaiTvaliswineT rogorc

maTi warmateba, ise sirTuleebi.

gTavazobT SemoqmedebiTi aqciis ramdenime magaliTs:

100 skami

SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobas Soris ekonomikuri mdgomare-

obis uTanasworobis demonstrirebisTvis erT-erTma jgufma aqcia

moawyo. universitetis ezoSi, xalxmraval adgilas, 100 skami dadges;

aTi adamiani 70 skamze wamowva, danarCeni 90 ki 30 skamze cdilobda

moTavsebas. amiT jgufs statistikuri monacemebis Cveneba surda,

romlis mixedviTac, amerikis mosaxleobis 10 procenti simdidris 70

procents flobda, rodesac yvela danarCens (90 procents) mxolod

30 procenti gaaCnda.

SegiZliaT, es modeli SecvaloT da asis magivrad aTi skami da aTi

monawile gamoiyenoT; an imave modeliT sxva statistikuri monacemebi

gadmosceT.

124

adamianebis diagrama

erT kuTxeSi asi aqtivisti dgas, meoreSi ki mxolod erTi. plakati

an aqciaze gamomsvleli aqtivisti gvixsnis, rom asi adamiani minist-

ris xelfasis simboloa, xolo erTi _ pensioneris Semosavlis.

interaqtiuri Teatri

moifiqreT mokle, xuTwuTiani sketCi raime sakiTxze (magaliTad,

SimSilze, usaxlkarobaze, Seuwynareblobaze, qsenofobiaze). Seeca-

deT, sketCi provokaciuli iyos. auditorias sketCi mTlianad aCve-

neT. mere Tavidan daiwyeT da mayurebels saSualeba mieciT, nebismier

momentSi gagaCeroT. is, vinc sketCs gaaCerebs, misi monawile xdeba

da Sinaarss ucvlis. aqciis bolos diskusia gamarTeT da sketCis war-

modgenili variantebi gaaanalizeT.

partizanuli Teatri

moifiqreT dadgma, romelic Tqvens sakiTxs dramatulad warmo-

aCens, da `warmodgena~ moulodnel adgilas moawyveT. 1980-ian wlebSi

es meTodi SeerTebul StatebSi xSirad gamoiyeneboda da sadamsjelo

razmebis mier centralur amerikaSi ganxorcielebuli adamianebis

gatacebebisa da mkvlelobebis winaaRmdeg protestis gamoxatvas isa-

xavda miznad. studentebi `gatacebis~ inscenirebas universitetis

kafeebSi awyobdnen da scenis dasrulebis Semdeg auditorias mis

mniSvnelobas uxsnidnen. am sanaxaobam bevri studenti CarTo centra-

luri amerikis solidarobis moZraobaSi.

125

gamoyenebuli masalebi

1. Ackerman, Peter and Kruegler, Christopher (1994) Strategic Nonviolent

Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century,

Westport: Praeger

2. Bobo, Kim, Kendall, Jackie and Max, Steve (1991/2001) Organizing for

Social Change: Midwest academy Manual for activists, Santa ana: Seven

Locks Press

3. Helvey, Robert (2004) On Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: Thinking about

the Fundamentals, 2004, Boston: The albert Einstein Institution

4. Miller, Chris (2005) Understanding Strategic Nonviolent Struggle: Case

analysis of the Georgian “Rose Revolution”, unpublished paper

5. Sharp, Gene (1973/2000) The Politics of Nonviolent action, Boston: Por-

ter Sargent Publishers

6. Just add Consciousness: a Guide to Social activism, document created

by Oxfam, Campus Outreach Opportunity, and Bread for the World, at

http://www.oxfamamerica.org/newsandpublications/publications/fast_materials/

add_consciousness

7. “Political Power” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power

8. Materials provided by CANVAS, Centre for applied Non Violent action and

Strategies, Belgrade, at http://www.canvasopedia.org

Tavisuflebis institutiTbilisi 0108, griboedovis 23 / tel.: 93 66 15, faqsi: 93 67 84 / el-fosta: liberty@liberty.ge

www.liberty.ge