5000 years ago- civilizations begin to form. complex & politically centralized. along river...
TRANSCRIPT
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RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
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BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION 5000 years ago-
Civilizations begin to form. Complex & politically
centralized. Along river valleys-
Throughout southern half of Asia & northern Africa .
The next step in organization & centralization- Economically. Politically. Religiously.
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WHY ALONG RIVERS? Rivers supply a
continuous flow & supply of water! Farming. Human consumption.
Shape development- Early river valley
civilizations. The rivers also inspire
innovations- Technology. Economics. Institutions. Organizational.
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ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
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4 RIVER VALLEY CULTURES
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BETWEEN 3000 - 2000 B.C. Form along-
Tigris & Euphrates. Nile. Indus. Yellow.
These civilizations share characteristics- Distinguish them
from previous Neolithic communities.
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MESOPOTAMIA
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Greek word– “Land Between the Rivers.” Tigris & Euphrates Rivers.
One of most influential ancient civilizations
In history. An arc of land from
Mediterranean Sea to Persian Gulf- Called “Fertile Crescent.” “Cradle of Civilization.”
MESOPOTAMIA
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MESOPOTAMIAN GEOGRAPHY Two rivers become basis
for wealth of region- Soil is enriched over
years by layers of silt deposited by two rivers.
Developed irrigation- 6000 B.C.
Rich soil & abundant crops- Sustains life in early
civilization.
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MESOPOTAMIA Consists of current-
Assyria, Akkad, & Sumer. Three main
independent cities in Southern Mesopotamia- Eridu, Ur, Urak.
Exert Political & economic dominance- Over surrounding
countryside.
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MESOPOTAMIA Centralization occurs-
3200 - 2350 BC. Sumerian cities
dominate- Ruled by monarchs.
2350 - 1600 BC- Mesopotamia dominated
by Babylon.
2090 BC Statue of Ruler
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ECONOMY The Sumerian city-states-
Based on farming & trade. The people known for-
Metalwork, woolen textiles, & pottery.
Copper, tin, & timber imported goods exchanged- Dried fish, wool, wheat, &
metal goods. Invented the wheel
around 3000 BC- Makes transportation of
good easier & quicker.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE 3 major social groups in-
Nobles, commoners, slaves. Nobles include many
royal & religious officials. Commoners work for
palace & temple- Farmers, merchants, &
crafts people. Over 90%of people are
farmers. Slaves build buildings-
Belong to palace officials.
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BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES Most famous &
important building- Temple dedicated to
gods & goddesses of the city.
Called a ziggurat. Built atop massive
stepped tower. Housing is built by
sun-dried bricks- Small portion of
buildings made by stone or wood.
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TOOLS/WEAPONS/TECHNOLOGY Tools-
Saws, Chisels, Hammers, Braces, Bits, Nails, Pins, Rings, Hoes, Glue.
Weapons- Arrowheads, Axes,
Knives, Lancepoints, Swords, Daggers, Clubs, Armor.
Technology- Writing system,
Number system, First wheeled vehicles, Irrigation systems, Boats, Calendar.
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WRITING/LITERATURE One of greatest
accomplishments- Invention of earliest
known system of writing.
Create written documents by using triangular-tipped stylus- Make wedge-shaped
impressions in soft clayCuneiform script, Sumerian
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MESOPOTAMIA Many important cultural
legacies. Epic of Gilgamesh-
Collection of stories. Becomes model for later
heroic epics. Celebrates exploits of rulers
& their champions. Code of Hammurabi (1772
BC)- One of the earliest written
code of laws!!! Consolidates Hammurabi’s
power. “Eye for an eye, tooth for a
tooth”
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RELIGION Each town & city-
Protected by a god. Temples connect
heaven & earth- Center of both religion &
learning for entire community
Everyone is expected to sing hymns, say prayers, make sacrifices.
Bring offerings to local temple (ziggurat).
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NILE RIVER VALLEY
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NILE RIVER VALLEY Starts at northern
most peak of Nile River- Time of Neolithic
Revolution. This early civilization-
Forms down lush fields of Nile River.
Protected by water & desert- Civilization able to grow
into Egypt & surrounding colonies.
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NILE RIVER VALLEY Surrounding seas-
Serve as barrier against war & disease.
Reliable source of water for farming- Seasonal flooding fertilizes
land. Essential for survival, growth,
& economic success. Egypt unifies politically-
~3100 B.C. Lower & Upper Egypt. Institution of Pharaoh. Deified ruler develops during
this period.
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NILE RIVER VALLEY Ancient Egypt divided into
Dynasties & “Kingdoms”- Old Kingdom-
2660-2160 B.C. Middle Kingdom-
2040-1640 B.C. New Kingdom-
1550-1070 B.C. Old Kingdom-
Considered the classic era. Power & influence of
pharaoh- At its height.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE King (Pharoah)-
Ruler of land. Female companion also
has special status. Ruling Class-
Related to King. Or of high importance.
Craftsman- Make weapons & tools
for people. Work on decorations
for tombs.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE Farmers-
Most people of Nile are farmers.
Only vaguely distinguished by their tombs.
Marginalized Groups- Very little known about
people. Did not live in organized
structures. Acted as military.
Slaves- Servants often used & sold. Pyramids built by servants
who are paid in beer.
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NILE RIVER VALLEY Construction of massive
pyramids- Burial of the pharaohs. Obsessed with death/afterlife!
Constructed during all 3 kingdoms- Largest pyramids for pharaohs
during the Old Kingdom. Most famous are
constructed 2600 - 2500 BC-
@ Giza Great Pyramid of ruler Khufu. Great Sphinx.
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TOOLS/WEAPONS/TECHNOLOGY/ LITERATURE/RELIGION
Produced 365-day calendar- Based on astronomy.
Developed early Geometry- Used for designing
fields & canals. Hieroglyphics created-
Carved on tablets for communication.
Polytheistic religion- Multiple gods.
Rosetta Stone (196 BC)
Book of the Dead (1550 BC)
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INDUS RIVER VALLEY
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INDUS RIVER VALLEY Indus River Valley
Civilization- Starts about 2500 BC. South-western part of
Indus River. Largest city-
Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan). Settlements stretch all
along river. First city discovered-
Harappa. AKA Harappan
Civilization.
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HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION Natural borders-
Consist of mountains & Arabian Sea.
Protects from attack & disease.
Water from river fertilizes & irrigates crops.
Proximity to river allows boats to become viable transportation option.
Complex, urbanized- Founded by people known
as Dravidians. Language can’t be
deciphered! Our knowledge is based
entirely on various physical remains.
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ECONOMY (AGRICULTURE) Widespread irrigation
systems- Allow population to
provide food for themselves.
Wheat & barley primary crops- Rye, peas, cotton, & rice
also grown. Domestication of
animals- Serve as important tool
for cultivation. Source of food.
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ECONOMY (TRADE) The economy
depends greatly on trade.
Trade conducted within civilization- As well as with
Mesopotamia. Advancement in
technology- Leads to carts & early
boats. Used as main method
of trade & travel.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE People born into social
classes- Can’t be changed.
Caste system- Four main classes Brahmins-
Priests & king. Kshatriyas-
Warriors & aristocrats – rulers.
Vaishyas- Cultivators, artisans, &
merchants. Shudras-
Peasants & serfs.
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BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES Individual buildings have
early "sanitation" system- Bathing & restroom.
All houses had access to water- About same size. Had one or two stories!!! Made of dry bricks.
No large monuments or structures- Roadside drainage
(ditches).
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TOOLS / WEAPONS / TECHNOLOGY Tools-
Bronze, copper, iron. Weapons-
Bronze. Arrows were crafted.
Technology- Large irrigation systems. Precise measurement &
weighing equipment. Technology used to aid
agriculture. Boats & carts employed to
facilitate trade. Get invaded & conquered
By the Aryans
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RELIGION (HINDUISM & BUDDHISM)
Both Hindus & Bhuddhists- Stress non violence. Believe in karma, dharma,
& cycle of rebirth. Hindus focus-
Priests, rituals, & many gods.
Buddhists urge each person- Seek enlightenment
individually. Through meditation. Also reject Hindu caste
system.
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YELLOW RIVER VALLEY
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YELLOW RIVER VALLEY Early Chinese civilizations-
7000 - 5000 BC Yellow River valley
Civilization begins in China- Around 4000 BC. Start of many Chinese
Empires. Many ethnic groups &
cultures begin in this era. Vast area populated by
diverse ethnic groups- Over time become more or
less single culture
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XIA, SHANG, & ZHOU 3 successive
dynasties- Xia Dynasty-
2200-1766 BC. Little is known.
Shang Dynasty- 1766-1122 BC. Bronze metallurgy. Horse-drawn
chariots. Zhou Dynasty-
1122-256 BC. Concept of the
Mandate of Heaven.
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YELLOW RIVER GEOGRAPHY Yellow river stretches
across China- More than 2,900 miles.
Carries rich yellow silt- From Mongolia to Pacific
Ocean. Yangtze river is longer-
About 3,400 miles across central china.
Two major rivers taken together- Create great food-
producing area.
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GEOGRAPHY (CONT) China has two major
rivers running through it- Only 10% of its land is
fertile & rich enough to grow crops.
Another negative- China is surrounded by
mountain ranges & river valleys.
Hard for people to travel & trade their crops and live stocks.
Have to rely on their own food.
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE Shang King rules from
capital city- Anyang.
Kingdom divided into different territories- Ruled by aristocratic
warlords (military leaders).
King has power to add/remove them.
Believe in supernatural forces- They can talk to Gods. Receive help when
needed.
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GENDER ROLES Family very important-
Authority of family belongs to father.
Father- Always arranges
marriages for his daughters.
Controls amount of education received by children.
Chooses career for his sons.
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GENDER ROLES Mother occupies
subordinate position- Unable to own property.
Typical Chinese family contains Mother. Father. Sons. Unmarried daughters.
All live in home together.
All rituals performed by males.
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LITERATURE Zhou literature very
important to Chinese people.
Different books. "Book of History" "Book of Change" "Book of Rites" "Book of Songs.“
Most Zhou writings destroyed- By the first empire.
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ECONOMY Lack written language for
an extensive period- Documented economics are
rare. Civilization primarily
focuses on day to day agriculture- Not spontaneous growth. The Silk Road will develop
later. People travel the silk
road- For trading purposes. Brings cultural immersion. And “black death.”
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LEGACIES OF RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
Lays foundations- Political centralization &
organization. All subsequent
civilizations are built upon these.
Also- Monument building. Written legal codes. Legal & political
infrastructures to run a central government.