BIOSPHERE

3 PARTS: ATMOSPHERE (air) HYDROSPHERE (water) LITHOSPHERE (crust)

Pic from: http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/athylibi.gif

The Thin layer of LIFE on the Earth.

CHAPTER 13GENE TECHNOLOGY

http://www.ekac.org/swissprot/swissprot.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/15/chewonthis

DNA IDENTIFICATION Except for identical twins no two

people are genetically alike .10 %of the human genome varies

between people!! DNA can be used in identifying

human remains, providing evidence in criminal cases, and determining paternity

TECHNOLOGY VOCABULARY

Noncoding DNA – DNA that doesn’t code for a protein “junk” DNA

Polymorphism-variations in the length of “junk” DNA

VNTR- variable number tandem repeats- number of repeats determines what is different

in individuals & this is what forensic scientists look at in DNA profiling

Ex: CACACACACACA-can repeat a few times or many times

STEPS IN DNA IDENTIFICATION

1. Isolate the sample and make copies

2. Cut the DNA into shorter fragments that contain known VNTR’s

3. Sort the DNA by size (use gel electrophoresis)

4. Compare patterns of the unknown DNA sample to a known DNA sample

STEP 1: ISOLATE AND COPY

Polymerase chain reaction – technique used to make copies of DNA fragments

You can make millions of copies

18mp.army.mil

authorjenniferchase.com

STEP 2: CUT DNA INTO SHORTER FRAGMENTS

Restriction enzymes-bacterial proteins that recognize a specific sequence of DNA and cut the DNA in specific sequences

biotechlearn.org.nz

3. SORT THE DNA BY SIZE Fragments of DNA are studied using a

technique called gel electrophoresis Separates molecules according to size &

electrical charge The smaller fragments move faster and

farther than the larger fragments

en.wikipedia.org biology.arizona.edu

DNA Fingerprint- resulting pattern of bands

4. COMPARE PATTERNS OF KNOWN DNA TO UNKNOWN DNA

Biologists use subtle genetic differences in DNA to identify each individual

baronescience.info

•Accuracy: odds that 2 people will share the same DNA profile are about one in one billion!!

•DNA fingerprinting compares between 5-13 VNTR’s to produce a profile

IMPORTANT VOCABULARY

Genetic engineering-altering the genetic material of cells or organisms to allow them to make new substances

Clone – exact copy of DNA segment, cell, or complete organism

Plasmid – small rings of DNA found naturally in some bacterial cells

Vector – any agent, such as a plasmid or virus that can carry a DNA molecule from 1 organism to another

MAKING RECOMBINANT DNA

Recombinant DNA – when DNA from 2 different organisms is joined

To do this: Insert a gene for an enzyme or hormone into a genome of bacteria or another organism- the organism produces new proteins that it couldn’t before- examples include insulin and HGF

II. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

A research effort to sequence all 3.3 billion nucleotides of the human genome

Determine locations of every gene on every chromosome!!

bioinformaticonline.com

GOALS FROM WEBSITE HTTP://WWW.ORNL.GOV/SCI/TECHRESOURCES/HUMAN_GENOME/HOME.SHTML

identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA

determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA

store this information in databases improve tools for data analysis transfer related technologies to the private

sector address the ethical, legal, and social issues

(ELSI) that may arise from the project.

There are about 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (places where individuals differ by only 1 nucleotide – used in DNA fingerprinting)

APPLICATIONS

Discovered specific genes responsible genes responsible for several genetic disorders Researchers can improve diagnoses and

treatments for more than 4,000 disorders

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Medical Applications – gene therapy, cloning, vaccines

B. Agricultural Applications – genetically modified crops

C. Bioethics – the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Gene Therapy – introducing a gene into a patients cell to treat a genetic disorder Works best with disorders that result from the

loss of a single protein Ex. Cystic fibrosis, Hemophilia, Sickle Cell Anemia

Steps involved in gene therapy 1. Isolate the functional gene 2. Insert healthy gene into a viral vector 3. Introduce the recombinant virus to the

patient

http://www.curesf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/gene-therapy.gif

MR. GREEN GENES (2008)

The glow in the dark cat is the result of a genetic experiment.

Researchers wanted to see if he was a transgenic cat – immune to FIV

http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/27338236#.T1aQ-TGPUQo

Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species.

CLONING Began in the 1990’s with cloning

whole organisms such as sheep and mice

Dolly was the first cloned mammal born in 1996 She suffered premature ageing and

disease and died at 6 yrs old possibly from having short telomeres.

randomworldofjen.blogspot.com

CLONING – HOW IT WORKS1. Egg has nucleus(with its DNA)

removed

2. Cell from organism to be cloned, such as a skin cell, is collected.

3. Empty egg & whole skin cell are placed close together & electric shocked, which makes them fuse

together.

4. The new cell contains DNA from only

1 cell (the skin cell, not the egg) & is grown

It becomes a new baby.

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS

Develop new strains of plants called genetically modified (GM) crops

Increase the amount produced and improve nutrition In Asia researchers added genes to rice to

over come the iron deficiencies

FIRST GM FOOD

•The first commercially grown genetically modified food crop, a tomato, was made more resistant to rotting, by adding a

gene.•1994- Approved by FDA –decided it did not constitute a health hazard, and did not need special labeling. Calgene was allowed to release it into the market. Welcomed by consumers who purchased the fruit at two to five times the price of standard tomatoes. Company bought by Monsanto in 1995.

Monsanto Company is a multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation & is the world's leading producer of the herbicide Roundup. Monsanto is also by far the leading producer of genetically engineered (GE) seed, holding 70%–100% market share for various crops.

GM MILK COWS

• Scientists introduced a new gene into milk cows that could get them to produce human milk•Healthier alternative for formula?

FISHY STRAWBERRIES

Flounder is a fish that can withstand icy cold temperatures. Scientists took the gene in the fish thatProduces an antifreeze & inserted it into a plasmid of a bacterium The bacterium infected the strawberry & the flounder antifreeze gene entered the strawberry’s DNA The new GM strawberry cells are grown Into new plants that have strawberries which make a protein that keeps the fruit from frost damage.

floundergigging.com

GM MOSQUITOS

Stop mosquito born diseases like malaria buy creating insects that are less infectious

Trying to get them released in the Key West to help eradicate dengue fever and the mosquitos that spread it

FEATHERLESS CHICKEN

In Israel scientists have discovered a way to make a more convenient type chicken – one that’s easier to process

Grows faster because it doesn’t have to use energy to create feathers

Only lives in warmer climates

http://oddanimals.com/featherless-chicken/

ETHICAL ISSUES Is the food safe to eat? Is the food harmful to the

environment? What are your thoughts on gene

therapy? Cloning of human embryos?Decisions must be made by both

scientists and the public