دراسات وأبحاث العدد 21

575
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻏ

Upload: -

Post on 15-Feb-2016

666 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

DESCRIPTION

دراسات وأبحاث العدد 21

TRANSCRIPT

  • *,+*)('&%$#" !

    10)('32,10/.#"-

    2111 1579 :NSSI 3630 3522 :NSSI-e

    3106 / 9002 ('&%$#"!

  • !"#$%&

    '& ()*+,+-./01)234")567+(

    4*.5'6++789:;

  • =8+9*+: W

    !"#$%&6g:Hh '&4"

    7+( ();V+F;ij. ZYklb++,Wt U"+>B

    uQT R>o"*+t+9;$+IWh@* +r,;$0>B

    ^5P=i0,n8+9*+: QTX+ 6^b +!9++F0bH$6^e3#,b+0y

    P+g&+,9'Nb+&ue3bW+R}B

    ,M+95

    A+%0(r*Z*P+=> # *ij. C+NoW?^&;$+FX+fU*+: $ 86

  • ''CEF( 26'$"

    `IJA>H

    Ra?,b]

    W``$"c$d

    W``e'S16",W

    ` -Bf

    ''Cb!

    g"DR"

    '"hij )!

    9 -$

    XCb!

    4"'&+ !Qnq D

    W``k'-

    `>HIJA

    `!WCH-

    `,l7

    `%

  • `Y$" R4R/%&p-dCW /01,*v'()01

    `>HIJA . R%&p-dCW {, /01,*v'()01

    `nX'L/ R{,%&p-gdCW ,*>v'()01

    `g7nY"n {E/X%&-gdCW-78 ,*/01v'()01

    `,ac!" %&p-dCWL',cyr ,*/01v'()01

    `hij'AxA %&p-dCWyrL',c ,*/01v'()01

    2,b]

    n'()01

    W`)q -f$" EF('>?+ "Xa9v"*6,*)D' |+

    W`$"c$d + "V "n-)D''$" y

    W`A>"Y ,%&p-dCW R{v,*ZhiR c'r6

    W`Y"l'I" "Rq5%&p-dCW?aS1p$"S1aLy c'r6

    W` 9Xl! L01%D C

    `$"%{a L', CdCW3 ,01

    `LM Wf |g S1 CdCW 53El,* '#

    `a +r%&-gdCWv7z ,* 'W

    W`""t1uk'lW C+ "%&p-dCW v"l -,* "!

    W`7>""Y"]6" p-dCWv,*$-I" C

  • "%&'>?-u1+J'*:"R '>

    b&8+9*+: (=9+3Q? ^X z *+: $ 86 *vX$,0 +: +& ) Yk6,96]?}p0 #;+}b+9 fMg}W $

    QTl9 6+R !Q#71 B

    ,+ "V 960>,+U

  • 06>+[78l:

    )QN(~$6^+9srHW=u$Xii :&>q 60> 6!X9W86

  • p}B

    X L 6!& Y -g> l*+6,>V6#4+66> 0q6Qx.)B

    oly "01o

    $ fpI$XY~

  • xCZ ' 0^0*+,> $QT&gU, 6!0}X$^0*+, + WQTlX$bY

    03C+0INbB

    .+,OY=X;$X$}+~ 0QOW;$,0>,*P+=>+X+]^$bC+0B

    %j&+!,Oq}+q0*+60>+++f&+!*+t+99W 6%^k0p3Y+9HWC

    , # Y+! W"+g W, W?^> W/` > p:g: WQT$ WNN WQT

    *+F%B

    )*+F%$$&PFcB

    ,01 [yZ ' ,+-.M +5U $QT& k0N+> 60o$ +: M +5U#~XW ,F+9 +R +p&z

    }+ l&WlX$b 6!&Y,66YF01>,*+: $ 6^b$b#;$X$ B

    , #+fb 5U*+t+99 ; +ug:W$W,+-.W!W4Q>p:Wb+jHW

  • C+ "u|f $$%&gN#*Hh +@Y6@i0:@iNOB

    F-.,+HI6~'ttr

  • .

    01

    01

    23

    32

    01

    83

    10

    100

    140

    480

    110

    130

  • 113

    133

    823

    413

    183

    133

    803

    002

    432

    242

    412

    882

    232

    102

  • 401

    1010438

    411

    488

    431

    404

    Construction dune chelle dvaluation de Capacits Technologiques

    Lamouri SAHRAOUI 111

    Crisis: A rethinking about the relationship between Public

    Relations, Communication, and Environment

    KHALDI SOUAD

    130

    Les changes verbaux entre norme et ralit

    Cas des tudiants maliens de luniversit de Khenchela. HASSANI Rima Aida

    148

  • 550

    0055

    " "

    2055

  • 1

    !"#$%&'(

    '()*&+,

    -*'./#-001

    232

    !" #$ %&'()*+%,-./%01%23

    456%# 78"9:;9:?0@#3A%0BC"D'EFGHIJ2)2KL

    !J4%0I*M'NO#PN#7?Q'O'LKRI9L4ST

    FUKRV0WC'+ST8JCX%V%,"I:O# E)'Y )%9O'8E=ZH=["#

    =2*/\]7V^KLNT8%# N#O'C4_G*?Q'=ZB`O#]7%#63E%#

    aK/Z=?"=b&c8)NZ=VLC[TA%0J#d5FM=:2N]CeHN

    O#fIK"gV0hO#)'%=%iL[j+K2CI:VG"E,P67-k(I 67'

    E= lV3 T%m /%0 5%n_ BC"D =2* LGV a E=Z R.2 V,# -,

    +M3oI*_]7K67L*#aH:["BC"DM256V -["PMorocco suffered during the sixteenth to the crisis of foreign interference in its internal affairs

    century and manifested particularly in the growing imperialist invasion of Alatlentih its shores,

    which had a serious dimensions and implications for the Moroccan society on the one hand and

    on the political structure of the state of Morocco as a whole. If the State Aloutasah has

    demonstrated its inability to meet the new challenges, and the expulsion of an alien and restore

    security and stability to throughout the Kingdom, the pan Moroccans have shown more than

    once complained of the new situation and the inability of the ruling power in the face of it, Vatjht

    their sights towards Saadia state taken it will increase in the south of Morocco came to bear the

    banner of jihad, and mobilized motivation to face the enemy Ibero enabling it to power and

    development methods, especially after that succeeded in freeing a number of stomata territories.

    On this basis, this article tries to approach the new relationship that linked the state Urban Saadia

    in Morocco in historical circumstantial hypersensitive society and try to identify the most

    important changes that touched the structure of this society and the role that foreign played in

    this transformationP

    p3qHCJ?G*r5FM=:?0r5%n_BC"D

    O#]U%/%_s7tR"3u8vC*`))%"I:/%_)"#%0!c*5FM=:?0>"2=

    0Z)_LR%")H$!8w O#vC*)%9)"#>"2=56t=%]N,c."T%

  • 2

    w ).M,=%TCJ3PYA%0BC"DNT%'a=MH:["]^2#L4v%,-.15

    16(I GM3%#C4) xVc!#2OJ3 u bK:Y =FM= H#Qe "ycK56 V#

    ) 43V!#2 ).MH.=zV EVG{Y M56@M, Co=%|O#!4HIV

    7cP-,=

    }{Y/%0xT%O#]7FU+)z,Tv=2*xT%&-\nR/%0~=V3n#0z,vO#

    5%Qe%2+%,t"#]J_PG, s71CU4= dKO't":==%Q"HIV+

    e7F*q3=,"HIV6E%7^sP{YIIK7)%"T%0Z9&@[*?0P(1)

    5V),DM'F*=[wq(2)/\K56V#@IIKV)!#2+K%=56

    /%0P +Cn (I C"7 w K v=% +K c.K!M,"*# +K

    3 ]b /%0 O#

    * ]7).@ Q"+4 %0 V0h-."c5V),>"2=O# V:/%0 BRv7V@I

    7O)Lcw O'V06n7[*H%nMR3'/%0xG=-."c:P

    L\KaHIJ":/%0/\K56V7"p#.#Q"3=%+?fZ CI:@I9

    LqR3c.qL2%3C48/%0O#EFh49#tREIHV\/%' H%C"T8N#4 %J"g@:P!8+G*N#%Jtm3T-cR+Y

    "%# NTti8O#?O#O=,'

  • 5

    8%K NO#* V%,"I ]UV 852* ]J[ xC22TV %C"I ,T%yv=2* G

    (T=#]e)PtR eEcBT)O#|7+Y!Pz,TB%==&]NnTV+4!NT{Y*#

    '%&K7OJ=u6)'|7vI9B#7M*"4aH$"#:]b,TO#]NTO'tR

    V2'MHVM"':O#]J[T%tR%K/MIKO'[M=%03aR%q"H

    52*P!C"gO#+K%Jq-VVO#IqMtR#O'FM23T%tR#+J=(23)P37

    H)"'a@78

    M*"J#O#@, #X`'LTa M+K]J["3/%0 II3

    =)"R:sV#KPLqJ"IN2+KH)22 I%C"=uO=/ZO#v#),Mx:eBnl

    %n_P

    F*q3|7sV>=#+K:Yt2`]UVxC2tR%P!C"gOCTKVRxC2+J=+K]J_

    M0352*wT"NT%NmMI#O#%h4K|7+K-C"c:74=d]NM'T"fZ

    v,=%qv[`P(24)P

    7>"2=6\ "NO#]c!4 N&RvhcMO#=2 )#-IK M:X` PFUK

    ^c.2,3MEVyYz,TLc'HP

    %2-.%0%`_=?4%G*2"7/"JO#FM4?c!"cFKX`#,M=

    2M*#]J_'%&*#vyv"=$O#*s7&R#-[I8=_P

    H"J CN# ?c]J_'%&L"c CI:8lV"M3%3Lc/%0O# 'C N'L

    I*H#$ P+=$O-Rc'/%0*@NT}|V&3W2s%nk"J#,'

    =)MTP25P

    T82M,2 '%& 2MGfM*S7+6xC2v!=".B`#L4EF sPK-h#$%

    'v=2*-) *#{Y4(T6C'`V Q"I #'!4"F#]N"&R#

    ]"iV"y0"I+K[`KsIVLc]"2}"2,I2P26

    xK"TO#$%&'B*+%,BG#=O#'%&*#Lc%9C4,qcCI:8V

    !MRFh4))%356@oAKOu2+K]J[]N"7KW'VM"''v=2*'W,=P

    67+:h#z,T++.hlV3LM4aLhO#Lm2M]J_'%&+KP

    5V),F&=8yNO#{YBC"#$K+J3+K!MR%R#$K@72M+KP%:h#@G2=Lc

    MMI+4]NKv).MEV)Y]*,"]NZ+KFU]N".I]J_V%C"IW'cO=

    !4N'f3%3aE%7^s7O'Fh4h#K@G2=Lc8!.,qEVyYv=2N'xIEFh4

    C4BC"DH?7TH:"UO#v=2*KP27

  • 6

    #e

    1- @M, Cov=2* VN^ NC" ~=V3 *#/) 4 r O=)2 %45

    199088P

    2- 5VRDM'/%0VrO#h%&'w#v%,v#%&'$Q"*#Pq"?4%

    A%2{ 2MG2000P97P

    3- 8*q98P

    4- .h# 5V), I B%#99 P64%4 %J M'=2* N'/%0rV

    xnMh2MG8%&BMG4%68

    5-K8/%03>VC2"I:4)V#[email protected]{Y

  • 7

    W'38

  • 8

    T%UMM

    1P F0Co8%T:,|#VM5)_7?%+()72M985)_1888P

    2P @&4%]7%YO(M'4%!cOW.'KO#HCUW.' P8(T19388

    3P +=$O]^u2#?2r%1961P

    4P @9%t2n~=V3KOW.*M'OCo8t2`{Y&O#E2*=2~=V3

    +CI { N' %K10437r1633 8W12387r1812W8IV)Co ,i

    @&5=$MrxnMVT,hV)81988 P

    5P 3VC4" =2* ~=V383E)[ ]c% M' ,i ,8xnM V+'

    H:,19948

    6P w=V9 5) J=) xT%& ~=V38%n Co 8@Qc Co %2 {Y %3PrV

    nMxVB=$"%&4%(

    7P "@q9+G*u2'%&H#,#]J_-,"IV)- 52*N2r

    xnMV&v'*W2/)482004 P

    8P @M,Cov=2*VN^NC"~=V3*#4/)rO=)2%451990

    9P w=V)YKw=V)Y=?=?4%R.'r!#Kr)2989r98P

    10P 5VRDM'/%0VKr%&'O#h%&'w#v%,v#$Q"*#Pq"?4%

    A%2{ 2MGP

    11P %4%JM'/%0=2*N'rxnMVh2MG8%&BMG4%P

    12P K8/%V#[email protected]{YVC2"I:4)!MR28L&U1481r%"4K

    1541rxnMVT,hV)81984P

    13P & ~ O 8H$ 4$ *%q O# %3 8Q 2MG# 8T" K %2 {Y

    8xnMV8E=Z2006P

    14P FAOUZIS.M.H/sociomogie politique colonial du Maroc-cas de michaux bellaire.afrique orient-casa Blanca 1988.

    15P J.BERQUE :oulmas : fondateurs ;insurges du maghreb au XVII siecle.Ed sindibad 1983.

    16P r Terrasse H, Histoire du Maroc des origines l'tablissement du Protectorat, Casablanca, T.2, 1950, p.

    17. Drague G, - Esquisse d'histoire religieuse du Maroc, Paris, 1951,

  • 9

    !

    "!#

    $"!#%&!'"!()&*!+,

    -&.$

    /012&

    "34&567868$

    &9:,(:-

    !"#$%&'()!*+,-./0123!

    +4567+4$8 +9:210;%?@% 23A46+B>?+C#!B&A0DEF)!

    1GCGF =BHIJ@EF/@)+>&$+6K%+H%90%LC4D*1+!

    M023!.NO!P6)+9.*)*Q!CGR

    ES%PN8T+CG..NU&*DV*'W6+,-./

    +45(6 :MNXYM0Z!;+2/6[

    +5D'$6+,-./6+45&'()!*[

    AbstractThis study aims to reveal the level of burnout and its relationship with performance among civil protection assistants, the sample was 210 assistant selected In stratified random sample

    method. As a research-tool we used a questionnaire after confirming the psychometric

    properties. After the statistical analyses the study concluded that the level of burnout is low

    among the sample, and there is no relationship between burnout and performance, and there are

    significant differences in burnout level due to civil status and experience.Key words: Burnout, Organizational performance, The agent of civil protection.

  • 10

    \, K]^_3FM]> &9 O'0+`a +N$+ ` b* *

    Q!X+N$+\`W+>cdef67H>0bDEc}8J*)06-Q!-./+N4RT_9.K9)*1+eV

    K92$98[)*K9\,:Burnout;98M0

    Q!+>DEc}Df`

  • 11

    *+45&'()!*+,-./.90*M023!N8K

    * K T N89>8 +S DES5 u9>:+45 ( 6

    XX!*+2/6;

    2Y%D%+y

    W+(j@g!+y{+~IB

    .Df23!N8+45&'()!*+,-./M0+CG[

    +CXND+y9+yj@ !=]>8

    * _! +45&'()!*9&[

    *-./94.8M0+CG.Df23!N8[

    * TMB5)!/GT+CG.DfN8[

    *T+CG.DfN8MNX5)!/G[

    *+2*]W/)!/GT+CG.DfN8[

    4Y%x%*

    /=+Bvx%+x

    +45&'()!*! !"#$[

    +,-./M02394 !x9[

    .*+SDES5u9>PN8T.N !x9

    +![

    \,M&.R+HG0M'u9019&

    Y 3 +&W"&98:MASLACH ;x @ .

  • 12

    Y"&98$! ! kSU '5n9 m+4 94 >x * oR

    +!:[3;

    Y"&98t)*b9P3:MASLACH;W.90*!'h 'U&

    94 .FQ!DES5j@B83:MASLACH;c3cDN0)66_![

    Y 3 CN "&9W _B $ => 1+!:Burnout; 14}0 6j@ . T

    kSU1y98m+4K9.Q!8 F )$#& 6

    K'!TK]'8K'!+2)'9&6HG524B!K0486K'98=&? !!

    J$91>#e)'&b[

    6Y-N+4+5

    1L?x*P+V^

    Q!u9> )* K 6+45 &'( )!* +, -./ M0 239 9+>?

    0b9Vb

  • 13

    2Y7H>P'h -XN++9)

    o*Q!x986~/P'Q!b+'9 02 8xA0!12502@bUFT6)!

    P&Z8)$&)*A5@F*P'h_3F &}8B1+!6M4$53WT$D'

    >420P&Z8I7+ 6~/P' +9W225O9 @ x@14* \'

    06PN&Fdu9>6t+m5K>2 g'$O!D4+>KWQ!8+!4$8

    +/ 210)!:)!\#!MC;+B>?+C#!B&A0b+FI6[

    YW%

    %% 2130 113 53.80

    3140 49 23.33

    41' 48 22.85

    +%45( X!* 108 51.42

    X 100 47.61

    =A 02 0.95

    K* 00 00

    %+2/ P?"6\`0~pD95D4+>PT+9D+B8Q!

    g_~y5 9+>?x3Fx3F0.J*1+8J@x[9+>?P +V^

    +D./Q!4'!y5

    0B)+>[

  • 14

    *Y%0%B5

    o*Q!0B5x98B+B(_~xs &FV**#7>M0c. !\>!

    KN* 1&97>Q9&M9"2*x*K+v[:8;

    &vKN/[email protected]+yDESDVr@ 23A46

    b&:HG

    +45 &'( [[[;P D30B5 y E{D30B -N0 U&* '2 )!/M#5 u90 P

    M+M+CGF/)!b @

    j@TD95D4+>P'+/[

    Y)+>

    !"#$x+(.)* 23A4:6+,-./0123!

    +45 &'()!*;T]'5 +/ \.*b+'G0 '2DES+2xs 4 6

    +>49EF/@6)+>Y1'+'G8TY3)WN3+B:Maslach

    burnout inventory; 6N.+B8a+&B52* +B5@9&7+6

    aDpQ!x9Q9TD'`5Dr5M]> E>W.!K>2 1IJ@

    #5 &B0 OB& 7+ 2c +B5 9& 6 W/ e8 T MS#5 D8DB W

    +8p ~F Dw+g DW# Dr5 T M9 ZR W#5:4R P0A Df

    !'N[;

  • 15

    _/ &9>DN.4Wf+!)$&1+!:94.8

    !#5;9>N.6987]:G#ZR;U[

    +B 490 '2 +B' +>N/ +09 PN' 9N 90 @ 23A4

    x? 95)']!+:1988;.+!P+>4=818>!)/[

    ~/.>0 `/ @Q! -V !'hQ!)+>K'#&W

    _/+2/6+45(6 T]'5K9+G#D4+>*CGp0=9&[

    ]18>!.!)!94.!16263646566676

    869610611612613614[

    7]@TD>9.!6!#5>8+B&:14;b\>!156166176186

    19620621622623624625626627628[

    P0 'U&K9+,-./+(.t*.G#ZR@+B&

    :20;W\>!296306316326336346356366376386396406416426436

    44645646647648[

    +B5B>?)+>D>!Q!0NR$+^2D$+M0N5'pDNf

    \#0n96n96J.*6=6\#0=[+DN=162665[

    Y)+>3&$+CGp

    )+> $^ W}10GB&G6D>]G KW&$+CGp0GB4

    +4c\)+>4O+!*LC49&D>])*MT61Py+2[

    *)+>D>c

    n!K>2 'y6=+>A\EF/j@+02 =BH*t|+~/+!Q!)+>

    B&?_'90'2?R@>F=+>A8\.!=+>A8Test- Retestk>8K9ef6

    +>A8!8 !9&J@)E0KGH5DN\_/1B

    )$8+!+F0'2efKN* 6=+>A\.!!b

  • 16

    +C#!B&A07H>[I7+6)+>P&Z8\.!IP+0*90*906+CWLC4Wk>8K9I90'+6+~/+!

    )+>=+>A8\.!=+>A8+!.*)*'!:20;)![

    k>8K9K'94x(j@T)E0+.950tiJ@

    R=

    YD27++!D>c>0X+'&+B5)*M>8)E0K9=+0(+'90+2 23A4

    %01'+2R:0.89;[

    *)+>~

    +B)O'9Q!33+~/18~TY6G _!P'&f

    4 )49& &@M9 qDwM0X++'Q!+!\B+>N/D~ !*6+~/18~T33+B+2G !@

    6+(j@g1'C3 W}KN* 6+(DES+BPyn!I214

    4$8M'$ !'hQ!)+>:06;b+`8K'!b!G M'$\@8*

    DB&S{+G3xg)+>> W}xs6J.+9b!

    3-yT6DBQ!>5D3&9-NI[

    %01'+2D27+)+>3@GU&*IM'$~yR0:0.94; !

    D>]'+2&@T]'5++0(+'9=&?

    D>]0890.94Yb2_&'+:02;)+>DN.E8KN* &vIaE&95y&

    ! u

    94.

  • 17

    4Y%5%+CGRt+/

    YT5+CGR+&B5D.9&'+

    Y&w5tYl(5J+95xY)E0k>8K9YP+08JW>F:x2;

    :test de khi deux;L40_$Y0.05[

    3Y#2%%+8C4%L%

    +0(DA5 ~0 '2 90 => 23A4 &+95D"5 &w5t

    .90* M0 +?>8 D239 90 @W 6)+>-G 6+, -./

    'pD&5"q!.0 0K$925\#5D$:6\#0=

    \#0n96n96J.*6=;_-B06+yK$>5+CGRt+/=+>A06

    88 694 .

  • 18

    1+N8 K'H .9T +8 6-./Pn9& "25 &B8 \.! 6N( j>4

    \+H9"+U8)* $@K]kSy)K06 &Fd[/+CX+y=BvO!0[

    LC4+4] +CX +y %0 B958694.8K9+,-./

    +45&'()!*[

    D-GR +45&'()!*+,-./

    94.8 0.03

    +9bm 210

    D-GR +45&'()!*+,-./

    !#5>8 k>8K9 0.05

    +9bm 210

    %0 B95/M+CXM+y '+ * :.8M0+CG.Df23!.N

    +9.*+,-./!#5;.8D3954~_3F 46

    %0 2 J@ +, -./ 940.03 6K9 2 J@ +, -./ !#5 >8 M0

    %0'80.05+,-./.90*M0+9y+?>823!.N~86

    %0D2k>8'+B00.08[3WT+9y4W239)/BBH&M+CXM+yW)*J*[

    M0+CG.Df23!.NO!J*6=BH89+y)*_B$1+!

    -./M0+45&'()!*+,[

    +/ E]WTb

  • 19

    )* 14}V J@ )!/ K'! w+0 KF. 10 }0 '+`8 0 8 m+ j@ ) '!

    +NK$#0b0'+B&(N.y&[

    \'!/.! xG.! &(N. '+B

    05 03 08 15.51 0.05

    'pKC>D&!0K$925\#5D$4-G 23A4:6=6\#0=

    \#0n96n96J.*;L40=+>A06_$ExcelP+08JWb+2&vI6:W2;6B1+!

    ! ES~pLC4W:0.05;W

    +>{Q! \. &'9bw" +!.*D0mT+CG.Df.N

    W%b+Blef.>2%02+CG..NQ!\9525.4423A4@

    Q!cr& ES)*94)* $ 1 6 '+B W* 0 '+B)*

    0)!/[

    1+!0R T )*ef 9 6+y =Bv>c*

  • 20

    05 02 04 9.49 0.05

    D&"q!.0 0K$925\#5D$-G0'2)*90

    _$L40=+>A06'pKC>ExcelW%b+2&vI62ES~pLC4WB1+!6

    !+45(:0.05;W

    MNX5./0~p+45(t+!.*D0mT+CG.Df.N

    W%b+Blef.>+>{Q!2%0+CG..NQ!\9537.21@6

    W*0'+B)* >!+45(ES)*_B$1+!6'+B :MNX50p

    M&Z9;+45&'()!*0RN.Tcr&[

    e@0MNX5)!/)*m+j@X! $6+y=Bv& !~F@Z

    \'!/.! xG.! &(N. '+B

    05 03 08 15.51 0.05

  • 21

    %0+4&)!8 90 1+! 6xA 0! a&0 D u90 +45 &'( a&& +45 &'(DAp

    %+L%CK~I6E8

    ).NLC+06 _! +45&'()!*9&

    +9.*6-]0"qb`9DW*

    K'9y* !L8++'(Q!yK$#0$9+64fJ.r&6>9G

    1+023!.NO! @W64.NO!Q!.j@)*E{61+N4Q!K9

    6K>B5T_9-.}0>& @6+45&'()!*+,-./M0.~81+! -0

    j-.*Mvxs]W*)9b!.g3F _+D2D+~0+(

    K]DES5u9>01?>86y_DzH> &X5-NPy

    5=6!'NJ.G2*.90)95w+Q!7(

    1C.*Q!cr&)*14}V @[

  • 22

    FE8-D0Ay"q3! +#8Q!CGF/!8+B8

    )9sG&)* $a[

    qAQ!b! )!/+!8xs&.VL0O+B2aD2RkSU"

    bqh9'H^,r5;os(*9:5;.

    8%*9:5;]UV0.%*>?@T*CDY66a%!(/HO[*

    #*%m@-S(5*>?@P(-(R5jbeH4

  • 24

    6n%e-8K$%KRO*9:5;'^$()b_?@ HKSKR$,dY%=0,%y$

    Yy(F.ltzKH[e=3y@'RO/y$/.1%5;.

    *%>[email protected]/6>%VO;SK{; |z.8.-Y{VF}~O/

    /Z:5;*QC,%*L*Q:5;?@xR>%9fg$/Zh9**-%6jb*-#e5;-*>?@xR:+

    >%V5dyjb/a;zH.'**9:5;=0,%#f@-%*%>?@

    xRx+2,VOSK8.-YV6(/%6*9:5;%9xR|h9/Zfg$|e5;*-jb%6*-*

    SK2,6%+6%6^W0.%^KW5e>?@^V*9*Kx6-6

    /%-ha*9k@VOO%6.(6(%6Y!?(8oV$'16487i0

    e5;*-6(R5e,i0%%6%6"SK2,*9.P0.>?@6Oe,7

    -f*K2( 0.*'(Y66=0,%s%ofg$e6Z%O[i09#Ii

    -* Z$>%VO 0.%#e5;SK2,$66v/>?@*o*9WO$jbm

    ry>?@|

    >%9ry|%6*-*Kx66%i6h9/Z

    (%yOi96#S4"O%6.(('R!66%5p%6WHqe,

    m-0.%V-5(O$SK6H($},F>%6%6(Y"HyWH!8.5$

    V"yYK%%*5O/^jb7V5O%6.(6(0.%"e1$W4e-f

    1648i0%6*-1%}~OF%%6Y!?(*66V}5O-F%6Oz

    #/Rjb%>?@*P0.>?@Y1F'"8.-K>%VO%|

    9>%|%6*-*Kx6/^%O%6.(

    V5 O% 6.(}HK1648%5 >?@* 0.% 5Y3 %6 -6R$ SK

    m@9>%6@6e%^'@6*%i-WV%>%6A7FRP0.>?@*%

    (uY6KW%6%6"*-SK2,mi1$O55OO%6.,[

    5(fY66H.[[%e5;*7

    *%[email protected]},'KzOO-oHSK85/%-#l0.%m-

    jb/KZV(*>%6%/%9k@' $>%6%/%9_r5,62*

  • 25

    #YH(59i0m-jb!(j%9VO191476(%P0.VO1918%

    Wy19196KBiO/i0%O-HoV$%66sK8ORZK89#/RK%

    e-P0.HoV},6%"6}T6K%8oVWHqp%6%SK?5>6(%#

    0u%Kx6*K*-%6i("5%6e#3*%zK5P0.HoVY'^

    Y2K%*KWV6++H(+7

    :+|(+6%x6*K*9zKHw

    Y/*-%6*!(+F}*VO1939jb1945F%

    YK*K84-",-%2G5CZKc(e3#k@-%},+,9f6$

    K/$#5;0.%m-jbs*!"K66e90.e,?

    i^R7

    %#0IY/%MjbKbfO$*9*660.%*>?@O$HoV

    896VO1945FYK-V*9p%6i0/>?@(+7

    8%*e-P0.HoV}!OO-*'-$*-#>%6[be-0. cCV>@b6(R

    zKHw*Q8M@#EH.z'o*9p%6i0}5O- P0.HoV0@-/RK[

    ZVK?O(^=0,%eL;d]e5;7

    o%0.*>?@55*d+896F}O/-!?KA@6"66z.%"/R0VVO1948jb

    1991#F%Y2BVHu*9z*-%Ai0e,rg KWy#i5(%0.d5

    e,',*c(pc(%z,{[6H(SKi%VH8E[$Ow70.%

    m-jb1O%VF}Rk-'^$,-66E*-%UV7

    >?@%P0.1%WY66#5(6{c(f+*(5;k@W1

    8!$Y66Y3Wy:5;F%e,*~-/#(Ry,iZ![z(

    AzK1971%1975i0%6"($Z!e6R6e6%c(x+jb

    5O*Y6Z}y@5, K>%66zK1974%1975#0.4b

  • 26

    YKHFYk@6VIAzK1965%1967%bAzK1983%1985

    7

    %0IY/%MWO*9'H^0.V*#Y66},%6R*>?@

    }K be5F}5O$>?@#/R6x6/*K*9:5;

    YV(5*sa8967

    >%9|6x6*KV5-*9>?@/R

    Y6{/R(Y[%t%6tO/6',^M%V9 #:5b6!%Yf-

    Y^!Ve^V5-*9*saewYHoV%5VHoVf%(iV%/F

    }5O$VO1965F%}Ra*>?@5O./$V({c( H.[C

    a',^%O9,/.6%z\R6(%*9iZ![777jbf=37

    -*KV5HMHV%6%(%8Ocomission BraudtF}^$VO

    1977VSK!*Y%//HV/=VR#p%66Y2,/HKSKMA>H^

    eVw%~-%HVFi$jb@Y66E~-#6K?%5?YKq%F'^$

    y@fR,SKY(Hq7Y6,-%SK/%4rgSKY62A9>%6%

    *-e5;*%85z(7

    H,Y6,-V5?5'5%V9.$/ZVO1982eV(*9^

    SK/%4'

  • 27

    xR:+|*9:5;%|/(

    >%VO*>[email protected]/a;ioV'**9:5;=0,%

    0.%*'-l5$MSK8.-kV(2H'#HV0.%*>?@ry|

    ry>%9|*9:5;

    eb*9:5;*8.5[%*8.K/Z#K8R*%

    d$>"6"%'OO9*Q:5;.%#[be-s?[>2H!>"CD

    Y(F}%V$0.7

    0u%*%>?@VO/0I>%VOdyjb8.-/F %V$O/6W2,SK8.-

    kV(2H 0.%*>?@z|

    >%9|C($*9:5;

    ebC($*9:5;/y$%A!5#AOO-2,/d5>%9i0PVR$6VSK

    M#*Q-d5:+i0% "a*sa89662,/SK66^

    5$[i0'H^',L*,%#90I%*%'-C($*9:5;>%VO2,

    SK',*C(MC(%WO 0.%*>?@z|

    [%-|C(M*Q:5;

    .%s(C(i6V*Q#:5;i0%PVR$1%/i6VLiyod Axworthy#6

    W4%0.P/RK2OO-*O56V=3%{;W%V7

    6!%sK1%/i6VLiyod Axworthy*9:5; O%H9*Y66

    0.%W4%-^2H6(%Y,dOO9Q648V-'8E"%M-7

    VO%SK0.*%'-

  • 28

    (O%*0.*fg2,0.jb6"fR,SK"J(],%6(*K

    #s%'[email protected]/6VOhRC(WO*Q:5;=3% 9+,-8.

  • 29

    :+|kV(OO9*Q:5;

    '^$d"#e5;HV5;aL6%?K8K6',V#@H,'^$kV(

    OO9*Q:5;i0[*L %_%*>[email protected]$!?K*9

    #:5;0.%*>?@z|

    [%-|d"e5;ZV(,zOO-*9:5;

    3be,*9:5;yR$H].wiUVi0'^OO-*d"#e5;e

    0.o/klAAAR% -[*Lf*9:5;/@>P0.#d

    de5;'^$UO9i/(*Q:5;zyR$RYOO9#0g,#m%

    Z8(%f%=3*YFoVbkkVK%-(- 7

    (%sK[d]e5;/6ZOO-66KnoV#zO5i--(${OO-fR(

    *KKaL6F'^$oVzOO96"%WWO$Y"[%'

    P/%UV7

    |aL6ZV(,zOO-*9:5;

    [email protected]$A5

  • 30

    >%9|C($

    zMW4%C($(Z[%-H"=0,%Z

    'H(SKr,HV"*H*>kjbC($'{0I7fe-0.r,

    VKK*(Zk@-6($rR$%6($%#E?K$0.?M*K$0'(

    WGyZ7

    [%-|C($

    >%VO*>[email protected](dyjb',*C(ig=0,%C(z"?yk[7

    C(ig|gs?@#'aR.%/6Z"#z^3b}RyH,#r%%

    SK#>6(#?O;%#>%#=%%}+>%#d6Z%|"9|3b R- R%-%7

    C(z"?yk[|V.6KY($[be-8.-P0.Y(o$*>?@?r.0

    OO-|

    r.0zZ^ |2,/SKr"kp%sKSK -/6!%-yO/b}R+$

    r"Z7

    r.0zK4|2,/SK4%-ZFI R"Z7

    r.0l|sK%SK -/6!/br"ZSKZHe7

    |C($

    Y6($Y(F}%V$ #}@%0.%W/5$[0.6K% aR$/

    A(*%#8('.1AA+"RH(%SKs?@#8EZZ>%VO%*>?@0.

    ZV(Z"8.-Y(F>%V$Hz|

    Kwolfgag glatzer,"R$Yry%5;Fzyg$WXr#($%

    ',.87

    -Alfred Michael Dacherey6K>kjb?@Yy(5>%VO[W4%C($#i0%e2HV

    *,%%x]rOVW/Z0'e5b7

  • 31

    '+L,"AHz(*,dY%5;Fzyg$WXr

    6K5SK!$*Rjb"KL,%7

    0u%oe-?,*#RP%5;z.kV(OO97

    :+|kVK

    8*e-*8.+6F%}![66(*s?@[66(*#V[be-V.

    *d$[%-66^SK(kV(Fo$*>?@ZVKRSK6!#P:5;

    %5;7

    [%-|ZVKRSK6!

    (0.ZV(*K5;*/oV8i06SK'!9NRSK6!WeH4

    >aH( 79i0ry/%41b,YR(a%F6?@

    rwZ![8A$'@6i0oZV(,i.?@>ZSKY5;6tKH#8(,Y6

    #Z#0g*57777H,2,$rwKH[SK22($Y/6!99i08.6K5SK

    A5

  • 32

    xRx+|*9:5;YV%'($

    S(5*9:5;8K6'($%*>?@(RO(-yF%e$..

    d#e5;o$%P0.(9,,8.5$SK5;eH4%RSK

    6!*#*%[email protected]$A5?@ry|

    ry>%9|/%*9:5;SK5;

    S(5*9:5;jb?@f$H*WX-CV(iF6!

    6EZVKRSK6!7H,S(5fHUV649\%9%6UV"%

    aDO0g4NRSK6!o%0.*>?@%|

    >%9|*9zZ^8.,6(*4RSK6!

    V"kSK*9zZ^*>?@++*e?K;z(de5;i0% y/

    ]zOO-.7

    65%*9zZ^*>?@f$H*,Y66O?565w0.%Ry$-6R

    "65*i6( K0;:6R%-z5Vw%-66 70I%T%RSK6!

    *>?@,"*9zZ^e0.ry%_

    .Z"Hz|

    WV',6K*^SK 55,i/[i0'+LSK-Y/CV(SK#Y0H,

    '+LZtVKHq*>(9Fu* $"7

    WVWX-r0(Y?(%OFr$$O*sa8oVO5(%-*sa

    YKH*9YKHw,./;YZK%8wHoVF%m6($CV(ijbCV(

    z5VwP,;% K>H(OrO-(H!7

    WVWX-6K[SK^'O'+B=3Y["6K;z5(i0(6K

    SK#OSK6YyO"%-a(e%i-HK#M!%-e,6K[

    '/abz7

    :+|*9zZz0g%~/%%T5;

    1$/[*9:5;SK

  • 33

    [%-|*9z0gP/%%T"e5;

    '^$M!wO%0g6UV6"%*8.-M"%ySK"5#(F%

    [*L.1%[b* >?@?@z!P(-SKW/m5

    "UVV5?@z|

    >%9|/%*[iZ![z\R%8KP:5;

    3be,P:5;rwZ![\R%e0.1/%*9:5;*>?@

    6(RiZ![z\R%SK'($P:5;%o0.*>?@z|

    [%-|*[iZ![1%P:5;

    s(*9iZ![SK -Z![F'ZSK'@,SK $"

    =0,%eH4R$YOO9Vm5z^([ 70u%o*9iZ![SK -

    '@6zOO9*MWH9'@6yGH5$8IA5K8E"#SK%

    0.UO96ne-?@eH4,'@6i0lR$

    OO-6 ,RYOO9#UVWW/Y5^(=0,%O>k[%

    CY6KH[#Z,#8(*5777

    |*9z\RP/%%1P:5;

    s(*9z\RSK -/?@CD/\Rg5Z!KH%eb8*

  • 34

    I?@1Y/6[YH\R#WHqx"6K5=3SKW/Y5^(

    y$%4%9Z![KH[%7

    :+|/%*9zO5z(Hq%8K5;

    3b},5;6H($SKm6R$d"e5;'UVe%%i-2B%-(RO\SK

    5"#m@9e?@eH4"@'6(#KH[',% RygbVSK

    m59%-YKHw0.%65)H(CYKHw!(#V9%8K6%T

    !"%-s(r-e"9d]Y!9p%62*NWBP0.Y\

    5;7

    0u%%-*>?@V

  • 35

    ``$`H`|

    8.O66w*Q:5;6$/-66Y6KOSKT"#UVA5e/*/|^/y$%d"e5[%6#X$6T-A-#'Hw#(HwZ^V(+%(|

    #.#N7

    6RK.p|KOO5#2w#:+5O(YO/6#^V%#eVR#Ye#N7

    )*+,-./00$%'1 !/2$3!!'( 4$%#4 !+$%#4!155!'(6 )7(8$945151$:$1#$1'9(;'

  • 36

    d?KXz%%f@|*9Ayi6Y"%y%6V66w#c(z$O;|#2w6(#

    e#N7)6@K6H|*9:5;#5O#8.6(#V#N7

    -$C5$!C5''%1!1#% !D1D%3C5!!'( ?151C5$41 41!!+&!'( )*+-.!'(!'( E1 ;'

  • 37

    -'9L-9K:8?'&1!!'(

    6H6RK8z5VzK%i68,|y$AV$%Um6Ra(wVyOeHK#L,9

    ((#V%6q#>%96(#>%9#N7d%6Vk896e5|$>"6K%%5|sZ;AA5VwZ%n;Yg%;Q#

    DC+3:|#/#N7 -&'=:5 !135#!!'(6 #%4$5='1$ !D1CD%C5G!!'( H%1+%2#&01112$$1 !313!!3(

    6p6K|?565w2,.YO/6d"e5;|#.#N7

    6RK=*6TU/|L/;%^% A(^e%#(C((V9|#

    #N7 +1;$'

  • 38

    !"

    #$%&$ '

    !"#!$ %#&'#()*+!",

    - ./01,2-$3& 04 530" 6$"789:;-3>3 ;?@$0AB#CD3C->>3 ;?>E-F0G$+!"6H-

    !"#+!"+I+!J&?G$$K L @$h AB# R 6[ ]^I

    +!", ;?G$ 2$F&iYG$!$GN#=Conventional Protection for the Place of Business

    The elements of the place of business, physical and moral, are very important for the merchant,

    because they contain the trade secrets of great value, so he is trying to keep his business in order

    not to lose the advantage of the exclusive on it. For his side, the Emirati legislator has provided

    a legal protection for these elements from the assault, and has authorized the merchant to put

    restrictions and conditions in the agreements in order to maintain the said elements.In this research we examined the most important agreements that seek the merchant to bind the

    other Contracting Party in order to safeguard the elements of business, including the

    conventional protection through agreements and the conventional protection through non-

    compete clause, and conventional protection through condition of licensing and leasing of

    subcontractors. At the end we found that the Emirati legislator has organized some of these

    conditions, but it needs to be modified in some circumstances, such as to confer greater

    protection to those elements.

    $3$

    )#+!%"&'# )`>3\&:,YIj)$G$kl()*+!%",

    gm),!:n%YG:o09p !"$+!;$ %$+!XY;-3\$M

    (%$ = %# +!" .;,$I Q " \>n F

  • 39

    d;! W AI0 M ].# - !$ "$ $" M Z:e +I `>M H "i

    WAI0M -CvwM -!yd;! =G:

    3" ]^I G$ 0 ;-g! ]| 0 } Z-g!, R% G$ ->>3 # c" n, M Zf ~^#

    G M"#" O3"Rk+=

    *+!"M&,0" BW;[06[RY6[",R)AB#UI:" ()

    +!"6[RZ:`->#'O0MG$W)MG$FB#9pC!#];j+!"

    `$" ) G$ 9p G, >3 ;?C,-%y 6[7R>3[%L->>3 ;?>E()*

    04B#9pC!#G -"()1;12$G$1!:oZ$3%[-:$

    #"1>3&Vi^1;",-=@a ;n$r^rXY6[Z3,U6

  • 40

    ]jz#()*$C!$W"$"W2]^IG$-M&,h ;?=

    .z#y3>3 ;?2n,->>333P$$)>$

    + )%3"7>33P$-,,LrTuC,

    B#9pC!#G$?7$$=

    ]jz#

    W2]^IG$-M&,0 ;?

    ()*$C!$W"$"

    C!#W_O$"`$K#;"%3CnG;Q,1;j$"F!rF

    G 6];"P!o(6_B%3",Zg!,-jG$(j;"M^F>"

    8%8&3"F>";"C!$G$;"R"V =" _B6[RZp

    8) -M ;" %3 7 9Ij >M)$2#%3"G$" ;"3

    XYCihIT51CNG$3"_Okl0RV O;!-;-C3", Ln Y0YR>3 W:

  • 41

    "3"6-&!, 8C]^I;" =r^rXYV# 6[Z3!Ai# 6[UMAC

    @Tz!

    ]jV#;"C!$W"$"W2-[$

    C!$AB$-a,W"UNjQ3m" s&,Ym8%C!#W_O3

    Xh8aB!#$C!$8aB!$7;" 0Ra;"=

    R+j;,L[3.6[;!-%#3.W3,$"`;"M^7

    ;" A^N0 $" = C!$ W $" &, `CV ` -! G 3C

    33C3$W206[1 ;"8$F!r;"+_O%)->3$R: M$"

    b'O;"1 &YZf:$RC;"Zn,!}G$Z!:o 1r7

    u;"+C!$=

    -1>0Y1,;"37!8+7@a ;"$"`C!#Ws&,0RY

    _O1% (6:BRn 3"u0s&,Y7C!#W_O% YG$P!o$![W

    C!$G$$"P!$XY`CV8%YUy>G;: _B6[% YFG$%y3#RCC!#

    $W206[R;Q$ eV O3"6[FQ3>"3"R F!r=

    .V#;"+$"C!$Ws&,0_O

    1Q3>3"R " $XYo Y3"6-&!,8C FBCYW"$"W2y3 0

    LY"43 (6 gC*W2h 6[G:

    9pR:$+\Y$"-PNBCYW"$2$$";YG$;:^CC"$=

    FQ3>Y";"71 G$? %x$(6 W20 6[$"& 3"RC ? 6[7

    3z $!Z?y# ];"C!$W_O3"`;Q,XY;"z+a) $p3"R

    3F>";"C!$B$$"-CB! L?7G I;z+;"

    F>Y"$"R$XY3"7_OQ3m;"+;" Ra]j;"+;"

    1&>;"6' RG$1C!$;"G$31C12 Rn(6=

    1,n$6[8%#9091>a-CFL8z#-"#3"F>"1C! ;7B ;"+C! R=

  • 42

    2(Q 3 ;" A> R:# R$2 -3$ Rn Y 0Y z-z+ R: 0 s&,0 6[ R

    ;"yB#y# ;?=

    3fYs&,06S;"+; RDt0;nK $$"G$P3 RR%3"

    3"$"FfYK $1!$PMYs&,0;1Dt0=

    8%#b>G$%& 909s&,0!-"$NOPi@$hAB#R->#C

    Rh3"FQ3>Y"1C!$G$1"!$$"6[P$37_B R;"y-C^.$P>y#G$

    ^;C"m$";,0P!y#7Cg!];-!yA^Nh40P!y#+F=

    8%#(y##R>3G$

    8%#b!3Cu3z, wzy#;"3FQ3>Y"C!#W_O7-3-3zy$;"

    68611;A^Nh;"F^;C"m1; $"XY]n#;"RnY

    1IAB$?j6[G$8%&01-C!$XY,1^;]3>YP!#=

    ->rs&,hWY\M!B$$"C!#W=

    8%#G;Q,909!-"$-[ _OYXY9B $n6 &@$h->#1-[j$n`=

    kBnRPM3C$F%y6[7@$hAB#kM$RR. 1-

    .nR:,+3MG$ 8%#b>R:1- -[j$nRn909 uV# 3V$F

    1M^NY(t

    .r;"yB#y# ;?WD^3;"A>R:#R$2-3$s&,0R: R=

  • 43

    &, 7 u--Q t -!.Y &+ G$ C!# W _B # 8%# M G$

    @a #3C;"A>R:#R$2P!#_O--3,_B@$h->#38!19807

    8%#281>;"Y

    , G$ ! ]N ;" + G$ R I ;" szh 1 Dt ^C 8# %* 3" f

    ;"GAV3>h,71$I71-3 1$' R6Z" I;+(jDt0;n

    8#=

    8%#\y>;n291>R>38#%*9pRI;"szh1Dt^C>>

    R 6 Z" I ; + (j Dt 0 ;" G 1V3>Y , G$ ! 8# ;" + G$

    8#, fM1$I71-3 1$' =

    8%# Q3,130 1> @$h ;" M G$G$ . `,%# W:

    RxB ;" D 3C$ I ;" 1Mz M y (6 GN# 9p $"

    ;"+G$-!,F!-;h=

    1;%tY7$"s3% N8$[@$hAB# [%LW8$RR.

    Q, 6`-!&];"U&+` 1VR:#-G$P!#R: R@$0AB#V,3R:#7%R: Ra-

    Rt1!$9nAVM7Z-MCn7;"+C!$$"g01>

  • 44

    (%x R1>aOG$7vwsV!6[7;"RY-_B>1-Yo(6R:#P!#y3

    C!$XYo0R:$7;"G$$"R$$B#1?ym$:B 6[$"

    29pC_B>1-Y=

    8%# 7 @$h AB# _O Y909 C!$ G$ $" P!$ y3 R -># 1-Yo(6R:=B$zy#R:,-

    G$3V$P!#Rn(;"+_B!->:#%?->#$Dt^C_B!7I,

    N" RaB6[7uV$:B3"7b>%RC6;"3FQ3>=

    8%#7@$hAB#_O3C1-909 83C2L];ju" C!#G$P!#R: R

    +[O &>d>YW$"_O;n_B!6S, (6;"

    %!YI;(2$G$$"P!mW3 R"G$-C;"+)! L"

    s&,07P!#1;B (6;"A> e)-CW3#b!XYG$3V$P!#_ORnY1>"

    1>^VQ3 R>3RC;"A>-=

    r, z-z+?6[7_B" C!#G$P!#_O73_BC,7Y

    ("3"6-&!,F!r_B 6S$2$$"y `CV`;-C5$2$1"t1!$]^IY

    1&I =7 : O R: R AB$ &> G$ B$ B! R $" -C

  • 45

    V# ;:* XY F) IT P-V-C ]^Ih \33e C 1-C ^$ 4 1 C!$ AB$

    c "=

    G%y6[7],. F:B ^;,YC!#W"s&,0;-3$

    $"

    M@$hAB#RC-z+s&,YYC!$W"$"W2 R+jRnY

    s&,0;;";-C2t`7+j6[dI8%#\y>YC!#W

    90983C31>@$h-># XY A121 1> -C % 3C ;" M G$ R $" Dt

    `-,T`?Y76>YR%;"

    1 R>33"7-y!#$"M1,$2;"+IY=

    2 >>M1.oG$;"+G$PMY$"FY3=

    (j" RR%C!mW3 Rs&,0 6[G$z R$"AB#D3C1- F!

    -x$^C&K aVI($"G$P3 RR% 5cC3"C$Y7

    7 s&,h ; R Dt? 6[ =;" + f 8# % 9p 3" Rn Y

    Ffh6[K $$"G$P3 1>W%$C!#W_B; R1Dt01>C8%&!#1,%

    ?6[79IDt^CP 3"$"C Y6nG$P>#_B;

    C!#=

    7 S W2h $" `", C!# W s&,0 z+ _O \33e Y 1> R.

    R: 3-x$;"5]^Ih6[G0x$R: ;"3FQ3>"11^IY

    c " V# &'# D V# Dt ;n ]^Ih 6[ )-> 1+ L ij G

    C!#AB#s^pV#u NGC!#kM=

    0Wz-z+ w3"K" CP!#8$]^I$"1$K (6;"39y$GI],.

    Y$ 3-x$[P$WK#C!#W_B1^IYG$"-x$RR.

    W:j3C0x$9Ij6["t w;"+P$1$IF!r$"1$K (63"$ju",

    u 7 \., 0 -x# 6[ 9y3 -x#ih [ fn C 0Y w ;" +

    `,%#7%-R>3[ w;"+W2y;C1-M^Q128129

    1>===8#, fM1$I71-3 1$' R6Z" I;+(jDt0=1-

  • 46

    yD)-C;"+;"G$$"P!m.;"3]VYV R]j;"

    .=

    .V#$"`C!#W_OZ--3,

    6[7 %&8%h%&! 0RhW"Wg!G$",;"2$7%& RZp]

    G$Zp 1!$% 7 1C 1!$ 1; -IY 7 GN$ n8m R>3

    1-!.0]j7h(Y;CDt0U?G#6[c"1;g!#3-b! L=

    8%#76n231>b!,LR>hs3?#"R^hG$;"7u?b'O:1

    VG$ ;?u1R;n-i$%_B-I =

    _B]3XY?vi\eVQ (6k-"QUV[$"R:u$XYCih

    ;"yG_B3C#cCY1>;"+G$C!#W=H3C6

    _B 6[.$s&,0`;Q,7 zy$;"yR: R_OXY@$hAB#;

    8%#7%-9098%#->#>M1.oG$;"+G$PMY6nR>3

    8%#W:h!$"121@$h;"R>MG$=

  • 47

    W2 [ 3 _B C ;" + C!$ "$" W2 _O R ]3 +^I

    y!71-Ot>M;"M^7RDG$A>uIXY@$hAB#;-3

    XYR;" MG 6`3 H;G$ x#zy$`;"713$"zy$`

    ;" M^ F> " S ih 6[ .$ d%Y F G$ zy$ ;" yC ;? _B

    1&'#;"PNMR: ;"+1;"1$-MF!r$"RC!#G$1,B!$

    I8aB!$?1?&;"v=

    1NB>71 WVy $"!_B 6[.$d%YRR. 3F>"#

    RDu-3eQ3,$"zy#RC)-!_B6S;"vi\e$"3 M;"

    ;"+$"Q#y#`P&>[ mR:,Rty#6[`iR

    `k"ij3?1>n$"3"7N=

    !"#

    ZNO zW-3G$1-CNG:oY M" z3"$I1-C!$P$1$K (63""

    ?y$;-Z?y$1-Q3,#3C G$F(G$-C!1,2-$Lay3s&,y3 "C-!&8#3=

    y&!$s&,73"71 yG M"#`CVv! Y& 0y3s&,RY=Q3,

    ]^v 6n 3" +!" ];" u P$ M"# P; R y3 s&, aG;:,y3s&,"-NRCY

    M"Z%Y3"_OG;ii1 yt& 01>C}=y3_O6Ia

  • 48

    ",C!$R%36-&!,F1bI#u,PQ 1>Y13-V,\M]^IRh&+

    $$=

    1-b>;(aW-3GA!$0W3 R1bI#v! Y -"-Ny3s&,"

    6n" %y6[73"%3"R8#%3G$1>a3"k+"t6[8;$"-N

    b-I%3.$6-&! 8;#(8#%3G$", S_B 6[% y,L $K L

    y3W20@a 6 )n%3-!&C"#3>D-$0v-y6[nx :1%=

    y3 8%"G$G:MKnyRG$ W20 6H N 8$ e

    (%#=

    .V#y3

    0--3s^N0-G$y3s&,

    - uV#y3s&,P$M"#W2 1m9v!m1&!3"+!"]^vW"

    v :y-I,=

    - -3#y3s&,R: ;!-3"+!"]^vG$9vP!mW3 RP$M"#W2 Y

    1?1&!+!"6[v R13G$=

    ->rG$y3s&,-Cvw3V!#-=

    6[R-Cvw 3V!#-G$yM_OITM"#P$$K#%3"G;Q RP-V

    3":$M"#-3 _B

    WM"#`" ]^v071NB>8O$1>Yu ,73V!#6[D5=LZ-Mj-3$

    7(./u1R: 0u(R%G$-C1NB>2$7u?3-CsV!6[Gdl

    Z-Mh6[G I`C!#]P -=

    u, _B 6[ , u , ]^v W3 0 Ra .; M"# $ 7 3$ W2

    G$ 3" +!" 3! 9v P$ M" W 1- t 6n Z-Mh 6[ 7 1C! 1,)!$

    eR: $p1NB>M"#-C]2 L3V!#

  • 49

    R H;"IbI (6 )$^"#AOM@$0AB#Rb! 6[G$`

    }[9pR%3V!#,73C$'y-8%-Cv3V!$7H;"sV>%

    ) $^" ;"$ ` 1!- C!# ybI M Rn Y ) $^" ;"$ `

    b'OG$.nj1;"=

    u ,1bI#1-CP!o(67vwsV! ebI;DAB#Rb! 6[6Ix

    ~& % AB# R - h3"

    J&?XY_B6[(%x +!"6[]^v7M"# -3,L_BMG$" Y3V!#

    -3 () Z0 ) $^" ];" Z"$ M"# W-M 7 ) ) ";

    -!y-:#+! )=

    6[P!oRnY+IP$M"#-MG$ &"," 6[Ra01-s0XY1,)!$ y,G$M"#

    y,R+I1-3C#WM"#G I5G$C!;PQdXY1,)!# =

    -0 ;:G$ 8%yZ:?%y 6[78%y -Q3 W:0G$b',-

    750G$"!#;:[iR"V#\$M!VR76[PM

    %#ZM`nAi$19952145c "V#] n-D

  • 50

    8%#^;1-,#Qc ",G1C-x$ 9y3,^"C",B#282R>MG$

    W'#hcCQMWMM1-CR"V#Z:?Rn#1-!8aB!#F^;U+

    L ) M G$

    !#_O1"$u3z,0 m !"$Rn %$Q&>-& msj7 9y3 -x#9pC

    -C y&, L -i# # G$ Q aV ` - V C, 3, R 3# G$ B#

    " 0G$%$RC1-3$%XY!$v[ 3,W%$3"$9vAi#;:

    #;:V7i$]%|R: R#;:*6[W$1,rYD50- 3,7Ai

    W-3 M";u?V" 3"Rn Y

    : (./u1RM"#y3$9pu? 6[Rn0Yu? 6[W'%&! R(

    =PP-!y,;",L3"+!" 3Nd>huM"#!oR )-C

    9p'OG$W1,G$FC!$R%"-u6n=

    &!Ib'By-I,!oRDt^CM"#y3$ 3"s3?6[R:,

    'OjW$&MZ 41QC`" -&",NO" 9pb! _O(!#

    b-I,FVY;" M"#C!$G$1&>6n7+!"&!G I'Oj

    3"+!"Z-Y3! b-I,G I'O!$D)-Cy33V!$dI$1&>

    y33V!$7G I'OG$M"#C!#!57=

    #_O.$3V$'Oj-G$y3_OR: M3V!$7'OjP$$"WbI

    $"Wv! &uN!$7`!-"$'O%Ran->R: M-3 C]"-

    Z"$=

  • 51

    G9vIy-I,!mWMC!$:^$O'Oj-G$3V$y3_ORnY

    +!"3"]jM"#C!$GA!$09v)-C=

    - G$ yM _O G;Q, b-I, 3 RaB - 8) Cp G %+ Z-:e M ![

    WG$K;O7Z:?+>C7 ! $7Z-:zR:$Rn'Oj2001=

    -Q36[PMb',G$nBb-I,FVY3"Rn`nO`WMb-I,3R7

    yy'$-!CC"$V,LV K-:-)nB

    y3 ];"0 6[ R ;- 3C y3 H;"3C 8z# :;# :-) % -Cv

    nB1I3" 6[FQ3>"iYG$3?M;=

    V`b-I3R^VZ:?Z-:z/-[G$\N->V K-:-)nBR0YG M"#`C

    8%#%#MI:B 1>n85Z-:zk y$PC6nV,-j;-M&,G$

    ijCnK=MI:B 3"6[[[%y6[7Z-:z/-[!,L [wa#C

    8%#b!-"C85;-M&,G$,,L->>3rT$6n$jRnY-j

    G M"#`CV`s6[

    3Nb-I3R^V ;-#PC%--Q36[7G M"#`CV

  • 52

    Ra;-#PC%8z#:;#:-)dI3 ,Fj%e085$8["$G$

    RaB6S+Ij`>3G$(k;n=

    8%# \"!$ 3C %y 6[ 7 8% ->>3 3 G$ ZM (%e018 !

    1981n Y XY

  • 53

    % 2-- ;: G%+ Z: ![ %y 6[ 7 ZM 71112012 n (5

    .ox$-#R76[PMb',nO-$$C Q $2Y7

    PM 8& P$ -#12 # R: W % 4 s3z0 , G$" \$3, -

    zy8DNyM!$7O^

  • 54

    3C^+1 8"#v9v3"zm$" W1y3 =t(6sV! eZ 6R

    L^3"1 87W'^ ?+3" mR:

    -!&C"#nhXYg!%*7vwsV!7B#

    G M"#zy$G$=

    u1R: RIjM"#_B RM"#& G M"#" O3"$RO0

    'Z RnR:#8#-G$%R: Rv! 2_B6[9pR%3"71$

    zy_B ;n3"R ,G$!-"$8$]^IP DP--G$y3_O e

    jsB3V!$y3 Ran!-"$3V!$;B R_B6[-3V!$=

    8%#\y>3843>%3b-I%37s&,06[D w(y#8)R>MG$

    1> b!, - -!& C"#$' u -!: %# R: R s&,0 Dt

    mu? 6[%R_Bd>h750`CV -u& 8% 8m !-"$ -Cv 3V! =6n

    1>%y6[7(y#()R>3-Q h8n6#F8%#3G;Q R

    3V!$7d>0750-!:W'u%;R: -y3_O-!:

    `CV s&,0 8# 6[ e R 8% 8m 8% -Cv = u? yM _O R

    ,9pIjuN!#XY y7%#uRG:o0!-"$-Cv3V!$7d>h750

    y3_O-C!$L=

    8%#b>m84-Cv3V!$7d>hP--!:];"uo%#RC

    `CV1-u& #8#6[ e R8%8m!-"$=_B6["tAB#R~^

    %;R: Ra8%-Cv3V!mR:#-G$-MY3V$+!"6[];"u

    7%#u0%;!;#u?6[C!$9v-Cd>hP-3V!#6[7-!:

    y3_O-C!$L,9pIuN!$XY y=

    -C 1, M"# 7 m C!$ : ^$O R: M y3 _O RY];" G A!$0 1- )

    3V!# 6[ 7 H;" W3 : 9v XY -C Uy 1 u 0 y3 3V!$ 7 "-

  • 55

    UyG$1"!$Q3 6[C!#6[G$9vP!oR1-tG:y33V!$7M"#C!$

    u0M"$XY3"7 +=

    -8)CpG%+IZ-:eM![ ICCW_Oy3_B]^Ih]

    3GZ>C!#7k-!! $7Z-:zR:$Rn-V YIT->#Y`nO`WK$

    WG$K; %O7Z:?+ 1996=

    R: --V YnO-: $nO`Wb-I,3![R7-Q36[PMb',

    G$-!&C"#3>3"W:3"6[G;Q,HbI#->#jnBMG$G$G$M-!&C"#6[;"1bI#R(3" 6[1

    V!$ dI " D, -!& C"# W' bI# C!$ Y ;", C 3"3

    R - 3" 7 _O m 3V!# 6[ 7 1NB> o R 1 bI# P!o 1> - y3

    9pR%3V!#6[71NB>o(63C[bI#=

    u-VR>31&+: $jR>3XY7 R H Q, - 3" y> Z-:z /-[ \"N14 7 1>a Q3 ]^IY

    8#1C!$!$(!#P-!y,GP!oRITM";RC(j3"G M"#`CV

    WM M 1 bI# R /- `, 6H 1$2 6-&! ]^IY , G$ 0R>Mkl3"G$8%#85$8["$G$

    7->#-Y\;Q>L%yM^-j-";wG8%y25$1957=

  • 56

    K $ H - C!# D W G qz, 8%# R `, -> 0 R>M Z-:z /-[ \"N

    $:B%$j6[R/-`,[%1BZ$-MW!;`-jF^;""N3$XYO

    8&2-$(6!:W3R`,G IUNP$%3"G$%WYBC,,

    W4;.I`"M19968%#b!F;0XY" #"M143"G$

    8%#`+/-H56148%#857 -> 0R>3->>3rT$8["$G$

    -Q36[=

    8-3 XY O -> 0 R>M 1>j $ 8["$ XY 0R>MR` uV!#6[G$*-"y-

    9&H;g!#3 $8["# 3N MV>C!#geL#j

    $8["$%!;B,0IhG$n>Rn %%-MPi7.; iSuz M ;nN';

    8%#RCG$Zp;.0!: V85M$8["$G$

  • 57

    2371984 . ZM +55689 730 K;C>19893> -M&, ..

    ZM3-rIx$u-V#N3141bI#\8%#6[-\QCZ-:z/-[R0Y

    R(C!#WW-x$VC!$YW1-& (6_BW

    M1-#Ra#PC%;:*\QC6n-nW -2RnF3!#-!&C"#

    #:oL-!&C"#W'C!$)!$N=

    /-[#j $3 G$j ;? i 0u1-#V", -M&,0G$

    3$PC R1-#u,, 6[1&>Z-;y1)!$1-#! 0YV O#

    3$ PC R t 1- # RC -!& C"# b-I, ]^v uC"# b-I, ]^v u

    MG$W' U" :]^vu3$PC Rt1-#RC6-!&=

    6[ R ]2 V' # s3 c ", " y3 1- # R XY /-H \+,

    8%#%(6z!-M&,014nd>1-#W2Yb! -M&,^;Q"#R;

    R ;:*

  • 58

    3 7%$34e0 )

    -,T%-3b-I3G;Q RDtP$s3?6[gCz; i

    4 "];"b-I 8$ e8%# W:RaB 6[7 R $^31 6[G$

    R>3=

    8%#b>XY8%"31];"b-I -M%MAB#Rg 138%#78%

    ) 7 1-), Z R 9v 5 r q : t Y 1 bI# M G$ ) $^"3P$! Cy," Rj=

    `C]^IG$GNG$9a8hW&$V#6[7">U

    ]jA&8h7u?W&$=

    ); !"#+!"an8h7u?-3,+IF^;"67rG$1R: $3m

    1"M$-G$2-;$)#PM$Rn!-"$!y

  • 59

    ^V+vthk ",G$08h7u?W&$ z=]3 "&y$vthC

    B1;$"!-"$83$1!$A&>0G$1!:$V=^V+th

    W"$F3$"$8$`"6SA&>hG$b'OG:oRa`"x$W2 Q3m3[=

    $8h7u?K" F^;"67;$%)#PM$-C" L()*+!Z[G

    8%#1-YMG$

    )#-;B L !"#+!"th",L%h=8%#1-Y3G$

    * P- 3 G$ n 7 th ;-M 8$ x# Z n 8i \y> $! (y# ()

    1![()=

    W3, 7 P!y# + () * + u [ 8th 7 u? y3 1>a `. `

    !-"$858O$7a;nx#R:#;0= !"#+!"an:Bu?6[g

    2 (6R:;a$1-CR: (6&7()z;(6&7$1,51-C]

    ); !"#+!"`G$8h7u?&'-C1371NB>1-Co=&;n

    RnY$137()1NB>oRnY$7Q

    `)#8#"-Z"Q"W"u VG$F2RvB G 6)=

    ;B P-*7UyC()*+!G$y!K" 8h7u?RnY1>R.

    R: 8h7u?!$-u !"# %#+!()*a$P]D!

    9pG$1!$%y"x#PG;Q ?6[7(B;()*tY3G

    3"7%C!#W_B$a#(B#C!m=

    .A&GNG$()*9a,

    Yx#`8h\3"$x R9Ij6[%1,51]2-(6z;a#

    1$;.0;%> CGNG$9a; $6CGNG$IT)$P- *6[

    !$898%"$

  • 60

    8%#Q3,7871>R>33 3"# \>n F 3 y! "

    3"$3C$R%)##thuG]D!)##;,0fa#x#

    )#1G:=

    8%#C%hAB#kM$[6[39)#;.$s3RaB-e%h8)R>MG$

    ZM wG a#`:#R>MXYAS3"#+`>3W:XY+!14!

    20131>b!,[1!$$8%#7t-M71-y!#Z:?Gkl0#R>3W:R;n" 06G a

    P-7R>3Z:(B#XY3!,L !"#+!"G$-H->%h:;#7th7u?

    8%#RG$Zp)#385RCW"$[;:C !"#)#+!G$",8)R>MG$

    8Mu?+!G$%7->>3y!S;,0836[R`71-CUy1:$

    x;-V3C#0Y-H->%h:;#78z#-"3Rh

    GNG$ththG]D!#" =

    8%#G$->.83&R(y##R>3W:"5941>b!,Y$jRn

    D )# P!y# 6[ a# P- R 8Q \QM )$ P!y$ 1 B> 3 t +I

    x#uz -Cn>;i(B#WMYthF3Q3,RP>#_B%G$Zp;:z;

    33iG$=

    *FVb!6[Q3 G$Zp(B;thG]D!GNG$th;7u?;:

    -,T_BCG:th37%g?

  • 61

    1 Ij_BC,3>RP-V>4y'#;:*$jt(;:*8DY

    hG]D!a;;GNG$tjt=

    2 -#1Vin1"-)#+Vi=

    3 thG]D!a;;)->ix#+YW=

    4 x;-Cn>;i wa#W3 R=

    5 #1oRn(6()_B!&>2m wa#W2 R+ja=

    y#c3!;:W:1-.83&7b!RY

    5948Q\QM)$P!y$1B>Y3t+I$jRnY1>#R>3G$

    )#P!y# 6[a#P- RthF3Q3,RP>#_B%G$Zp ;:z;D

    a; P># _B GD) D AB# R ;:* 6[ FQM 1- $ ]

    5^a#1-CaB>b'Bn3x#BRn4$1C^IthG]D!F

    )#P-1$Y\M]D!#12 Rn(6_B! )&y\. R_B"!y$)$Rn

    P!y#=

    8%#"$7 5*0t1> %&$ 594R: Rn6&(y##R>3G$

    1$M (5 _B> 7 ^3$_B> G \&> Ra 9p Rn C 5 p ];a ]vO0

    8%#6[]|Gd1>C )&y1v$=

    8%#"$73#G$RnY594a#Msj\.

    :[aYL8x#`"1C^I(5_B>]2 +ja#RU!/j&-zy

    7F;n 5:$1!$6' (6();" 6[-[$G$Q sj\IM[tY3

    P-37[n(6 !"# %#1,$3$[$`",712$.1-k>a#P$2 Rn

    R>3u-V,7aVIMR: 01>C=

    j 7 \. 1&'m Z:? "! $_B! W" GV G$ MY K # ! s

    FQ3|7MYG$1!y ;#-6Ia,R;:z;R%%$CP-M()

    "!R: 1!$8%y

  • 62

    8%#G$->.83&7(y#AB#kM$RR. 594[3#+jG$F!.[

    PCRnthuG]D!g?Wa# W2F3AB# 3,XY

    1! kM 1+ Vi 7 () !y ;.h kM, W 7 ^.;$ () d

    1-C aB> 3x#BRn4$thG]D!P>#_BGD) a;AB#aC

    5^a#]D!#12 Rn(6_B! )&y\.,R_B"!y$W)$RnF

    P!y#)#P-WY\M=

    `B#G$n6Ia RuF!.0% 0(y#AB# [%L;:?CGNG$8h3"1,DYx#]M3C$-,,

    kl C R>3 W:j 3C 8h 3 %!3z# j PC W2h G GN G$ #

    R>3W:j3C1V$+jx;C=

    ZM%hG #`:#R>MMXY8%"14!20148%#\y>3C181>

    hV;6-&!^M 6-&!,!8h3K" uCy'#6-&!8%1m3z#

    86C!

  • 63

    -%$G$C $W'W3 R`-`$"$P$$" R1bI;DtGNG$3#

    ->hMG$

    -CF13;Dt3"7_O1"!oI]3$XY1Q"1n;"6-&!,: R]

    1&!1W3 RQ3,;"v-NG:,=

    2;"+M;M]j]3#-x$3,=

    8%#\y>3C6n8911>1,R>3G$V R.]3;Dt0B;"+

    ;"+1Y0Y]j]3#13z =

    8%#\y>t0%3]|77881>@$0->#6n789 Y

    b-I3b! $GNG$b-I,!$9v1!]D!b-IG$6-&;Dt0

    IU^=

    8%#7(y#AB#b>%y6[781ZM()R>3G$17!199911>

    [%$3Cm0Y-yL-!:G9v]%;Dt0=%;W2Y6["

    3"-!& C"#G9v] W"%# 3C$6I"0Y %#MG$ -yL

    -!&C"#3>M""-N1-1-;-,%;"-NW21>aW20 6[AB#K

    V" (6 y!"%$^;:$$2" W206[RXYCihJ&zG M"#RC

  • 64

    A!%#R, W206[b!G;Q -!&C"#3>3R41-

    -y'B%#3C$6Ia0Y9pXY1,D7L-!&C"#G]G$-3$=

    >3-Q h8n6#7F1>]6[7(y#()R-!:G]%;Dt0

    8%#-b!,L W2^%$" "-NW206[[%$3Cm0Y9v-yL

    83=

    Z3 b! 6[ 3 (y# AB# R R. 1 (6 _B `!3, G$ .n FO "&

    8F 7 \. F 3" -!& C"# 6', (6 :B Rn %3" P- 7 UNj

    -!y-:#]:OG$[9pW-!CC"$WAI=y'B0W3,%3"6[RW%$

    [bI#RC`CV`3"WYu NG1-Y-!&C"#3!W3-(6b'BC"$Mj

    UVP!o1>C3#1-Y-!&C"#3>Z G$ e789Ij;:%;R(G M"#

    !]D!GNG$ Sb-I 8%Y1bI#bI#3C$R%9v =6[1ky # g>

    %$ " ! 9v ] W RC 6 2-;, -!C C"# R:, $! +I - G$ b!

    8%#1-\y>L W20-"-N83(y#()R>3G$=

    $I# R n6 w G n 1M3 ]D! 6n W3 M b XY !$ F2 7 9p

    }3#713u" ;-C+IG M"#`CV`s&,0 9pC:W2 R

    1bI#XY%a$2$bI#RnL6[

    bI#3Cm0Ib'OXY3"=

    /

    !,3 6[\%Ai$.; -jG$ 89n()z; -M&,0 ;?

    R +I () 1 +! XY C: " 82-$ . +!" 6[ \>n Y 1

    -C!$G$9p1 ./o$Ia:B;" M()s7F3RY1:

    1-C!$G$9pSs& 8 8:$+!G$=

    $K L%3"7C!#W_O% u NG);-M&,0 ;?Ai$7z3C6

    -CvwR$2-G$bI#C!$G$bI#8MG$-y3_O6n

    7 z 3C 6n -3$ W 3V$ y3 6[ Rn F sV!G$ b-I 9a P!$ s&,

    GN=

  • 65

    @a ;-C.;,!G$;|XY6[\yIM6[

    1 B#C!$W"()*PW2Zg! @$0AB#RY(y>G;ia#

    >33G;i[% )M y> ", )h3" 3"# -># >33R>0s3?=

    5 bI#C"$R%GNG$3"d>0+!"b-IRY03.W[XY(%x

    ]%"c "V#3"&W3 RbI#uG$R: }y'B

    3"-x#=

    ",29;"MG$8#3>$"-CgL-!$2

    ;"8%9p;"%37]j;"+1;F>"Ix$

    OXY8#7$"s3% N8$[@$hAB#[%LW8$R

    6

    ;"37Ny$`RDu3e3"$=

    2 th ; 7 u? ;:* FV Q3 y> @$h )

  • 66

    3 8%#b> ",8i34~& ",Z -(%e0 )%32000

    2 %=&Vy$M7-!:3>3W:1999=

    3 %=R D]$-!:3>%37 )->>3 ;?R>37--e%

    h(y#: $Xh"V2009-"Q!%=

    4 %=Z-:?k )s3?) )];j)#"NR%]jF2w

    B>!R%uB$%"$=

    5 % =G ; FC ]^ B! 8 w "$w % -!: 3! >3 Nh

    :h !200177=

    6 %=-;W"3#%--"->>3

    8[390=

    7 %=;"R>M]+9nG.1"V1 !:hU"#8aB!$1.1979=

    8 %=()R>3-31z-{ g> )];j )-!y-:#F2w

    8[3-"Q!%]j1981=

    9 %=-3z-{ZM(y#8)R>MO17!19998[3-"Q!%

    .."V2000=

    10 -{Y2 2"&z_B-o%n-!:3>n-!:3>

  • 67

    11 %=thP-8;#%3"(-"P DB!C3.%_R;42010W=

    12 % =];j ]h F2w ()R>3O-:" 2 2 )%3" )# )

    )Xh"V=

    13 %=;$"$s3?-n8n%-$!]-!yb-I%3

    8[31983=

    14 %=u-&OG"$w:8[3"$"V$->>3-!G$-!:3>

    1984=

    15 %=;"R>MO!O-;V-"Q!%""1983W=

    16 % =^-: %; -n 8n% -!: 3> ]| 7- 8) %3s3?

    8[3"$1986=

    17 % =(y#R>37;"3 nDG ]%; y# /-HPV$ ->. "V

    :$"1982W=

    18 %=W"Z-[Yy!$MOR;%h;"R>1992W=

    19 -{Y`;%R;%h()R>3=

    20 %}# Zn F> D B! % -!: 3> %3" ->>3 rjR; P

    2003=

    21 % =-n0 k } R>3 ]| 7 -!: 3> %3" >3 Wg!

    u DM2"$8n%1989=

    123456

    1%=2 2"zCF{$'GNG$9aiUy#7!-"#M18!1993W=

    2 ZM%h8)R>M12!1966W=

    3 ZM(y#8)R>M17!1999W=

    4 ZM@$h->#343!1976W=

    6 ZM(y##R>3131!1948W=

  • 68

    7 ZM%8$Y7M33!2008W=

    8 ZM%hG a#`:#R>M14!2013=

    9 @$h;"MZM8!1980W=

    10 ZM(%e0R>317 !2002AI03-Q h8n6#=

    12 8$*|-> 3-n-;>!R%"NR%]jF2w

    uB$%=%=_;"R>M]+9nG !:hU"#8aB!$!=%=V;"R>MO!O-;-"Q!%""W=%=-!:3>%37 )->>3 ;?R D]$: $h(y#R>37--e%

    Xh"V

    -"Q!%=8%#Q 1,n$6[%$-CFL(y##R>3G;"a~&R$"t

    3"FQ3>Y"4 )-!y%=1 !:hU"#8aB!$1..1"V;"R>M]+9nG=%=P#;"R>MO!O-;u=%=:$" y#/-HPV$->."V(y#R>37;"3nDG ]%;W=%=R;%h;"R>MOW"Z-[Yy!$W

    8%# g> \y> - %h # R>3 G$ 1>]^Ih 7 $" `;Q, RCV u&,Y Y

    -z+9p_BRn;"+F3Yy31-Cv$!-;Q,C!#%=]j F2w ) -!y -:# )];j g> ()R>3 -3 1z-{%

    8[3-"Q!=%=uP#nD]%;=nSZ" RnY3"G/O!3 G$(y##R>3=

  • 69

    ZM(%ehR>3W:m]"#!W%=uP#;"R>MO!O-;=%=^-:%;8[3"$s3?-n8n%-!:3>]|7-8)%3

    =

    !"

    }#ZnF>}#ZnF>R;P DB!%-!:3>%3"->>3rj

    =

    =}#ZnF>uP#=

    %=;$8[3"$s3?-n8n%-$!]-!yb-I%3ZMG"V!-QM

    -{Y 2 2" B# u> n- z -o%n

    -!:;"8[3=%=u-&OG-!:3>-!:3>->>3-!G$"$w:8[3"$"V$=

    =#$%&'(&)&

    #$%&'(&)&

    28 8%#b>]ZM(%e0R>3G$X08%#m ,W=8%#m

    ZM(%e0R>3G$X0 ,W=%2--;:Z:ZM7B!$9p=

    %=^-:%;uP#=

    %=}#ZnF>uP#=

    %=u-&OGuP#=

    %=}#ZnF>uP#=

    %=-3z-{ZM(y#8)R>MO!.."V8[3-"Q!%

    =8$*|

  • 70

    %= )];j]hF2w()R>3O-:"2 2))#"V )%3"

    Xh

    = F3& [6 M G$ "&!# 9a, D XY -$$h [g !? -"CB -:# -&!?

    1:$7b'B )0-FO ;&-n 1:$7Uy R 1 D)-C 3V$9vXY a#[6 `7

    #9a,DWXY 2-"CBG$Bn2`"#RaU"R #Rh9pXY"&!

    'Oj U^I0 9p XY C+ D ] 0 8a R$2 G$ 8$ 1;" G# Rh %| "C!# $

    9pXYIY+3#pjGNG$a#A&>^1V-,$1RY$Rh1! S

    [gC6`"=1$"1"!o%9aa;]NO#RY(=zCF{%g> 2;

    #x$XYW3$-$^hUy#7!-"#

  • 71

    ! ! ! !

    "#"#"#"#

    $%$%$%$%&&&&

    ''''((((#)#)#)#)

    *!%+*!%+*!%+*!%+

    !"#$#%&'()*+,-./01

    23$455$#6./7#&8-59-&:6;$#

    #$#%59?&(@ABC0DE$=F&G/$45H,IJ

    !KL"MN>$#,O,$P0,(6$45'&@#Q@/RSTU#A

    ,-#$#%&'()*'V !'&5M@W=A6X'$=N,=Y

    %6 0'Z#$#%[@\Y]^&(_C$ !'&^8`Ka#-4$b-N

    !"#$%

    Rsum :

    la russite du processus dinnovation de l'entreprise est relie la mise la

    disposition de tous les moyens et les ressources ncessaires. Parmi ces moyens les

    plus importants figure les ressources humaines qui doivent tre formes et

    qualifies afin de se tenir au courant des volutions. La formation continue des

    ressources humaines est considre comme le moyen le plus important pour

    fournir une catgorie de comptents capables de se mettre au courant de ces

    volutions et l'adaptation aux conditions de concurrence dans l'environnement de

    l'entreprise.

    Mots-cls: Formation - Les ressources humaines - L'innovation - Les petites

    et moyennes entreprises.

    &'

    , SI"$cFQ= @de !--86fg5T/1#$#-$#g

    b,cFQeWhi9+jM8Y'k h%46 9'Q$'lbeWh)Ch

  • 72

    ,dS / }%M3$}$45 >$# -'p#(T\+

    "#$#%F$F

  • 73

    12345

    {, !w&(pA6ba;$#p-CZ6S8/0

    X9^wA&$#

    !H#/_/OAoRb!$&"d6#3N

    ==v-Q0('r;$#/MwMC@BC9RH#}' @$O$P0(

    w6-'M6w$##($23+$45B/om,'(G,-c/7@$?&(&

  • 74

    ,M3 @#$#87\/i9N83h

    / ! --86$#o-8 +G-5$#6i&=m'?@A,B

    f,6,'&

  • 75

    #l/F6?&('cW !"XlS'53,

    ,,{0GY+FP4]5(#$#%A&3H8/+",d6

    +#A-+4S3+me6h+@A" +

    /5&W2XY

  • 76

    +BC\h5T/+ !E@#Q ! Y-P,4#,$#0-M1>

    +}#W0@C h./RM'Z@^#$#%dSc #3:9NU#Ad&'(K

    $#$#&'(d5(#$#%,x#,3/h,d+$=/0(6/S5W

    #$#%61wM(;$#N

    ?&()ChRb!$$#gC&&(C% h+@#$#QYPv@!

    dJN

    $FCo"G !$0>H49hGcKL6m\0-'M6?&(S'

  • 77

    ===c>AUM\PRJ?&($/?&(OM'9Y#3/\y /?&(pA6

    ,3=@C/Z"B;`0('r\G$9+MA]O5=6C@59$

    #8"-C$@CMB;`8OMG&$+GA&H\h/nC6h7#m/m

    v(~\YpA$KAOMme6h$23+G-V&=$#$#%[~+'NL80,#$#&=$#$#%&GcK

    AGc(#-M

    bG(#$#%&'

  • 78

    lw,'&

  • 79

    ,>$#0H#s+-%6 0'Z#$#%[~ !$' /MwM

    !H#/#`G}#WG(#6#$#%&'(J?&(&$#,H#-$

    ##$F6,qG-9& G}d6RH#-$'9@#%C&v> Y-&$#.7#$#Z?&( #]F96

    !P" #'rSk'$+9 !"#N,Ph?,&(F968$

    {^VA61Z

  • 80

    89}k23Oc,AlJ,TS%,65"M6#( 1'-Y0#$#b!$ !"NNN

    G-&9p-CM6"'& m'$#0NNN

    S'$#b!$NNN

    !$/0'Z>$#NNN

    ,,,,,,', S(

    # #]

  • 81

    m\0MV$-fsu85/$m'$#,p,A6h

    #$#b/#3'&9m'Q"wM&T6#9!6

    S,\#,$#%&'()*'VS /$MNeuxe8x8=

    t xy 8uu

  • 82

    # #]

    m\0MV$-fsu=5/>,E

    @#LN9$45$6+>$#&'(GxM6K=vO$P0({$

    !H#/OAo'Vw

  • 83

    5$#&'Ew&$#&'(O56/>EcMm\0

    !"$^+@#$#QJcIpA&+#,$#%&'8

    !b456-&(,&'()*'VG}BC9GqBA6G-5$#6?&(Gc#S'

  • 84

    5

    +'(+$4M+$45@+T#'L+NN

    Sekiou et autre, Gestion des ressources humaines,ed De Beock universit, Cannada, 2001,p.336.

    +_$+

  • 85

    n

  • 86

    !

    !" #$%

    &'()*+*,-&./012345 67$ 8&5 %9 7: ;

  • 87

    *^t7 XPz$7:e45

    7: =P _D 67$ _V! FG G '

  • 88

    |*+2P.

  • 89

    #2PD7I++?11/10M22062011D4_Dq37

    _%D7&'J67$111H+.67$X w Z4

    "hD 7: FG *RU s5@ [0 @WB *4&.

    i~VX $%

    I0 I"+# P B !J7 V+ . "hD $% *RUFG &58 @s4G J7K!

    A& a"G 4< ~0 %9 7: F?7 45 $% n3X"175 74 d [ 5

  • 90

    67$ D,0 43 8 s j kw"+ -&. 3> ,% +"+# Gp

    $%x16y(=J& DP123 [4G 74 GW D"w5 %5H 3

    8" $q 7: P U w5!# KR 7VW 7 %,

  • 91

    F? d D45 D43 PsG *W. F$ k4J! P D4 [ ? kD" Fv

    -& ='3 es+ DwGx19y .

    *^~VX7[D7T

    a"G67$S;GRD"h;.PD77GT CF$_$P7[D7T

    _$T aB _D$7 $>?7 -%98&5 HJG 7:$q

    wogSJhD$,RVSJw

  • 92

    G I. @s4G Gp d D5 Fv T =$ =P _$ F$ A3FG1j7:G3w&O2Pfg0_D$4V5FGR +

    d j A

  • 93

    3D 67$ +SG 67$3D7 T U 7:7[48"FGA+ *4

  • 94

    ~ViX=7:DB

    7:k!!^GoR-FG=7:p44 =7: H+3 ;

    , FG 0 5 %U +S D7 j 67$_

  • 95

    _8W(FWF?~R?0>+3r"G H74 7: 7 _ " Gp @s G; Q

    HGD`H25 GDJ%fg0D QDG7: {5

    A(

    1kJ!KSqD778"5W0Y 5!XW"4GD73,8"%G_;2G

    4G%k74 . W3 D73 I"75201213(

    2c F3 I$ $q 7: 7:! , D7_;2G _J 8"% I+

    7;k4 4G%9 . W3 D73 I"75201179(

    3D$ t7 D$ D9 =7: 7: D 4Gq G200113(

    4D. 6V G ?U $% W 4Gq D9 G2002303(

    5c F3 3"A%I$77(

    6c3D$!7:7_;-UDB4G%A3"D4WV7lY_W"3

    83(

    7=7!GF3&>3#7D9t!^ 4G8,YKSq,!X2001

    2011[4GG4G%!"k7497;DR4!"k748"%G_;2G[S5

    o20111617(

    8[ @W,7:f3G[Dz4G%!"k748"%G_;2GY7

    2011(81(

    9D$ t7 D$ D9 3"A%23(

    10[ @W,3"A%81(

    11=%+ D$ 4V5 _# 7:x9@W =7:y KSq j 7G

  • 96

    193"A%I$F3c9(

    203"A%c3D$!83(

    21[ @W,3"A%80(

    22_107D7I+FG11/10M22062011D4_Dq37(

    233"A%c3D$!83(

    24_+109D7I+FG11/10M22062011D4_Dq37H+.67$

    XA- G0 [. ~

  • 97

    !"

    !"#$%&'()*+

    ,-+./01234%5-46789:;+9205-44?@ABA508C09 D5E+23%"F2008GH IJKL:MNJ3@O3+PQ,Q

    -FR 0STU VW 5X =OYJ 5-4 &7;(P/Z V67 I>@[\]^_JOIkd2001iy` H5

  • 98

    ~5[!"%5-4=7i@"+#@{kJTouvetTIS

  • 99

    1CA@-@G3@;*)@P`?k,Jkc3[I@A3+adK!.J0dOG7F5vOWSF05d5?k,J.AB3 4"+3

    jJA`k%Ji 2C'ZZ-@75vmO3S@;""F3[=*?!43"?J

    - JtkJ?@7S 'Z?-B7 5>?@37

  • 100

    OS36@ |@7H ?!4 K 8 -" O I[-Z 7S {k #-@> {k K @3[{k ,

  • 101

    `4 )5uS {J ?@p _ |@7H ?!4 lG! I ~5[ =R

  • 102

    yYC5- \! ?J;J # K>[ cd 5@

  • 103

    @7;A H,OG+iG0a{ky=OS3*P@/O &'(6)" _J)FP@/O3* !F i

    _)"3*P@/O &'( 6 )*+ %&'( PQR B;A@7H -" O_` ;k 5@-

    0a 3F5 u* AJ uS @ 7G] ,- 32 139 %5@=>4 J ? 3S5J48k ~5[ \W2![i0a ? )*+ %&'( \>@ l7o \W 7G] ,- 923 S > @"Q.3C)![ W 67 123Z -@[ ,5-h 7G]

    ,- 920 ?@7 lS! 5G>4 ,5-4 {k "O[ pH 5-4 S

  • 104

    4CW F @ @[ J ,5-h 5

  • 105

    KF- 3GS _@7 ?uS W 6A b2[ cd j@S / ,57+ @ ?@A 2000 @+W! I \>@ ?@A 1995 : /A {k ?6 "O[ F

    5-4pH 3+ 2 =* 7+ IS 0a t

  • 106

    S@p J 2![ \W30iCH _23Z j@/731./ {k # ,-+921w1?@708w09 .GY 67

    F@[%5-4 H _23Z j@/7 ad I # ?J u pS S

  • 107

    O[ ,-+ 926 T" ?@7 {k \e ?J lF[ 3 cd gA "O[57 %5-4 J 3S #5Y .o &] @ 3] -S,5-4J_23-@>67

    B![ ?u*S 5>F/[ 5O> =@2\] z i

  • 108

    YJm!-@>H?F#`kJO@;"JH.! %&'({k7O lB[)@>H%J HJ H J'{k_@/lH!"

    \>Ri l3

  • 109

    J4SBp b` iad jJ5 3G @ \] 0S =@ \] I[a J \] lHZ I

  • 110

    Br5 {7G 67 5@ 23!+ W

  • 111

    :Z %-E 1234 cd \ P/ 6A )@6@+ FS k@6@+j@k

  • 112

    ?uS 5Gk S@7k 2! S 4 ;QJ F@A@ "O pNancy\G!S -U %p!k b` S

  • 113

    _23l]kJ%5-d5Aky=1990P66i8PK>+T"63i9SOk5>S3>|@7!>,%5-4G_kJ{k&7SA_tA2006P

    31i10b'kOpPlS!K>+68i11 !B$O

  • 114

    21J

  • 115

    !"#$%&'#()#*!&+,

    -

    ."/012340!5

    6%#74

    892:!#;-

    !"#$!%&"'()

    &*+&,-.+/01-2)-34+5.61+$"478,9

    1- )- : ;" ? +/034@1435A)$ BC)D111E

    'FG$ B+/0 1- 2 )- !: $ 8(0-$

  • 116

    researcher recommended creating the conditions for the material and moral assistance to refine

    the elements of administrative creativity in school environment for gifted students programs3 Kay words: Educational Leaders, Gifted programs, Academic services

    ++/ UVde?$ +-& fXVg&'&VB+V1,$A&. O\g&60

    S ;-& '&" G B =\ M!S&!_1 kl)'/ : BA6z

    !_1 kl).${-D Bo2003B203205E _FDMarch and Simon E,0-S&=>?. !*(!_1B_F$DBurns and StalkerE

  • 117

    >?.69/h=d FQ$!_1-66V9h!>,0-+:=D,0-Eb.

    `$Q6O&(.XV3_F&9$DHang and AikenE( +&M-O\-'$19Q:

    2V!?(:2OK9_1-3

    ;) B!_1- 2 . FQ > U++ .,L$ BM *

    _1-* $BS* $36&O,9>K FH$

    $ 6&+5$ Bp&a&-!_1 D B Q 3EM* (

    Individual InnovationiK,qG$B+:!z$!/8,L.l(HX~l )

    r+\.)ij.-+o0U+h!*R$B-+o0.!&"N$!

    11G~$=+-$DKreitner, 1992;580E -Mo?89i,'/=lT(&-

    Y$

    + -8*F8Qti0$TIGl$Bb1-G{lA+& TA+&$BO&

    !4X1,$BIGl+o0$BI+HF!/>.,9i,M3 Q

    S*Group Innovation(SO/.X+:Oa$QX+Al 63l)

    +9O& F$GS :$DSmith, 1999:165EJVisionr+\T!N\U9

    G0-$ BS%) b&9 G0 ,(Q$ BA+/ 7 )(Q 0 1+\ S

    1safety Participative3

    BS 1V 61 S : 2 {- O& . t: H i09$ G 619$DB8)

    193:19923E_1-* b&+($Organizational Innovation(Q!

    $sQt:}$ 8Q:$61$(b+.,L$Bn$$

    +: o!>,0- O\ A&9 $$ Bb+i,M9DCreative Problem Solving Ep$9&

    19qFVtB">"$F$KGQ8,+X&+09$i,M!>,0-41a2+!6-+O&$

    6\DB%*277:19953E

    '1$q*\X&09$;M+[ U+M.,L$DWynett, 2002:39 El;+_1O,+=>?.

    -$+z$B;"QUA+*9.+FV.XFH$ u:{UG38QG

    BO0M$x1(,9$B$?N$-409;6(BX0!(6-!_1-

    A t:{9h+Gl-(9$BI*D3Schermerhorn and Osborn, 2000:673E

    +VN!/>&$BO&5&9$409$B-$)-(HlV*>

    $&DB 20043E6& .| B N +&!?$O\ 8K\x/ /$

    N/ KGH }1 .$ B9$M !V p& ;,1+G$ 19G }(Kreitner and

  • 118

    Kinicki,1995:578)+9N c O\- .9 N + 8Q x l Npreparation

    B)ij$!$1$!{- \$O&2q$ I$A&2M 6+h -.9$3

    U+G 6+(Concentration),0- T 3 8\N (Incubation)\ TXQ 2 M 1r+

    !&-.rn2X1)=~1+++B& u$ 6 O& !&- . cBbn $Q !N i?Q$

    (Verification)+&&$T6w$Q6&9$Q,M!OVQ.6,3B?Q+\F.$

    p&i01995:430)(Kreitner and Kinicki,B(Robry, 1991:580)8Q$B N+2Z++Qt

    >e N +2{9 Z+61 &0$%NA IH!>,08QBI>&O/.

    !&-o;)Z+$3

    N+ hO\-u.,LkQ$ Ng&"$DB$B 02005

    423424E\Do EN$QDRecognitionE,MV1 +""Hc Q9:

    o9 $Q V ,M .,9 \ X+ B- !V+\N$ +V1, !F, OG DIdea

    FormulationE)-O&OG+\e>?$ O;)ckl)$3+6+A++

    (Evaluation) 2:B-X\OG2 N:q\o9h21,#N8G:6

    O&.|/$1)'FG$QB"N3,0-S&\2$Problem Solving)E.,L

    Od\t:Na$Xi*$Q $0-Iv+F,DSolutionEr+\V$/6+( N8,

    . $0- b ( Bb$ ;N 1 l) ;z \- +V1, !F,N =>?

    (Innovation by Adoption).t 9 _1-8(l+M1 +F, \- +V1, -bg : Q

    \;)$ NO\.?N\-(Development)\-Na$B$Q=&"N

    0FNDUtilization and DiffusionE=&"Ar+\B N+2+61c\-kl)OK:

    61n-1$ N,(0F$Q ND3wakeman , browder, ahlgrim and flowers, 2006E

    N!+81).$!/iM9t()!o9OBi,M.+9!N\'*+

    c( 9&Q! 6F8Q GBI"\_1-$ S$M21, +F*FN

    4$ _1- 3-.&/ _1-* N8Q!"p&'1+ G"!/&

    +DB+M1995sB67E61e$q+"Q_(2j$B;VN4_(

    Bi+vkl)OK6Mh|+,q*Yd4i+v92j

  • 119

    +?!_1.,Lhq+"H)\Qq+"Hkl).$6\-,0-&+4D)U

    B2002sB250251E61./mGQ&"4+09$B)l|o&B,(H+19O&$

    o$Q+,0!"Q$B,(H(Nominal Group;M"Q$B(Delphi3

    2 \d:$ $ KGQ XF( B& !*"{-$ !_1- 2 +\ $ 8G -$

    a&-!&&*9r+\8)- 2 X+Q U9$ B+1 9h !*"{-

    G i(9 t: 6&+5+& !$ 1, !&"N +1 +&$ +& !F,$ !/ (

    % Bsoc XV$ A61-$)-$ B I1H 6,L h!/|$ B6-$

    aQl;&1$%&$|0,Student Identification$BFmA+o9Program Design61$B

    !++9"$}61-Curriculum and Instruction)!c8Q;v1

    M A`V\ + o+o? XV V61$ ++&9 a( lG$ B Fm A+_19$ :Program

    Administration and Management++_19$:q+"Q)q"1-$V1Fm&

    O\-(G2+VsH)-:A*98Q;v1r+\B++$Bl+M1B

    )-o+(G$A){IMGQGB+no$+VN$+*M1$A`V\$

    )-F2OK8Q;v1$B

  • 120

    +*.NlG$BacFm9Program Evaluationb($8Q.,Lhi&-.7

    0Fl+M1$^+I1QFmV^QnG,0;OdB;+_1IFN

    C2GC0-FK"-:+&(b8:,h !"#A)Q.8$

    =&M=o9NB'/:B*pM9B+"-!3;+$VQ$DOmbile, 2004E2"

    C "$Qu:O,0{9hO&.|0,t:'()$GH

    ;C19hC+uO&.O&"#$d8Q"!6[Q$BFK-

    - 3G&'K+,Hn-!N

    =>C?^$V8Qt:"'a9/$B=&MA&$+,H"-;+_1

    _1-2A&!+VO,0{+q+"Hb+938C

  • 121

    +n+'/D2007E C!C8Q.C!&-$!-8Q6F'1+

    $B"V!-(9`M$6(9 !KGQ8Q.M

    kwNa;)!-D%E!>,C0-*n;)(96/Q$3C_($6C1+6*$B+LGHd$B+3"'M0G2$

    DDay, 2007E2=CFN.!N$L8H8&!ckl)OK8.l.-8

    /KGQA6&u#B44A6&9=>?M-+O\-=>C?%o.*\$+*

    i+v+3&"'a9$D2008EICVC- *8Qt:

    C&-_F6V$.iGV'FG1+B(0-_F6V$."V3CG

    0"'a9D2008E$8Qt:!/>&=72&- +192-

    C+192-$8Q$BiGV!IV0/1-$d$i&$$+VN

    C"CV!IV+"-Z+9$*$+*+&=72&-3$!CVQ

    ,C*($+G$G$$N"FAthanasoula, Reppa, Marki, Kalliopi and Psycharis,

    2010EBCHY$4C-=o9N.9"- )_8Q'1+8F+2"

    kN$QA+&9&9h!>,0-HY$ >$3'a9$d$d"D2009E8Qt:

    ;C) C!+G*++&H12FK-!$"#V

    +o\:N!e$(V$

  • 122

    6Z"$",0

    $F$-$Q-.+VA*9;,6-O?-\Q &

    H !*- .9!+& _F 8$=d 92 ,N$!>,0- O\DB%*

    1995 3E 2 ? . r\ \N r+\ 6S& $$ Oc .$ )- H UG- X

    B"qV*9hN!+G*p&V$)-:48$&=>?. N$

    -$)- 2N N'0/F!" V$

  • 123

    33 N+"#*|O)1-

    +(vLoc%>?&*+&,-2+/0DB2mcB;&O){-B 1

    ;M+[*-E.

    +9!m-2"kl A9 X&" !z

    6" $Q !>+oM 6\:$ ,0- |&9 :$ !>,0 +"*d$D B8$V2002B

    s22E) $BVa1./>FVI12)6[$,(HA+_19DB%*1999B

    s173E %&$u:t:%`h$8&$8$-6h!"-$,(H

    +($IMGKGQq+"Q$e$:!+2+&(KGQ8,9$M-!*"{-%)Qy:2

    4?DB2003sB523E"kl)2 o$

    $.=FN$Kd,(H$q+"H,0- *\$ B/>

  • 124

    N!"#+-($$BF$-$B%&21- B,0-$%0G$B,(Hl+M19

    ,(HA++9$B,(H+19$}F$B,(HO+$3

    )- " kl)2 +V: %& OG

    - :

  • 125

    /0 1- 2)-!:!F"N'FG$ B" 47 ` ;) " 1+'FG G B+

    ,-ij$M-D14E1+&OKF"D87.4EP"47.3=$S6_$D1E1+49

    `iv-($"3

    =$V1+(vL`iv-($"1+49 iv- *- , %

    O){- , 58 59.8

    ,.Q 39 40.2

    mc!1" !1".O/Q 51 52.6

    KG(!1" 46 47.4

    1 G 42 43.3

    KFQ 55 56.7

    ;M+[*-

  • 126

    2$X9($*(=+,+&>&D5E>&$2$X9($*9+F

    D1E2 $ `( $*9 +& >& $ BD5 E2 $ `( +F >&$D13E

    +,+- V*d^" ZM $d! B" 1+ (!"A,n$

    $nlG$n1+M

    =$V2"QA,d!, ! ZM V 1 1]1.49 V+/ 2 1.502.49 +/ 3 2.503.49 " 4 3.50]4.49 iG 5 4.50KG( ViG

    2 `$!$Hea

    RH!$ea!NN.|0,+9N!IV O& l) +*9R$ B3K O& ., klV$D4.133 EY\ *($

    D15.306 E T+!M X+409$;,..D78910E*\O& l) +*9R$ B

    `$,0-3rKO&.,klV$D3.785EY\*($D14.017EX+409$;,..

    T+ !MD38131823283439El) +*9 R$ BaH O&34 O&

    ., klV$D3.248 E Y\ *($D12.031 EX+ 409$ ;, . . T+ !M

    D161718192021E%fkwN aO& l) +*9R$B3cO& klV$

  • 127

    .,D3.042 E Y\ *($D11.267 E . .X+ 409$ ;, T+ !M

    D222324252627EF$-O&l)+*9R$B3

    . 1G;&eo+-2OKl$B*M-O&MF;&O+nF!6[Q

  • 128

    5 .348** 5 5 .289** 5 .412** 5 .390** 6 .269** 6 6 6 .375** 6 .312**

    +o\: 1 * N = 0.01) E

    =$S.D5E+o\:N9^99F"N!.OG8Qn+,V4

    1 X+: +1- = 0.01)EB ;? eo t: i0$ F"N!M ;? e*9N = l)$

    F">3=$SGD6E)-:2 N"#ac9N!>&3

    =$V69 !(D"# N 2 : )-Eh !" V +,=$N K rK 4 c

    A/

    M

    O&

    9N

    A/

    M

    O&

    9N

    A/

    M

    O&

    9N

    A/

    M

    O&

    9N

    A/

    M

    O&

    9N 1 .292** 1 .443** 1 .430** 1 .546** 1 .451** 2 .871** 2 .485** 2 .334** 2 .571** 2 .684** 3 .268** 3 .658** 3 .344** 3 .615** 3 .668** 4 .328** 4 .527** 4 .410** 4 .555** 4 .618** 5 .309** 5 .442** 5 .592** 5 .370** 5 6 .357* 6 6 .464** 6 6 7 .347** 7 7 7 7 8 .331** 8 8 8 8 9 .336** 9 9 9 9

    N*1+o\: = 0.01) E

    +F!K

    +-b+9Rr+\MQWF$GO&*\=>?."Q!(!!NN.|0,R

    F,B+>"1+.D97E

  • 129

    2GO+$B"X+\>a$+-!=8QQ4M9!O&49`M&N8Q

    )$\$&$Q\$z+X9N7$X9(4++-D)-2 N!3E

    =$SGD8E N"#HMWF$GO&3

    =$V8HMQWF$GO&*c!N$)-:2 N"#! = MQWF$GO& 1 ,(Nl+M19 0.78

    2 ,0-$%0G 0.64

    3 ,(NO+ 0.71

    4 ,(N+19$}F 0.59

    5 ,(NA++9 0.68

    )-:2 N"# 0.85

    =$SD8E=$N&MWF$GO&(&Q*X+-8QD0.78EWF$GO&$B

    K&MD0.64ErK&MWF$GO&$BD0.71E4&MWF$GO&$BD0.59EB

    c&MWF$GO&$D0.68EBO,G+MWF$GO&$D0.85E=!O&l)$

    8QQ4M9!O&49`M&N8Q2GO+$B"X+\>a$+-!=

    )$\$&$Q\$z+X9N7$X9(4++-D:2 N"#)-3E

    X+0+-R)_eon$D N"#B)-:2 N!

    )- :2ED21 EOG.q$BN$ !N2oo-,.

    + OG +\>a 9 A,D2 N "#$ B)- :2 N!

    )-:E*F!m/$BD85EPU)V+-8Q&l)$BX.M=+&

    +- O&9 R )&$ B*qFV OGO09$ ;v9+-!( 8Q$ 6"+/ - *+

    \+61 X9a2+-+!Mp&%l\Rr+\,Iq*D27 EK IU (

    $D29ErKIU(]bnD33E

    "+, "-6Z"H($"1;+(

    ) =$H={*&-1N!(9V R={* l). V A)_F 6V$. &* +& ,-2 +/0 1-

    N!!N7. =7O, +&-!(fN$ +*d!"-*\

    $=$S6_$BO,GD9E193

  • 130

    =$V9+&-!(fN$+*d!"-+199 N!!N39 = *d^"- +&-%fN A++V

    1 aN 3.3381 0.66040 " 2 fkwNa% 3.3007 0.52959 " 3 `$!>,0-*\ 3.2990 0.74007 " 4 F$- 3.2955 0.51003 " 5 /> 3.2749 0.51541 "

    O,GH 3.3016 0.47349 "

    _F!6V$8Q1+&.'&5h!F+O+.91-

    =$V &* +& ,- 2 +/0D9 EV ?.

    =/2 "K-%-.}$c$B+1\$2,0-OdV$+9ij3

    *\^"KUG-%fkwNa=7IVGD3.3007E+&%f$D0.52959E

    -%)Nb+2)-m&0(92+1kl)m&9$+9=M

    l$B/M-$.U+:2)-+H_F1O(Qb+$B,-2)-

    !O+&M9=>?.Nbn.BO&*$!>,0-Od6VOG=lsd

    - ,(H .%)H b &$B% b+t =a O&!? 4+5 &$ B\$

    6_9\,-,(2G'/$I:$B%b+nV$26F8G6!/&-;$

    6F3k*\^"`:$!>,0-*\=7IVKK9-2$D3.2990Ef$%

    +&D0.74007E=>?O&"iv9$ BS ,(Nqw$ B,(NO9!. XKL B

    2+Z*-)-!+/*\.m&9+1kl)$^?i(9$Bml+M19

    q+" 9 A6a\$ BO& ^ 9*\N !- !9 !IV l m

    mkl)!VI2+&/$A`9$"`$!>,0-3

  • 131

    *\^"F$-=7IV&9-2$D3.2955E+&%f$D0.51003E(9ti0#B

    ,(Qqw$ B,M%>?N O9!BO&"Q*$!>,0- Od , &ij

    $B6l1O&!>,0$!$&;$B4/8$$O&q+"Q*$

    2"VB|/&9civ9O&$BM-|/-4;&O&"i+v9

    B8+-,&1 m klA4*2A6j$)- /.

    IN {$ BO& +& & " V!- kl) OK (9 8r+\ 3*c 9- 2$

    *\^" /> =7 IV i?N$D3.2749 Ef$ +&%D0.51541E(9 +1 kl) OK$ B

    i,M

  • 132

    =$ViGV!IVD10E4+S;,*d^"-:B!ND3.7028E+&-%fN$

    D.58895E+\j,&9$"VN !(9O[2+u+1kl)&9$

    e\H($)l+M19sd$mkl)92)-m8

    9$B+q+"N$&"4+1kl)bMD2008E *8Qt:!Qh$

    d "4'M?$ BiG&- _F 6V$. &* +& ,-=

    d$D2009E?"$BD2008E;z"$D2004E6&+5!Qh"#Vt:

    "1+(O/. !+G*"3

    =$S 6_$D10 E*\^" ,(H A++9=7 ) + "#!N7 KGQ8Q

    kD3.8943E+&%f$D.73495E,(H+?!"#.=l)XKL4bM9h

    B& G0 )$ m %)Q B!&- G0$ `V I1 ,(H +?$

    )l+M19.,L,(OGA++9$B+Mc4($q1w$,(H+?1\$+&N$

    & G0 4/ 3 *\ ^" ,(H l+M19 =7 ) "# !N O/ D3.5647E

    +&%f$D1.02761E2O&b(G0e4OK9!"#.OKL

    ,(HO$BFm2O&b(G00F+1Uc$Bm+=\t:

    l+M19&$B66(8+*!&&+*,(H$BFm2&G0

    $Bm2& G0 ,Ml+M19.=${*-$BV1l+M18 ,(H

    l+M1+V!c,Ml+M196h+-M,$B=$Vb($,(H

    i09$ T ,(Hl+M1 $

    0!F,i(9qFVt BO&b( G04/

    ++92)-m /t:+1 kl)4"$QQ$A++9}1 ($,(HA

    IV ,(H l+M19 =7 8Q G B)- +/ =>?q"1 A+9$ A,\t: Na$ OQ$

    l+M198$=/B+$:$++_19!&aV$t:U!N.+*F?q+9

    M-,(H2iGV=l"-V'FGAj$)-+/$:=>?

    "-kl)."1+(Qt::3

    +FKq9-2,0-$%0G=7$B,(HO+=7$B,(H +19$}F:=7IV G

    $ KK$ q+9 q*\ ;) iG "# V O9 +*\ !"$ &D(3.8082 BD3.6529EB

    D3.59383EOK9)-mO/.N +!"#19,&9$

    1q+"Q

  • 133

    ,(H./mGQ,(N+19$}FQ=b&+(&O/.3/;$ti0l)$

    %` .)- 4 8& A)$ ao? ,(N +19$}F +)-

    -$ !+/3s\,(NO+=72$V"#1i09G

    61 6 :!" iG h ,(Hp($ BV ,( ., U- ,(H 4S

    V9D:@E2&,(Q.,(OGO+$B,(HO+2Z"Hx"Q,0- o\$ B)oU - $ B,0-

    "!>,0-4O&$ml+M19.*\2jti09!"#;)$B,0

    O/.++16,$B6$;3

    } 3rK ={* &- 1 N + "#*| O)

    +(vLoc%>? &* +& ,-2 +/0 1- DB 1

    ;M+[ *- B2 mc B;& O){- 3E+*d!"-*\R={* l) . V

    &-!(fN$q*\A)_F 6V$. N "# V)- /! +

    "!ivDR$B =72+m B2mcB;&O){- B 1

    O,G N$ " !N7 &- . O+ b+9 3_$ =$S 6D11 E+*d !"-

    +(vL!iv&9O,GN$"!N74+S+&-!(fN$3

    =$V11O,GN$"!N74+S+&-!(fN$+*d!"-

    ! =

    O){- mc 1 ;M+[*-

    N

    O,G , .Q

    ,

    .O/5

    !1"

    5!1"

    KG(

    G KFQ

    !

    (0-$

    I"J$UG-

  • 134

    %fN

    +&- .723 .613 .661 .620 .638 .676 .6646 .656 .6800

    4

    }F

    +19$

    ,(N

    ^"-

    *d 3.793 3.830 3.654 3.978 3.690 3.898 3.688 3.958 3.808

    %fN

    +&- .719 .618 .716 .593 .668 .676 .7296 .579 .677

    5 A++9

    ,(N

    ^"-

    *d 3.948 3.814 3.892 3.896 3.898 3.890 3.888 3.901 3.894

    %fN

    +&- .793 .640 .714 .764 .734 .741 .7132 .769 .7345

    =$S6_D11 E &9O,GN$ "!N!"- )[ /$(1)8Q!iv-

    O,GN$"!N7&-.O+b+9Re$Mkl+o\N(&-$B

    =$S$B!iv-&9D12E196_3

    =$V12&9O,GN$"!N7&-.O+ N"#V

    iv- = !&- 7 !V

    d !&-^" +/F

    N

    +o\N

    O){-

    ,(Nl+M19 47.135 1 47.135 .848 .360 ,0-$%0G 9.754 1 9.754 1.046 .309

    ,(NO+ 3.656 1 3.656 .280 .598 }F,(N+19$ 4.305 1 4.305 .431 .513

    ,(NA++9 4.552 1 4.552 .535 .467 O,GH .004 1 .004 .001 .981

    mc

    ,(Nl+M19 224.374 1 224.374 4.036 .048 ,0-$%0G 54.525 1 54.525 5.849 .018

    ,(NO+ 135.302 1 135.302 10.349 .002 ,(N+19$}F 59.157 1 59.157 5.919 .017

    ,(NA++9 1.744 1 1.744 .205 .652 O,GH 48.279 1 48.279 7.435 .008

    1

    ,(Nl+M19 146.574 1 146.574 2.637 .108 ,0-$%0G .521 1 .521 .056 .814

    ,(NO+ .610 1 .610 .047 .829 ,(N+19$}F 14.857 1 14.857 1.487 .226

    ,(NA++9 .000 1 .000 .000 .994 O,GH .093 1 .093 .014 .905

    *-

    ;M+[

    ,(Nl+M19 135.477 1 135.477 2.437 .122 ,0-$%0G .063 1 .063 .007 .935

    O+,(N .291 1 .291 .022 .882

  • 135

    ,(N+19$}F 9.739 1 9.739 .974 .326 ,(NA++9 7.810 1 7.810 .918 .341 O,GH .000 1 .000 .000 .997

    c

    ,(Nl+M19 4724.883 85 55.587

    ,0-$%0G 792.377 85 9.322

    ,(NO+ 1111.241 85 13.073

    ,(N+19$}F 849.469 85 9.994

    ,(NA++9 723.383 85 8.510

    O,GH 551.946 85 6.493

    ,(Nl+M19 108052.000 97

    ,0-$%0G 32389.000 97

    ,(NO+ 48198.000 97

    +19$}F,(N 36271.000 97

    ,(NA++9 24367.000 97

    O,GH 34081.104 97

    =$S21!6[QD12E+o\:N!e$(V$?._1pv)- +9

    +&!$)-I$eM"Q)--3

    1!6[Q G +o\: N! e$( V$ D0.01= EB,(H O+ =7 2 mc iv- U&9

    8Qr+\B.l)2)-+9!+/h!mc+Qti0#BO,GH$

    ,9$/M-$+mb+9,9b+*19$^+.l9-!+&

    =$S.\>r+\Bmkl)+/=72mcUb&$U,(HO+$A+_19$D12E8Q

    !mc$oO+e$MD5KG(!1"3E/.U9+(mc(

    y+ +(\$ X 1-

  • 136

    8Qt: 1 i09 G B!+&- Aj +N N$ +

    -i*&9h!>,0-$|/-4A6&92&-4bMx$O&$F$-&)

    O&3

    + "#*2 +o\: N!e$( V$

  • 137

    $ IMa B!V$ B" Bx QD2013 E!$ *

    6+(&!&-$&-_F6V$.F1G13B1-19D3E9373 q? B QD2010E Q Be0 &V Bi*V " B;M+[ ++_1

    =H:A*/B=H+GB^"$H3 B8+vS$B;n(BaFQD20123EB8HB)-+9=72!"+*$

    i*-B83 BQ$vX)D2004E 3 B& FK "- :2iv : +&MO?

    &VB01iji*V"3 *\ F BQD2000 3E / 2- ,N * {- O&

    B&B&*139D1E1513 $ BXQ$ BQ BxD2013 3E! _F 6V$. N!"#$!

    812ac=MH3B+*M1$

  • 138

    . B0D 32008 3E12&- +192 +,d- $&V BkG \$Q BA6*MFQ&- _F 6V$. &* +& ,-2%SBi

    8HB3 A[GiM?BBO+?B 0D2005E01i*-B8Bx_1-_FB3 AKGQBoD20033E!M"M$9hG2N N$++_1(K/>&3 9{

    18D4E9213 ; B80$ B; B1D2013 3E! 2 + N "# V

    B+*M1$

  • 139

    DruckerBPB(1985). Innovation and enter partnershipB(1st ed)BLondon3 Guilford, j. p. (1986). Creative talents: Their nature, uses and development, New York:

    bearly cimited.

    KreitnerBR and KinickiBA (1995). Organizational behavior (2nd ed). Homewood: Irwin3 Ombille, L. (2004). Innovation in Ekwadoor Schools, Educational Journal, 3(2), pp 66-112. Ozmen, F and Muratoglu, V. (2010).The competency levels of school principals in

    implementing knowledge management strategies the views of principals and teachers

    according to gender variable. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2 (20): 5370

    5376

    RobeyBDB(1991). Designing Organization. (3rd ed) Homewood: Irwin3 Sanger, T., and Levin, W.(2005). Increasing Employees creativity by training their

    managers. Industrial and commercial training, 33E2D:63-68.

    SchermerhronBJ. HuntBJ. and OsbornBR (2000). Organizational behavior (5th ed). John wiley

    SmithBM. (1999). Analyzing Organizational behavior (1st ed). London: Macmillan Press3 Toremen, F. (2003). Creative school and administration. Educational Sciences: Theory and

    Practice, 3(1), 248-25.

    WakemanBS. BBrowderBD. BFlowersBC.Band Ahlgrim-DelzellBL. (2006). Principals

    we doing enough? Journal of Research on Leadership EducationB5(1) B 1-22. Wfry, R. (2006). The Relationship between Principals innovative style and teachers

    perception of Principals Effectiveness, Dissertation Abstract International. 456 (07):31-

    48.

    WynettBC. (2002). Inspiring innovationBHarvard Business ReviewB80(8):60-78.

  • 140

    ! ! ! !

    "#$"#$"#$"#$%&'%&'%&'%&'()*+()*+()*+()*+,--./,--./,--./,--./

    000011112345234523452345

    ,-6,-6,-6,-6

    !"#$% !&' ( !"&) *+ ,-./012345.6.&!78+)9:!;;.6.?@

    !#A8"& B .% 9!>3 CD E%% '!-" F" G8H= -!I% E% :JC'2KL=:!;;

  • 141

    F.d)345.1"!:J=!"!4F3e^%:6.PFf8g9h3%=

    >&!3C;%W8;-!i+))j;F@!"!4F3klm!F91%n!-oF.f

    !D,8E8.6. -! p !a2$ 38#O!2=D%q O36.4!;3 "'% 9,5 JF N

    >!;3;'

  • 152

    ,-EK7L

    H!&';=CD8,

  • 153

    Q)!11996q"4(1h?.@ C*DEF'

    "@:i%R&!(E!ThB-./1F?Cn,?%.JOC1!

    ;9/.9HP()4So,AQ4>1S1996q

    %P'4o,6+ET/?A1996qhB-./?%.@?C "F@'Bn;?%C1T#0*%%H

    ?C.n?H.!!4`jL9@,?%.@?CFA-./ TpRn1,y]

    X4$y],fDToiq./y%>y*]%./y%;.'DsnjT'1'1F!-

    moqi%&R@?%/1%&ThBE&?.@!g)R4,?CFA-./ +4

    Vh;:-/1S

    )4;?o,?%1996q?%H./4?%1-./?Hr>%1t1py.]%.R@2

  • 167

    3*!"#2

    *$%&3(

    (1"%.(Anglier)4_*$V*Al_14,?%F4f#F@78%9E`#$

    &%&c6YAQ-EC1k!)f0,T/;%.!S2001(

    _148.I(Chaplin)D*^Q)*.E?Gh4?`%AQ\.4AQVA-./#$

    X@I$9R@IQlj%),-F]Q/1992189(

    * !"#$%&3(

    (1),y%]1999(Rh.?%.H/9y]F(EVAl"j%

    ?C!!E4V.UND^4Rf%o,y%]199924q

    4Ho,4146.1958q/E'[$y]#$1I\H1)4D@FH/f41

    -./&N &'"#$o(Bloom, B. & Broder, L, 19588>4,6.%._

    RF4t`94"#$(E-./A@:"+]R&& y

    " o(Bloom, B. et al,1985 6> HX4U1 ?%H%F4 ?%>4 ?1 " #$ %E&

    ?%r1C4 Krathwohl,) D. R, 2002q

    H%6.i%>9@VAX+h9#$R@I&!j%ET9Wjh-./?%1!!

    "4 %& f0 E ? 9 @ 61 { w4 ?1!(ROBBES, Bruno, 2009b%T]4

    %%&4y%14R%.

  • 168

    *XG./T'y]4y%$t1>42"HN.!OzX+h9"#$

    %%&JKLMN-./#?%GS

    5*!"#78

    ?%_Z1'OH)?.mW @'2%3"rNwOH9?C1kE!N9?/H[-./

    obEOC1!FA136q

    -./?1C&]!(Nf)'R?n*.xf)'*$O*H T/?.%E!

    f49@%H% 1,?%/+]B?yENA`OH]!X4

    ?E\R8E|C'?TEA41HS

    2%N.?%1/o50qfK4KA/49)4]!(NfKhl!.!?1E

    VAQ,O%H|?4?rA{

    4$?%1F{"4

    u!)%+'("#$%%&'?%.H/G9

    C&o73%q 9#$%*%&'?*%.H/"R@?%YA

  • 169

    O?`%g)&F'?o, 41h4?%1989q?k*E!&4 VA$?+-./o10q-*./RcVA$Vr+0?TEaW4?%f

    )%H.'R>>FAVHE>?+/-./?+FA-./1hJo10q4f!FA

    ?+/VA$Vr+0?TE%VHE>D*EF'?.@*!B*.N4*8! e4,

    *.N*JKH41YMN$.|)4%%&?%.&'>1p 4Ha[$C

    /+@*&&c?*%Am?%*1F X&9@V%./4CDEF'4#$%%&?&.f Q

    %%&?%.H/9/?CDEF'G9+ A !"RFX+hS

    +@i%&-./HAaACDEF'GOC1'%T.9Q)"@%

    i%&?%.H/9/?CDEF')4K3i%&?%.H/,*P'V'4

    ?;KI89419po,6+ET/?A1992q*

    ;*_+h*,;c?.@79?%H./+@V.>1';OC1!i%&

  • 170

    _8N,?.GF?C_+hoQ4>1A,1996q@C*DEF' -4(1h?.

    i%"@:R&!(E!ThB-./1F?Cn,?%.JOC1!

    Q)4;9/.9HPS

    %P'4o,6+ET/?A1996q-F@'Bn;?%C1ThB-./?%.@?C #0*%%H

    ?C.n?H.!!4`jL9@,?%.@?CFA-./ TpRn1,y]

    X4$y],fDToiqy*]%./y%;.'DsnjT'1'1F!-./y%>

    moqR4,?CFA-./ +4i%&R@?%/1%&ThBE&?.@!g)

    Vh;:-/1S?)4o,?%1996q-$&+@9 4B.N

    42f%>X+h9.!#%%&'VAl*4?*%jT'1*'

    R%.c4+@!RN9/@'/41n.!C%r4S%%&/E4"&%&

    +@RNP4,?%>V'%3jT'1'46a.!9y.]2%N,f%4o Henson and Eller, 1999q9/+&Ao,H:%s2005q

    (F4?%H'-./0%1y;)$!?w+] @'N,?%

    %%&Rr4-./r#Uf!;.'d19@HN,?%>f%>?C-./f&

    ?&!?%.%

  • 171

    ~!1??11&{*Th4,?%XN4'.!-4T!4%F!4br&RH'4

    Ai%>?%/?%Bf>?%.&R%S

    ~&%T]E->jT'1'S

    ~%%&44v%CvE'y.]8H.!S

    ~uF+]40)%%&1S

    ~RH?/H41F.?TvG1%S

    ~_$#4n?]T'1!.?]AORG-./+]O`S

    ~?H!-./#$;:toS,H:%s2005q

  • 172

    1)4Wiggins,1998)q"&%&%%& ,0%H*{

    ?G${&95)jT'12%NXH/$+].'6n.H/XT@VC'S

    ?F?C1?)^{)4* &XH/?TEr?C1!,8H.!4+]9R

    ?XH/4o,6+/#C2001110Sq

    4RT>-&%&%%& H"@:4.?%.H/#U4v#$@:99@HR,OC1!

    ?H%.?1'1>K-./.!/E4,V

    4?oSanders and Horn,1995qc"&%&%%&rh9{

    ~V'>RC-./V'>41RC&4%%&1F'%%&S

    ~Q\6kQ\4v%CRW.?%.H/8EcS

    ~Rm%.D@Fd1/-./+]/E'{>D@F,R%.f%+@n

    *.W,H/%%&'1 +].?G1F%'H,V'>(E#ypR@1*m

    ?&!?%.%

  • 173

    6&".F%%&4,1$#Q)4,@B4`-./+]/E9*;)*

    "&%&%%&61' yr".{

    ~?%>{?%.Ff%>njT'1' S

    ~`4@{+@!RN?%./FE'!6k+]6%>S

    ~?%.H?H!{"1&!p9HRH4_+y]S

    ~({?%>f%jT'1' -./1&!(:9H @'S

    ~R@{f&!+@!R%R@4f91m$y]S

    ~1F?N'{2%N?C1?)^-./X4?H!4y1%o,6+*/#C2001

    111,112Sq

    h6kE'4%%&T"&%&.RH1' y9H*P' y*;)*,RH?%Tpy'46&!

    %%&Th"&%&?]T'1!?%>C%NBQl,Xo Rust and Golombok, 1995p 102Sq

    **!c8H.!/EOW4r+RH/+]RH/%/X+h9#$1&;)

    '4,#$[kE%%&%`%'1(N9*4+*]1*&'c-.//E'

    ,1]6k*E'*>4541!)%F'?!X+h991hORG-./+]/E'H

    #$)%%&?%?.%?YN+!S

    1)4o,D8EN2001qH/-./H()R%G$& Q)*1$#$&'4-&%&NR

    -./Hr>%. @ y.]c f41O,#$"^T4#$E4D)*%H.-./

    i%>X+h9?1'_9b&4,R&4k!4?I4E&( Hambleton & Wedman,

    1997),o.p,1996q,oHambleton & Slater, 1997q,o, 41h4?%1989q,H

    F )%+rADEF'G 48!?%!,B.N42%N?.@*!

    *JKH41YMN$.|)4%%&?%.&'>1p 4Ha[$CDEF'

    &.f/[email protected]'4#$%%&?),*;.'@#C&

  • 174

    I)4MN$8!"H%%&'JKL4~R%G$%%&JKL~*TUQ)4?*%1

    RNV%?%TC$4G.?.UW%%&S

    HIJ11

    1~?%,i1]?%?&.N

    %HRC9(1`?%1X4?oi%qf1&25~29,HA1~43S

    2~?%, H: o1996 q JKL 6k Th # ".%c-/! DEF b%&c4F ./

    r.~?1!.$~f1&431~546S

    3~A,(4>1H:o1996q;:?C1!ThB~(14-EFi%&fCRr4~~.$

    ?1!~f1&19~39S

    4~#C,H:6+/o2001qA

  • 175

    !"#$!%

    !" #$ % &

    '&()*+,) -.'&/01-23 '&4 )5#$678 9:;+!

    ,?@9 ' )* ;A! B $CD0 ) %E F

    G-9H

    abstract:

    The mninge of civil society is lately used more in the political and thought rfrencs and It

    has multi uses all of This uses focus realising many targets.

    This study try research dimensions and caractristics of civil society also its relations and

    mutual influencs with domestic and foreigne environnement.Mots ClsI civil society- collective organisation- political society- state.

    JI

    KLFK0A) *M N)$ !"OP;"AQR)! !S T *%

    :&%-@UV:W?%FX;"A#YW&R)Z@-"1[$T8&

    \F1-&]L !^$CFSC_U*`!^%N)$1UW7()* 2Na

    bN *GT !@,T ) !"c-d-Z\F11LG! e-1-'G[f0

    N[Tg@,TM"-Z1hNb-B

    KL&'+i T - .

  • 176

    1 N :U U" K8 j!-$1 -@1 )5 ) TL 8 T U* b1 $-8

    f:* 8 N! )* M&:

    8 - !^ 8 *Z: KL K"! U [

  • 177

    2 :

    "$1 "XL !p f $ - n "XL !p % O:b

  • 178

    .'& =J { $ 4 !^ j) U* !)N * e O: n wr"-(Macro) M& )1 B -J )* ()* w 2

    $G $A/4 ; N:(Nn 4[$ 4: cF2...)4 pT (pT

    4 ?:p 4}@ 8 4;$4+& &C7.

    3 --8 :

    N1 L b T 4W)$ 4 R@ !* 4 *GT EF... ]L

    C7 4 `S K8 :2KEA:! .'& O: Wi$ ,

  • 179

    } -;:

    N1 O: +

  • 180

    C@1 O: J 2Na ;$ ,&-F* :F R 2Na). `S b1 %1n" fb #CF

    :2 2Na -1 )* } #r9

  • 181

    O: J c=G !P*

  • 182

    nDIW&8 ;$ #D J :

    U*`!^$W&8>?@96UBj?-NK8U;"A & {)ZP!

    ["X8WO:K0A/M^w()*M;K8;N0T

    Nm*1%bD1;$CFS]L\F1!qFWN1::"aW&8]L%b#D;$ )

    G-#SN*MEFCD0U*`!^;N$F!

    IH ;$ ): U"~ = :& ;* q)$1 >?@ :O J %n +:1 b

    :

    1 -;* ; J :

    ;* : g8 1T gC& g' N! W^ g$ wN) :!" *GT ?N, g8 *

    cP* WS - ! 8 !AF.

    ;* : $1 G- -)F1 wN :!" *GT B @Nn >?@9 @ B=1

    J , U W&8 >?@9 B ;1 J %1-, ()* CD0 [

    M:

    - G- M* M w U2.

    - -A 3 uA:.

    - K8 qN J @ %?P*8.

    - n" *GT !@,T $ f@ #, $.

    - $T K$) #-N ()* q:

    2 -;* $1 ]L - : @N !p . ;$ w

  • 183

    -2 b: @ : , :* +,:

    .'& wN.

    -3 ) : `S ($1 "^ ]L ^L O: J K k

    G ;N , W"R ;" 01 )!J )S , ' lF@! J n

  • 184

    '8 @n -AnT M$ " 2Na " " NS Kn3 " !PN !8 [G [*8

    O: "^ C7 "^.

    .'& #C P!8 hn U 8 -Z $ #! `S !=1 &* 1 Zn 2An~ !

    (Z! S N , hRFf8 ;p = !, CD0 ()* "^

  • 185

    2H !@,T EFI?O: $F2 !@,T :w@, -Uj#-3CD014O:()*

    ()*y^K8T;) ZO:.*K"1:GKA )hp[) $!-8

    w84

  • 186

    -0

    1 C4$U2;FN4MRF@XI4 $#S-=2000

    2 $c:4K)7K&I]h, ,-4 G-9 );$-

    4 2NaqNp.-$U2#S-=OnB !"#:A,:

    4K:F4 $2003H

    3 #&N4$U2M2Na[R- ))N14W&U!$I

    4A:!)T-XTK)U=1995H

    4 =!=$14MbYhnn,$@

    5 4gn D! $ bN I #n4 bP *GT N n&-

    !4Z, $G4M2Na[R"X2001H

    6 4K)7K&]U' N#:4 *GT O:H

    7 * U SF 4 U2 .- qNp 4 2Na u 14 C: -

    #S. $ 4 1992H

    8 * U SF 4 $ gR 4M2Na C: b!!! 8!4r 2004H

    9 W& $ !4U [R M2Na U2 4$ @:- cF, *FZ) A: !4

    2000H

  • 187

    !"#

    $%&'()*(+,-$(

    %.+*/0

    ,1

    !"#$%&'() *+,-.

    /0+1 23 /3 456' + 7 8$ *+ !/ ,'9:3119 ;/? @.

    AB*CDEFG9$H I#2:J8+0K/*!L;8

    MJ43N9+#J456'EF) 501OD691EEPQA!2RSP

    M CD ! /A#T):U0.05 ; $ 8V 2## 2A 8WH

    2RSPQA!"-0XEF501J3 !4+G

    43N9+Y/3456':B*CD;Z!3[7JV2##2A8,

    F\J] 9+M^#"6IKC43N9+#J/3456'E8WH

    C 43 N9+#J /3 456' EF 3 \J ] 9+M ^# "6 ,

    IK_

    /T62'`a !"#a

    aa456'+ 7/3

    Abstract

    The study aimed at investigating the predictive validity for both general secondary test and the

    cumulative average of the university competence test at Jordanian university. The study sample

    consisted of (3119 ) students, all of them were taking the (mid test) in three majors ( education,

    engineering, and management). the results showed that the cumulative average was the most

    explanation for students 'performance in the competence test with statistical significance level

    (a=0.05) than general secondary average in the three majors, as well as the results showed that

    there are differences in the predictive ability of the general secondary average( GSA) and

    cumulative average( CA) of the university competence test in its new image( mid-level)

    according to gender. The differences of the correlation between the GSA and the university

    competence test were for female, as well as the differences of the correlation between the

    university cumulative average and competence test were for female.Keyword: - predictive validity - cumulative average in the university- general secondary

    certificate - university competence test

  • 188

    $239b9c2D*d6T8N-GVNe>f$2D*gH.b5&)

    .Pe@hc21@8i2D*gH.>/j/!Xk/Glm YPEPJY#7

    ! B 9 0 1 0#iM XMR/- 3 @/ nG9 Co k/V b'&J8R- 4+0i

    .+0$R-2fepc2Fb&>b:8q 2000_;

    E#r$H s/*tO l/0+123NX90Ru48H1

    v&! iN!962M#T$H T#w8>-0>iH.x@/4+y

    /zL/0+1'/0+1{F *!9|/Y0})()>/? 2D G7$

    D-!/'~2T/0+M84+y@/2*/*>$DJ8T

    > //9*K B 2E0+1 x @/ /!J 9 t8C 501 456 >-+

    8\X W 5 ,*()23 $ E0+1 5!JP $ \X /3 456' EF 5X)

    $H/0+123O/0+1 E0/3@h0Ru:/.)x@/2D*0

    82013;_

    J3@/ iR!O$0JB 9`{/T

    9+/T$/AR!!DN/b#rHn2/'23

    2/' 23 G8N*+ H # +/XM b 82y/M

    $R Y\\5!JPb/'~23\FD2G8JM

    $23JEGF[*$H 5GMC7PO>MHx~ Gn()-KJ

    ()0@R *!9c*+()@RR/XJM@h+is20*+ M\JH7v

    *+2'&$O':8uG2001;_

    9 $= 3 @/ NX9 c 2F @.P $25XK G9 2FM P #

    8L//![REFM/RP$2/ D$O'y692FgH.EP

    [.1k/GlC@'FN6/S9$MJN9:8/2001;8C|J/vJ2FMl

    4+0KY!>/?8/3R-@'~b#/6 b/#l:m/D82004_;

    @//G9QJ$X[M*$k 9 456'2F8N!/6D9EP$'

    x@/JR2D*EFMH.QA$8bQA\J2+Gb\/0+1

    \#C7PJ2X@RAQA8QA2##J =#T0i

    #W//0+123\J4/3W9sD)()!/XG

    :R&82011;8 %& Z-! k7 () 0 H.k/GF 23 4S! 2## \J

    O-9/D+/L5Pb/.v940yZ+"=/*+B97$b-P2D

  • 189

    2 NXb-P/D+/8$[.P/3456'EF'/0+1/zL`

    XB b@/2/+Dm/F#92##82 D!J3CDq/i

    0+1 / 23/8 b/D/R/}7!.+9EPx@/2D*8c

    b9`//G2+RJ-/XM/#&2/D_

    aB*CD`@2X26'CDH.A:CD

    /';.bG~$>G9n9c/!R+01*+}gH.A8EF1

    /3456'IV()q+' CD/0+123RG9Q2##@/DG9

    . 8A 4& `/X!' *!L n 8/F# / n 81 +0K n 8s0

    hG/ 92|8/D6!Jn8/XMn/98hG/ 9/+n8n

  • 190

    /**1 // 84D / n 8/DE!6# 8-F# nK 8 &EG

    2/X!'9s*~n8bGTPAb'##/Fi++ 7M$/*_

    aDk/i##C`CDH.RG9cQk/i0#wb'JY26'

    x @/ 2D*/zL /0+1 ' 8E3 b i $ @ 2X 26' gH. l @

    e##gH##2_

    >EJ8x@/2D*0/L>J2+ 7=b i$EFMH/6!9@

    yx@/2D*{F x@/4+

  • 191

    !"#

    + 7 !"#`b GD0DJ !+ 7M24+iC._

    `/J 4+y EFM N7 J R/ b#r c /' .

    3b GRAc/0+1@/_

    3 ` bYT t .h* 0J R*+ 40 b' b s

    /3TN*+04-=R*+0c42DtDG4_

    /3456'EF43N9+#J`gG9HEFM.x@/2D*0/.JE

    /'~/0+123$\} /zL/0+1'{F x@/4+y>

    X n b $/ b#6 1 b#6 $ 2## % Y 8n J $

    320122013_

    $%

    /~*+#G9`

    a23 =G9$H/3456'EFM43N9+#Jb#6*+1n$

    320132014_

    aB*CD QA.#2AI`J8+0K/*!L8c.

    EFMR/k =_

    &'

    62O|o Ri 2*+$,XP 8gH.$

    2*+`

    Ei+eni*+0:Morgan,1992;F G+ 72\Ji[(,-.b/#

    /32iDJR/b#rc2:2/8/9/~n8

    /XM n 5/6 8/DK n 8E!6; 8*+ !/ ,'9$:98 ; =

  • 192

    b/#F2M:65;v-82RSP\JX] 9+0XQA!

    /'/@hMDE:0.3187;CD!

  • 193

    CXP00.:2005;.*+0,-()E9MZ+ !RgM*/G9

    - x6M CnR*) ! R! b501J01,'98 @ !/*+

    $:305;=s =2$8,'j/J/'J\GFJ/@hM#~

    \ n 8 QA! 2RSP gM 2X+0 \D!3 \J "- 0X n9M Z+ !RE

    8x6M QA! 2RSPWH i 0X0/A#T)x6ME9MZ+501J01@

    MCD!

  • 194

    8 WH QA! 2RSP $+ 7M /P: 2+G/?/3456'EF

    /!#*!L2/t*!./J*~2@#wIK^#"6,8

    !/+H2MIM2M4+i\J/A#T0"-0XnQA!2RS

    EF2X+J2##>/?/3g56'8/!#*!L"G~##w8

    "6,^#_

    ni:2012; !4+G$%&'(),-.*+J{T 2

    J38$*+!/,'9:306;s=, =9X =$8

    2RSP 6 n QA! / +23 G 8\J ] 9+M 2 EP

    0,*+2O|MCD!

  • 195

    4/uJni:2014;(),-.o !32+G+ 77$8

    /#l+ 78$*+!/,'9:142;8bATX =$< =

  • 196

    +#,#-.

    1DQA`EFNJ !34+i

    B*CD/3456'

    n*)D JXK

  • 197

    0 L +M b/l n*) D JXK 8 O| Z!3 O| + ) {/T

    :Dummy;/G+H5):1;8/GIK5):0;83:4;WQA\ _

    X:4;+Mb/lQAL4+G0 !3

    50MJ/3456'+ 7gT#wAbZ!3O|

  • 198

    IKC43N9+#J/3456'EF8WHMCD!/A#T)0"-0X

    :U0.05;] 9+243N9+#J/3456'EF38,

    IK C 43 N9+#J /3 456' EF 3 \J ] 9+M ^# "68

    456' EFJ 2M ! 4+G EP H.43 N9+#J /3

    # 2A >/? +H C R! IK C b-P 82M ! 4+G D!J WH

    >/?+HCR!IKCb-P43N9+#J/3456'EFJ /3/

    #2A8WCi+9cI#2A// ()

    !4()-SKJ/47N D'*+7_

    /0#

    QA!

  • 199

    a/8C&J_:2012;_N{T 2$3J !"#8ODX*+

    4+&!O89X8E0+1_

    a@/.J)80G8/T_:1995;_ =b/#l# 40RuVP2*+

    f2//XM>/J/Jf808:1;864a83_

    a 8 uG_:2001;_ /G501 T 2/ 40 b/#F CD n !

    0*Wj/2/'8*+08Q/:78;!D8:21;851a72_

    ag#8 !8FJ8x5-8_:2005;_JRiijD GO !/G

    38@i+8JIF :223;881a111_

    aE/ 8 V_:2013;_ o /**1 T ! 4+G 8*+

    ODX4+&!O89X_

    a80 y-8 0. Y:_2005_;Z+ !R @h. 7 $ \ 01 b/#FJ !

    M@98Jf8J@R/#lx6f:19;08:75_;

    ax@/2D*0/.:2013;i+3456'EFJ/6_

    a/uJ 4:2014;bATjOF!DD GO !2u8E/Jf

    3@/40X8f:7_; - Comrey ,A & Shen ,G.(1997). Academic Performances by their cognitive Abilities and

    personality characteristics Academic Medicine ,72. (9),PP:48-62.-Harlow, L. (2005).The essence of multivariate thinking; Basic themes and methods. Lawrence

    Erlbaum: Associates. Mahwah: New Jersey

    - House ,J& Susan ,K.(1998).student Attitudes & Academic Background as Predictors Of

    Achievement in College English, International Journal Of Instructional Media,25(1),pp;29-43.

    -Hudy, G. (2006). An analysis of motivational factors related to academic success and

    persistence for university students. D.Ed. dissertation. Indian University of Pennsylvania. United

    State

    - Morgan ,B.(1992). The correlation between ACT Composite Scores and Grade point Averages

    of first time college Freshmen at an urban state University in Illinois ERIC No :ED 361342.

    - Morgan, D. (2005). An investigation of selected academic and nonacademic predictor variables

    of academic performance of student-athletes at Louisiana State University. Dissertation.

    Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical University and Agricultural &

    Mechanical - Scogin, J. (2007). Predicting first year academic success of the student-athlete population at the

    University of Missouri. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Missouri - Columbi