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Chapter 10Chapter 10

Remaking the World: Remaking the World: Innovation Innovation

and Renewal on and Renewal on Environmental Frontiers in Environmental Frontiers in the Late First Millenniumthe Late First Millennium

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Focus QuestionsFocus Questions HOW DID geography influence the transmission of culture in sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas? WHAT WERE the environmental consequences of the Islamic conquests? HOW DID Japan, China, and the states of southeast Asia seek to stimulate economic growth? HOW DID Pacific islanders succeed in colonizing the Pacific? WHERE DID Christendom expand in the eighth and ninth centuries? WHERE—if anywhere—did civilizations experience “dark

ages” in this period? HOW WIDESPREAD during the history of this period was ecological experiment?

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Islamic WorldIslamic World Military expansion brings contact with new Military expansion brings contact with new

peoples and foods.peoples and foods. Rice, citrus, cotton, etc.Rice, citrus, cotton, etc.

Establishment of Islamic Empire also Establishment of Islamic Empire also connects peoples and allows them to share connects peoples and allows them to share new ideas about food production.new ideas about food production.

Creation of a larger marketCreation of a larger market Relative peace within the empireRelative peace within the empire Together these give impetus to people to Together these give impetus to people to

expand agricultural production into areas expand agricultural production into areas not previously cultivated.not previously cultivated.

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ChristendomChristendom

Military expansion into new areas in Military expansion into new areas in Central EuropeCentral Europe

Establishment of new Christian states Establishment of new Christian states in Slavic lands, Bulgariain Slavic lands, Bulgaria

Establishment of new Christian states Establishment of new Christian states in Asturias and Barcelona in Spainin Asturias and Barcelona in Spain

Expansion into areas of pagan BritainExpansion into areas of pagan Britain

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ChinaChina

Government encourages expansion Government encourages expansion through building of canal systems through building of canal systems and more extensive irrigation.and more extensive irrigation.

Population expands and begins to Population expands and begins to move into previously uncultivated move into previously uncultivated areas or to take areas from other areas or to take areas from other peoples.peoples.

Encouragement of small land Encouragement of small land holdings increases food production.holdings increases food production.

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JapanJapan

Governmental policies encourage Governmental policies encourage population growth through adoption population growth through adoption of new technologies in rice of new technologies in rice production and plowing.production and plowing.

Encouragement to expand into and Encouragement to expand into and colonize frontier regions and to colonize frontier regions and to displace indigenous populationsdisplace indigenous populations

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Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

New agricultural technologies New agricultural technologies increase food production.increase food production.

Populations rise and new states Populations rise and new states appear: Khmer, Viet, Srivijaya, appear: Khmer, Viet, Srivijaya, Sailendra.Sailendra.

Srivijaya and Sailendra are also Srivijaya and Sailendra are also boosted by increased trade through boosted by increased trade through the South Pacific islands.the South Pacific islands.

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PolynesiaPolynesia

Development of new technologies Development of new technologies such as outrigger and new such as outrigger and new navigationnavigation

Spread of Polynesians across the Spread of Polynesians across the Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

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Andean CivilizationsAndean Civilizations

Development of new technologies in Development of new technologies in irrigation provides ability of Moché irrigation provides ability of Moché and Nazca and others to develop and Nazca and others to develop states.states.

Not long-lastingNot long-lasting

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MayaMaya Increased food production plus Increased food production plus

heightened trade in “cash” crops such heightened trade in “cash” crops such as cacao increase population.as cacao increase population.

Elites help support this through Elites help support this through religious practices.religious practices. Role of cacao throughout MesoamericaRole of cacao throughout Mesoamerica

Agricultural techniques spread north.Agricultural techniques spread north. Maya “collapse” may have in large part Maya “collapse” may have in large part

been a failure in agricultural been a failure in agricultural production.production.

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ConclusionConclusion

Around the globe, the rise of states Around the globe, the rise of states and their success was tied to new and their success was tied to new developments in agricultural developments in agricultural technology and production. When it technology and production. When it succeeded they expanded and succeeded they expanded and succeeded; when it failed, they failed succeeded; when it failed, they failed with it.with it.

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A Closer LookA Closer Look

Royal BloodlettingRoyal Bloodletting

Click on link to open PDFClick on link to open PDF

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Today’s QuestionToday’s QuestionDo we have any place left to go?Do we have any place left to go?

Consider Consider The voyages of the Polynesians were amazing feats of The voyages of the Polynesians were amazing feats of

exploration and settlement, opening up a whole new world for exploration and settlement, opening up a whole new world for human communities. They also filled the last great hole in human communities. They also filled the last great hole in human habitation outside of Antarctica.human habitation outside of Antarctica.

Other new opportunities in the time of this chapter were also on Other new opportunities in the time of this chapter were also on ecological frontiersecological frontiers

And the prospect of environmental catastrophe again is an issueAnd the prospect of environmental catastrophe again is an issue

What other environments offer possible destinations for What other environments offer possible destinations for human occupation?human occupation?

Is colonization of undersea environments, nearby Is colonization of undersea environments, nearby planets, or even deep space a real possibility?planets, or even deep space a real possibility?

What are the implications if all frontiers close?What are the implications if all frontiers close?