s UuM d l bB Wud duD YK U DI ed

5DK tK

UM uJ v WOd W*uF bF nK Wu WM uNH Q W*uF s

W*uF s UMUL u Yb( nI* bOKI aOA

bb' WOUd W*uF WNu w rOKF W'UF* rNHK U WOAu d*

ZUM* qOK% WOUL UOLO

2006 _ uU dAF bF

ud duD YK U DI edU DI s; b WR

Wud WK vK uBKUU Ub rJKB bd rJuM UM uK

dLKud duD YK U ]DI ed tK

5DK tK 2276 972 2 29632812 nU

972 2 2963283 fUWOdJ WHB

httpwwwqattanfoundationorgarindexaspwdJ bd

rua@qattanfoundationorgud duD YK U ]DI ed e

ld oUD vM* qd s UL ' U972 8 2838819 nU972 8 2838809 fU

172

dAF bF Wud

Their cruel words hurt me a lot but at the same time gave me the will to challenge them. The principal gave me my schedule which of course was the worst since I was the new one at school. None of the teachers offered to show me the classes or even smiled in my face.

I entered the fourth grade for the rst time, my heart racing and beeps of sweat dropping down my forehead. Trying to be calm I ordered the students to take their books out and open them, this of course I did in English. The students responded in a weird way. Some were whistling some were jumping, some were even dancing and a few were gazing at me. I told them to be quiet, none responded although I gave them the order in Arabic. I screamed, I shouted, I even banged my hands strongly on the table but still everything was the same. That day I went home with a sore throat and a troubled mind and low self esteem. The kids at school gave me such a hard time that I did not want to go back to teaching anymore. The

Enjoyment and Success Go TogetherIn Foreign Language Teaching

Thirteen years ago I was appointed as an English teacher in an elementary school in East Jerusalem. Packed with all the excitement and all the teaching theories I learned through the years I went to nd a small school, with small classrooms and a big number of students. Looking around I thought I can handle all; the students will love the things I have prepared for them they will simply adore me. Now of course before going to the class I had to make that short trip to the principal's ofce. There in a small room sat an old lady who eyed me strangely. Words of welcome did not come out of her mouth, she simply looked at me from under her glasses and said, ` a young female graduate, can you handle the class?` The rest of the teachers sitting with her laughed and said:` we dont think so.`

May Abdo

whole day passed in front of my eyes; the image of those kids jumping and screaming would not simply move away from my sight. So I had to take action, ` if they enjoy jumping and screaming that is how I will teach them. ` I decided that from now on we are going to jump, dance and sing in the English lesson. Believe me it was not easy to start such actions in a school were the basic element to characterize a good teacher was the quietness in her class. My class was full of noises because my students clapped and sang in loud voices (The People in the Bus.) My principal would sometimes go crazy with the voice and scold me but by the end of the semester the change that happened with my students was so tremendous that parents came and thanked me. It was at that moment that I realized in foreign language teaching enjoyment and success go together. The following are some successful games that I used with my students in teaching them English.

1- Begin the lesson with a song, you can choose a

171

dAF

bF

Wud

song that is easy and that can be accompanied with certain moves.

2- Simon says: a game all students enjoy and that can be adapted to teach the students parts of the body or the surrounding items. Examples: Simon says put your hand on your head. Simon says look at the ceiling.

3- Finding the objects: hide simple things in the classroom and ask your students to look for them, once they nd them they can either write a list of the things they found or tell the others what they found. This game is especially useful with hyperactive students as it can keep them busy in nding the missing objects.

4- Where am I / are we / is he, she? etc. In imagination students can be anywhere. They write down on a piece of paper where he or she is supposed to be, and then questions begin. ` Are you in bed sleeping? ` `Are you on a train? ` Of course two or three students may decide jointly where they are, responding to the suggestions in turn (we . . .).

5- I spy: this is an old vocabulary game. Somebody says for example:I spy with my little eyeSomething beginning with POthers guess what it is. Murad: ` Is it a pen? `

6- Stepping Stones: a river with different kinds of stones is drawn on the board. For the group to win, the students have to say the meaning of the word on the stone, or they can spell the word, or even put it in a sentence.

7- Where is it? Divide the class into two groups. One group holds an object and decides on where to hide it. The other group turns round

and close their eyes while the object or several objects such as a shekel, a ring, a sweet, a small doll, etc. is hidden. Questions: Is it behind the cupboard? Is it in your bag? Each student should at least make one guess. Statements can be used: it is behind the cupboard. Question tags can be also used: It's behind the cupboard, isnt it?

8- What are they doing? Many simple actions which cannot be performed in the classroom can be shown in the pictures or mimed, e.g. waking up, washing one's face, swimming, knitting, etc.Students and teams can separately prepare a number of mimed actions (not all the same) in which all the members of the group take part. Other groups then say what they think has been going on, e.g. an accident in the street can go like this: somebody walking suddenly stops, looks shocked, then hurries forward to help a man holding his head, etc.

9- Shopping: the use of this game is to practise the vocabulary needed for various kinds of shopping. These vocabulary games of course can be changed to match the students` level. Examples: My father/ sister/ brother/ and I etc. went to (students mention a town or any other place he/ she visited or the mall or the ordinary market)The other student asks: what did you/ he/ she/ bring back?Each student adds an item and repeats the items already mentioned by other students. The teacher here has another choice and it is to let one student of each group write down the items mentioned by the others. Then each group can present her list of shopping to the other groups.

May Abdo - East Jerusalem

170

dAF bF Wud

References W.R. Lee. Language Teaching Games and Contents. 2nd Revised Edition. Oxford University Press. 1979.

5DK w UAK d fOQ u dF s

169

dAF

bF

Wud

U U c dF* c ou dF* s U uIwUF w UNb vIOu* vK iI

rC uU dO wMb w gOF U dO v UA w Lookat Photos l qLFK 2004 1998 u_ XU uU w Uu Wd l 2005 UF cM u uM dA b* wUL bdL WOKLF td WOUL t uBL qLFU b q wduuH duBK t w WLU UOKO U_ dS WKOL' uMHK uU WOK w duB

dOd

WOK_ UR* lUA* ULL e U dO u q9 U dO w WOH UB duB U 2004 2002 5UF d fOQ WFU0 b 2004 UF cM du UOU rOJ% WM' sL{ pc qL tK WMb w 5DK w UAK UNLE w 2005 UFK WOUB uBK bU u ezU

UDI s; b WR w uKF WUI ZUd

dF* u s b dAM Wud s bF c w c rOLF w WLU* U w p U dO uB* l UHU d U& D WMO bU qJA qQ w bzd Wd

U* c w

Wd 5uE; s XMJ 20051126 20051119 5 dH tK w UDI s; b WR dI v UD pU uwUFK ULK uJ vIOu* luD w 5U UH_ u

UU WR XU 5DK w UAK d UF uHR uU U dO wU*_ uB* Wb rNDI sc UH_ R WOIOu Zd W WQ d_ c XU 2003 UF UNOQ w b vIOuLK wMu bOF bNF l UFU bOF

fKU r( XO bI tK w WOIOu* H( dA WHK

dJ s cM UH vIOu* fb W{ X bdH Wb w vIOu* rOKF ZUd bOF UU WR XIK UL

d fOQ Wd& tbF ou UD 2004 UO cM UNUOUF bOF UU WR UUA U dO uB* o b s; b WR w uKF WUI ZUd tLE wb UbF UN fJF u dF w Wd c UFU 5DK w UAK

w{U* wU sdA tK d WR* dI w U DI

5DK w UAK d fOQ

168

dAF bF Wud

167

dAF

bF

Wud

dOF WGKvMF* U Ub d

WGK U vK Ud cK U1d pU dJ rO U c U* d bI vMF* U Ub d dOF v WUN WdEM WLU* 5 lL WLKF ULKF 30 tO U jd WOMI WOKLF WLU* UdOOG WbOKI UOMOIO oKDM s WuNU d WGK j UL bIM WF* bU rOKF

sd s UMH s UMH_ Ud w UUJ( fO UM

b UB v WUJ Q s ld v b U* UU{ qIM aM dz s WUJ d UN bIM d( dOJH qF oK WE( cK duM UB WE( UNu v dOF

UF gOF rKF d^c dOJHK UO b

UO w rKF nO u WOb VOU d U* U{ nO UC fJF UO( gOF s VJ r =KF nO qO w Ub nu nO qLF rKF VJ s lL gOF

l u UL UNM fO UNO UOK ULOKF `BO rOKF

WOHU U UM UNM bF UOUF vK qL U* UMO WuF uI w J WKO UUO w UNU UU UUO w hI d WUJ WOLM U_U rd WHK nOu uBI UNU w WOU fHM UAJ WKO

UNO oLF w WOb d_ hI UOMI d* UOUJ

5UA* UUD w bb WKI UM WMU qJ U* 5UA* iF d

Wd l b U w wzUM qLFK Wd& q bI UMKL UM q WdF v nOQ Y w WdA Wd& v bM WuHF vK UNM VU w eJ UNS qLF w d WIdD U s e wK Vd UNKF U uBI* U& Wd* UuU sc 5LKF* s rKFK Wd UNKF c d_ 5UA* s rNUE s rUJ s rNUA s UbHU U* vK qLF wc U{d UM oI c rNLOOI ULK rNLOOI be U* uD U W s UMMJ UU* s qJA c dJ

UC tOKU s

WOLOKF qzUuWU) Wud UUO c

c WOLOKF qzUu U vK WdA* du U XU W l qUFU h U* WU) Wud UUO vK e rKF UuF W bb% WU) Wud UUO UN w WMOF WuF tu VUD WOLOKF WF WKO UM WOHO

rKF

s WbI w q YO U* qK v du U WOL Ub v UNM rNU WU) Wud UUO UOKF WOMc UOKLF u( WU rKF WOKL w tHzU

dOJH dc U

rNBzUB WOLOKF UuFB W v UMb r XU{ UuFB iF u v rKF* U WU s rNeO UJ UD l WUJ dI w WU VUD UNNu w s uLKF* U dO_ uO w UuFB wD qzU w UNb WOLOKF WF UM VUD bM WMOF WuFB rUO

tF qUF

166

dAF bF Wud

WUI uNH XKL ULK WOdF* U; pA `{ rd WGK 5 tUJ qu vMF* UO{Ud UO{Ud rOKF w d uK b UUO bF vMF*

UO{Ud w b Uu{u rOKF w WBI nOu

WOd l{ dC UM U vK U U* c v U U{u vMF r KF oOI% q s wUL wUI UNUO w fb r U UU tS UO{Ud fb u{u VU s t wUI UO l Z UNc d uB u{u* c VUDK b UO{Ud u{u qF c d_ wUL wFu UO s eF d_ Uu{u* s BHM U* c s UMU bI c vMF s bOF wUU YO wUL wUI UO sL{ UO{Ud rOKF v ub UMKL c vK UNM cG WUF WUI w{Ud u{u* cG

b_ s b oOI% vK

WUI u{u vK rKF* ndF pA U b_ c s 5LKF* idF UJUA VOd W `KDBL WO{Ud u{u* wUI bF qOFH v bN WOKL U/ v ULKF* u duD WOb* UO{Ud w wUI u{u* UO{Ud w U0 VUD bM WO{U WUI UM vK Y% 5LKF* WUA0 WOLOKF qLA hB uB duD WU WKO WDA duD p

WHK WO{U rOUH .bI vMF UUO

j UNO - WKO WDA duD ULKF* uLKF* U U{ UO( U iF WHK* uKFU WO{Ud Uu{u* Uu{u qLA uB hB nOQ rNUO v WU{U

sU9 qzU WDA UNU vK vMO WHK WO{U

5UA* UIOKF w dFA WBI u{u U U* w 5UA* b `{ l tQ s c bI w WMU dO XU UO{Ud rOKF

rKF rOKFK VUD rKF* WOF

dO b v wdF duD w rU U* c v d U bb uKQ uQ w dF wdF l wOH dO YO

w D

Uu UMU X w bb' UJ_ s dOJ tO U* U{ l{ t s UMMJ1 c odD Wb vK UMF{ U0 bb dOJH WId s e UL bb WIdD Uu{u* UJ_ iF c s YO wb* UJ l qUF w wuK s

qu Wd rU v D qL s sJ9 u U*

165

dAF

bF

Wud

dOJH rOKF WU s WLKF ULKF 18 tO U c dOJH rOKF WU U w wU U XU WOLOKF qd* nK* UBB nK qHD qI uI b vK bL U* U* vK WdA* b U eOH% v b 1 U fO Zu U 5KQ sbU d b q s 5IK kH( s UF UNOK VKG rN{dF w JA* WNu vK sU sdH

uD bIK d v UNKu%

tU/ dOJH ndF v XdD U* u v wU U UN Z WOL XMO UL t WDd* WObu WOdF* UN* s WU WOb* lO{u* w wb dOJH bUM dOJH s uLKF* UcH w WIU WOIOD U iF d

U DI ed l WOUA Wud lUA* w rNKL

dOJH UN eOH% d vK pc e U* X{ WKD Y% UOUF rOLB WFA WK d s tOU uK UJ vK bF dE U s b_ nu* W vK `O{u v b UL WIO W{ dOUF o UNLOOI WKO dO dOJH eH% rOKF WIdD WOUO( JA* nOu WOL

UOK dOJH bI uFL 5KI 5LKF wLM UN YO

5LKF* s WUFH ULU* vK bL U* v wU Xu d qJA WDA_ rOLB UuL w qLF WAUM* s

WU U* w 5UA* 5LKF* 5 d) WUA o L u(

5 qBH wb* rOKF v Wu w uUA* U rb ozUI( uEH WKDU WOuO UO( l 5 e* WdEM u*

WOIOI WOLOKF UUO w UuHu UuKF*

uKQ JA* q u{u vK UIOD uLKF* U UL d WAM w 5F wKLF oOD dEM u; 5 uN d w JA* vK VKG s sJLK wUF qJA UF uKLF

WOFu UO( WOb* UO( w u rNNu

vMF UO{U WO{Ud WUI 12 tO U c vMF UO{UWO{Ud WUI U w d c pA qz d U WIDM s rNLEF rKF WLKF ULKF wLKF bN U* U* vK dU UUO WU l dA wU nB v _ nB s uHB WUJ UO{Ud

uKb uuUJ WKL s

ed l UFU ud duD YK UDI ed rE U UHJ Wu Wud UU ZUd U WbK lU WuHD WOLM UJ wM UN* duD UF* WOLM d) U v b 5 U dH p wMN* uD w rU rOKF w bb WbK lU WuHD WOLM ed dI w 2006 wU uU 16 14

U

ed U db ULQ rzUI dJ rO UU* ZUd ` s WLKF rKF 100 WUA0 ud duD YK UDI UEU; s ULKF 20 v WU{U WEU; b nK

UFU' wd iF d_

b WOOd WLK U WbK fOz `U s wU; vI s rKF* U{u WuHD rOKFU UL d{ UN rOKF u l dB UJ r b uI tMN sR sM U vK dBI dB qJ bIF s* rN c J dF uH q s dO UUL UcO wu WLKF Q

UCM UJ s UOU

U w ud duD YK UDI ed UNLE Wud UU bb UJ uAUM WLKF ULKF 120

dOOG b WKOHJ q uWud WOKLFK wUI wUL UO w

164

dAF bF Wud

rOKF WOd WU w rN b uI c U ]DI ed0 `U U duD w WdH c s UH v 5UA* UO 5DK w

WOMN* rNUUJ eeF rNUN

dOJH rOKF WUd oKF WHJ Wud UU 4 ZUd qL d dOF WGK vMF UO{U WO{Ud WUI UUO c WOLOKF qzUu UM vMF* U Ub qz wU U s q UN1bI vK d WU) Wud du U U1d pU dJ rO dU UUO pA

UDI ed w 5U

U w WOKUH Wud UdE vK UU* c bLF b UN b gUM WHK* lO{u* w rKF rOKF uLKF* qLF wLOKF wUI wUL UO w dOOG WOLM vK ud wUI uB duD vK UN s ULKF* s WuM WOLOKF jzU UN UJ rNUBB rNdF

WOIOD WdEM uBK wKL oOD

163

dAF

bF

Wud

WO UuI* vK eOd

vUF U bd v UOA UO qHD WAM Wb* WAM ub rM U0 UJ uLKF rM U0 5OU uu sJ rKF VKD U* vK tAM VUD WOd dL jI qOM qu* b wF UL v t wCH qFHK rOKF Wb* WOLM s b rOKF s du p uB v d QD) .uI v wF ud* S qF UOA UO QD s d U qbF vK qLF Q UN bFI b fHM vK V t qOI qUA dOOG w UH

lHM U0 wF s uI w UD_ .uI uI wJ VUDK U* U d q WU) dDU UD_ WKUI b tHM UNUJU

dC rUF 5LKF* q s qI dbI WIU WKD WKUF b rNOB S rN rNI rNO WMU rNOL b0 rNHB XM S UN uHu U s uFL U V UGU rNFM XM UO rb pS UcU ULz rOKF w Wd bF qL UK rNOK fJFMO p S ULz o wHM U qFH UF UN b& u rN pdEM uuK Ud q rN WI WKI UNLD% rNbI w UdH sJ sJ wU bO uNH rNb uJ v Ud WOd w rN cK wU dbI rK WI UJ tU1 b c WOBA rOD% s bOF rN uIIO

WUM l Uc WOBA rNz s dOFK WKD U U* U rNb uL' WU d UNL vK qLF b' qL vK w bb Zd s duD rOKF bb& vK qLF rKF UB US UNb% - ZUM vK UL UNbI w cN WOU_ UMK l{ WOLKF d* uU( UU UE s UFU rOKF U w WduD dHD

WOKLF UU v uK WbOKI UO w nB WOK; UD; q w b qOFH

wu Y rOKF WOL Wb* wLKF l rNzUM u_ UO_ W UUL bI rNK s UNM UBU rNzUM tu w UIF r Wb*

Wud dD UNK WU UNOK uu WOUL UNHO oOI% w WOLOKF WRL Wb* bU s WuL vK UJU UNM udI WKD qF Wud

wK ULO UNO U sJ1 w UuI* f_

v Wb* wF w b_ UN bBI WOLOKF b_ 1 tb rOKF s u WOLOKF WKd qJ Q ULK UNIOI% rKF* b v WN s lL* UUO l oH w

d WN s

rKF* UUO 2 v rKF* U w UN* UuKF* UF* WuL UUO tKD c wLOKF u* v qB w UNU

UU w WOLOKF WKd* WONOd WOzc WO Ub WDA s Zd WuL

WOUL WOH

d) UF* UuKF* UB w hB* u rKF* 3 oI% WOM VOU qzU bU p rKFLK WOLOKF

UB

WOLOKF WOKLF UOI W qzUu w WU* UOUJ 4 d d WMOF qzU U vM s uNH uD b pc a V WO v UN vK uBK qOB b d s rOKF V lL w uC tu U u rOKF U WOHM Vu' w WOLOKF qd s t UL oI v WOKIF WOL' WOIK) WOUL rOKF tu V UL Vu' c 5 e qUJ WOU WHB WOK m v WOdI1b U* oOI wUL u s dEM iG d qJ UI rOKF `B UH b fb WbOKI rOKF r U UB WbOKI d_ WOLOKF Ub) WUH b 5LKF* UL WKU dO UL c S Uu WOD ZUM* qOK vK rzUI rOKF UuI q bIH pc wHOu UuKF* `B U dOH bIM UM w WUA* U U* wDF UUUC UO( s WeFM

WdF* UM

oOI% q s Wud WOKLF 5% u dEM rOKF s bNU VdI qI* w WOLOKF UNUd u s vK W UF* UN* U l Ud DK `O t p UUH dOM WOKIF UO( WNu* rNON w WOU_ UB US UNb% - ZUM vK bLF t ULO WUM ZzUM dA c d_ WOLKF d* uU( rKF

UNIOI% sJ1 WO

iF s nAJ w XI b u u WUNM w `{u rOKF w Wd b eF v R w U_ qu UJ b UN s lOD w UIKDM* iF WOK W vK UM rKF w bI tKF U_ d v VUD

s Ud UL fO u Ud UL tH w

Wu U bLWuU U u Wb

162

dAF bF Wud

WKD b UN Uud WOKL rOKF qF$ nO

WOU W wM lOD UN s w UIKDM* r WKD b UN Uud WOKL rOKF qF WOHO s qzU* vM vM UMd WN s rNH WKD WN s WKD rKF* 5 WdA* Wd UF U vK WLzU

b WOHM WL UM fOzd lb w WOU uO* qC_ wA v WOc WOFb Ub% Wd UM b vK vH Wd rOKF V v WKD lb w u_U dOG Wd dOJH V oKDM* c s W b W d V s U

tM ueF rNKF& WKD dHM w u_ tO

Wu bL

rOKF Wd& w{u UM ]w WMU dO WK_ c q XU bI s UBI YK Wb dOJHK wMF p sJ v_ dLK XF{ b Wud WOKLF oOF c u; q9 w u_ c b eF c q v WKD lb w U_ iF vK b Wd u U rOKF v oKDM lOD nOJ rOKF w Wd

WKD b Uud uJ

U_ U rNz vK U XL sc 5d* iF e b c U s WuU U Wb w ud bd* bL

wK ULO UNKL YO rOKF w Wd b eF

rzd' UA dO_ W{UH w qL* wUO l{u 1 w Wd b VUD bM oK TO l{u c YO

rOKF

gOF UNLEF YO WOMODKH d UB l{u 2 vK UK dR b c WMd U{_ V dIH j X% rNzUM_ wLOKF VU'U q_ d b v R WKD v R U rN gOF WLI dOu vK rNUL U V

rOKF s rUF rNzUM d VUM* u' oK

w VOFA d WdH dHK tUd b UNM* WuF 3 c q qL% w VUD qU UI v R U u* iF dJH uL' XOA UO_ iF w V w WOR*

WKD iF b

UIzU rKF* U sJLO Wud rNUd 5LKF* iF rN b 4 s UU Wud WOKLFU tUL b fJF YO WKD U rOKFU dOJH s rNdBO WKD s dOJ bM wK dOQ

eOOL q rKF* q s Wud dO UdB UC vM rNUFb b sd U vK rNCF UL WKD 5 U c U qJA rOKF U qJA rKF* s uHM v rNz vK rNF u UM WKD iF b rKFLK WKD V s lU WOLOKF U* V b vK vH

WF bU U* XU u

lOD c rKF* u `UM rKF* S l{u* dbI U rNUU v dF s UJ b tO WKD bA W'UF rNb uL' d hB( UD w Wud dD Wud UN c WKD iF UNKFH sJ1 w qUA* hH sM DU b rOKF w dJH 5LKFL UMOK R rNb Vu* duD UN* UuKF* qI WOKL UU w UMF{ U D rOKF WId s w U UMH rNb pc rNUUO D hzUB tb - U tH R v b q bL u WuKF* qI rbF WOHO u W{ bM czbM UMb uJO WK_ c q0 rNb Wd c w Ub wC* rKF* UUO WOK

rKF rOKF w

X% bM w UOK b' 5dK wUL l{u 5 d TU) dOJH v WKD lb U qLF s 5KUF uNH w WU X rNUM _ Uu U qLF Wb* UF WHO vK uB( uN* qI* s UA W

UNM

c w UdB sJ1 w d_ qUA* s bbF pUM bO vK qLF sJ1 w u_ d bB s UNdJ UI* V cN tU w Wd YF rOKF WOKL s rKF* VdI

161

dAF

bF

Wud

sU UMQ r zUH u WUI* c WUN w w UM_ VdU UK WO WuOG pK s WUH vK UI* c w d b d U dG UM U UI VK UNQ bO rK wM_ WUI* c WU w dO d wMQ WODLMU pL U% dOOG q id w u_ iF wK dR w UMKF tQ UU bI c bOKI ud UD) s dIO d c b ]wK Ue b sJ dbd s lMLO Vd

5U W w Vd UMQ dOc tH ud U w U sM ud duD Y q s ud YK 5IU UMb lCM UA qLF bN' s be* UMU odD Wb w UM UFL* UB v ud UM qB `OB odD vK WODLM tOK U c dHB ld* s UF WbI*

WOMODKH Wud UR* w Wud WO

w dEM bOF Q ud UEM w 5KUF lOL bU wMS c WO ed dF w UFU' WU WbI* Wud U_ w WO R UO bO$ UMOKF wMODKH lL* w WOC VOU s dOG ud bOFB vK wMODKH lL* rN Y w bb& I WDI dF WO lO{u* pK UM'UF VOUQ Wud UUUC W UM vMO wMODKH ud q vK UB b u vK sU UMKF& bb WONM

UNdF w VzuA s Wud UMU WOIM UFB

bL -U uKF fb d ZUM* w uWOb uG WUu bU dbWOMODKH UFU' w dH dO bU UEmail hdahlan@iugazaedups

5DK w UAK d fOQ u dF s

jOAM UL s UN b WOMODKH Wud WO UR*UHO UL wMODKH Zd) u0 UL ud Y Wd

160

dAF bF Wud

WO WuO

rOKF UL 5LN sdR s UI UFL* b bI WO WuO w gOF UM U sdAF U( dI UMK bI w wu wL dOOG b bN c rOKF UIK vK dF wUF rOKF YO duD wLKF Y WDA wUF

UUOC WOLM JA q( 5 ULKF du UFL*

-U

5b `M9 w UFU' s bbF bu wMODKH bOFB vK UBB s bbF w dOU* W WOU v_ 5OFU' w u*U UI WOMODKH UFUK WO Wd dF w

sUO* lOL w duD u Ub lb WFUK

UR* w ud Y s b Wu c w wM bI c wBB sL{ lI t_ U qJA WOMODKH Y l UMKQ U S tu l{u* w b w bNQ Wud WO UUC w Y UM U UMH b$ wMODKH ud uFI uU UL w{U* dI s UOMOF w WLN XU s rd vK U XK dJ WbOKI WO sUM u q UM U% bF ZCM r X U WO sUMF s bbF UM UM eHI w WO R pK U UNUM bN' s be* c cQ dLU dOG UMu s rUFU sdAF U( dI v wMODKH ud Y 5 w b* wJOUMb U* u d c sU wJOU U* c tUJ d qJA ud YU dBM* dI s UOMOF bI w Vu b wJOUM UE u U qJA wMODKH U qb s qP ud bOFB vK Ub* b* tAOF c dBFU oOK ` bB d c bb(U dEK UNb% UFBK UNUI0 U dH w WOMODKH WFU'U

WO{U* 5M u UN d w WOUI

s UN b WOMODKH Wud WO UR*U bI U u{ w Zd) u0 UL ud Y Wd jOAM UL VFA qI w dOQ vK U uJ YO UHO UL wMODKH U WOMODKH WU( w oO nDFM0 d/ UM WU wMODKH U UM p s r_ bb WOMODK ZUM UM s UNdF UI q s UNOK VKG UFB WNu vK UI wMODKH WO sUO* U WOMODKH WuN vK WEU; dL w eOL* WOMODKH WLB UH{ WUM* vK sU UMKF& w

WO sUO* lOL

w e UMS ud bOFB vK WO WuO w gOF UMQ r U X WOzcG UNLO W{U dO UL wM$ WB dO bu WOzc WLO UUI UM Q UM{d c WOB WONM UMUR q w ud Y W s dF c dL c q t tu c wubO UD) w W UM bI U Wud UD) p Wu w uB s ud ULC* w b' uU

UN t'UF WOHO dUF* WO UJ wubO

WOMODKH WdU bO ]wK Ue b tH ud UO w WO sUM Xd w ud duD YK UDI ed w rKF U/ WOduM U_ WOzd U_ q WLN UN'U w lO{u* s UdO wKQ dOJH WOLOKF Ub WO R UO w qQ* dJ w dUF* w ed* p Y w Wd& t ` ULU UcHM WUMF UNUM w W{u tLB t sJ wMe dL dG s rd vK ud p v WU{U UNd UUd w sU_ lOL w s UNF qUF w WO VOU_ w dUF ed*U WO UFL* q wKI( qLF WR UuL* qLF

Wud tU UD q lI w

WOU WO WK_ d w 5ud 5U s c R* s UNAOF w ud Y W s R* s s d UM nO tAUF c ud UD) W s UM vM nO ud Y bOF vK WUe oM

UMOK dDO X U w ud Y WuO s oOH

Ub w UU UNA w wd Vb dO WK s WMO c wMR X U w UOKF Ub WKD U UNA UOKF w wbd U b wKF wMODKH lu w qQ v wub dF Wud WO U{ tO c rKE* odD c WMd U_ w UMU& wM WO dO* dOOG D WDIM

UNOB

159

dAF

bF

Wud

l qGAM u ULO WU v d XLBU uKM nB Wd w UF UK qOK) s nO{ U d b tHO{ b Z( rU tH UM b rKF* l d - bF nB Wd uO w UMLK U( w U UMODF UM VK bOL(

dC b s UL

WUJ dI s sJL s bO W vK U UF p vCI qH dC w UU mK rKF* UM VK u U(

d

vK w l{ b vK UB( ru U wU uO U w Ub UUMK 5 Wb* u UMOA `LI s 5O qG

sL 6K d iO u( UOQ WbJ UNU

WLFH WOUD WNK rKF* U

Wb* cO q UU9 uJ dI uO r WOUEM

t q UMOK t nK ` tu W vK sd wJ U UHJ td lO bM WU _ pK s wOB U

sd{U( U

bF UN c uO v X U WFz b Wd& XU UO w WKU2 Wd& vK dF wUFUD w `O WKu uM tIH vK Wb f c uu wd V_ UNU Wb XU WdBOI UO w UNu s v_ w WU) UO Wd( b vK rzU UNUEM UHK bF ZNM UE

UH

U v Wb* v uc uQ uu Wb w UH_ kH( W WOLOKF b UM fO uNA UL uFK Wud uu WHK UUJ UuI d Ubd w U* rKF w qHD Wd WdH WU b vK wMM tOKI rKF* W c UHK dI* ZUM* d b VA Wb* c w fbU tH uu rN b U 5F _ d bbA dQ UNO dN w fbK VJ iF n] Wd& sJ WKO WKO n WM WKOK wU WU wdF t bF Wb* d v dD{ u dL r uu WdA U r tUO UM w FK UOF U v dH

WdJ dQ XIK r Wu uAM s U Wb*

dD uNAU w rOI rKF VUmashhourbatran@hotmailcom

guN38 37 2005 uK Wud s 19 18 e* bF w UNM _ qBH dA - b VUJ UNOK qGA W s wU qBH u c

dC_ jK WU WIDM w rG UHU 48 UF bNA dD t b uL 1uDU tM iOF UM w U{ sJ r WKd* pK w s uNH 2

5DK w UAK d fOQ u dF s

158

dAF bF Wud

tK U WMO b w

dC w WdH WIdD wMQ wMuu U/Q wK U

wO pL u uNA

wU_ XU uNA 5K

Wd wMK b s wU tdC w UMLU dF dE XOI tOd vK wdI bN fK r nB uK wM 2u rNLEF D WdG w WOUAJ WFO U s WuM vNI* wd tA VA s wd vK nB w bu _ vK uFd rNCF bU vB W dU s u UNOK rKF* WU w b WU wMO nD dOGB vB( uIB* u( s lD dOGdJ 5IKI

r sJ dOUD u uK vK WUJK u( b U0vB(

UE( bF sJ UM UN dHO UNb U0 t dU w dDcO b rKF* U 5 u' b

dAFK b UF rOd

dAF v b b UbF vB( p1 rOd

dAFK b UF uNA

U UFA wH vK X tMJ XIH

XO v uF UbM `M WUI d* w Q U_ uO pId w d9 w UO_ bF U

pOUA rMG

UJ* w wM U w WH_U uF wdLG bFI vK XK WOB dc odD w sLD U u vCI `OB XU UNMJ wId w UN d w UO_ b XU rKF* UNuB wK U bL WHOI v XK UbM dAF UNK

sCG* wN WzU qOL'

pU U g dAFK b b

b WOMO WdL dAF UNFU d WDO dA W UM b

ue XU UNLN XKL 5

UO b tK u q W%UH d dF UL UU*

UNQ UNM XF

Wb* w wLKF X

rKJ WOU UN eN

pLK 5 VO

WOAM Wd d

UM s XLKF

b dAFK bF w d _ X$ UNb vK cJ w UO_ q b XM 5K_ UUL UNu l UNFU u UB W%UH UNb vK XLKF U s ULO wMUB UU s v V UB w XMJ WDO UU( iF U U cO U wUD dF WOU dOc e

U_

W%UH kH uO

B wd v dM tULK rO ezUM uB UMOK U b bL s tLKF U b vK d w tF d U ` bL vK UNd cO U rKF* UM UOAM XO v w XdH w vK d d UNd qHD XdH t b

UNdH Xd

UF u' WbLK wzUL e dN bF dN u bF Uu dI ZUM WU rE Wb wN WMOJU wu u wd dA UNO WHOI s U Wb* U q d

u( s lD

bzd' e dIU dI* VJ s iOF rKF* U d e uI lO bM q WU) t iF VJ nO UMLKF wJ XML fO s WFD dC t d

WLKJ nBM w XML WLK w 5 d

cOLK d{ b r bB l VU' 5 U_ U w tb u( qIB 5UA* vK rJ U UF u w tF{ d s U* qAM rNUF UUO uK vK WUJ

de

QA bI rKF* tMJ c XO s e u nB U U* w tuO{ qI U U dO tuO{ l Wb d

157

dAF

bF

Wud

UIO jd WAzU WU( UL( Ub eOOL WOUJ d) pK 5 UCO jzdA sNDd bO WU( dL WBF UNUU

azU uB UF sdB qL b 5K_U VCG mK

UM dB*U d WMO U wOOOOO

XHA sNHzUI eG d' wMc q V c fO s dOGB b sNKU XM wu) w 5 DI TU w UL_ UO q_U cK 5DIU wuO T WOU) W

su

s dD iG w b U( v qK wH d UUO WU WK UG pK s XHA u( U wU WeFM gOF UNUOMO d w bFI d t b bL UN uKF UNO U q d u( oB dOI WHOI w rUF s w WLz e W bUJ UNN w uIM W t c UNu vK d dDI dE td rUF vK vC dE 5dOJ UNOMO

u WF{ e s UNUO tO X U

UNHOI U Vd nO XLKF bI eF s WU( c w XU U* l UN vM v U d UNu d Ue rz WIdD vK u{u od UUM1 UM w WUD U* d UbO tUI

UN bM e) d UH s UU

s UB w u% wN UOu UN WIdDU dJ WuD UNUO YO d 5 s ne WLA* UNU v U UNHOI WK d9 UH s UM dONE bM ne fLA dIHU oOK UL qQ nUM e) s nO nB XH 6 qQ u( C s dO UL UD UAF U 5OD ld XU eF QO uF UN b 5 dU dO dU

WOU UL v UNb

wUF UL u wK dO U wwU( wcu wO bI gO

U d* cN wbA U w pc w UN b bIw Q WH UMMO

uFU 5

We VO&

u WL u( w UMF sJ U gO

eU UNMAK uuIO

UNOK oHA wN bL l bO W vK w XHA U_ l

wbF U*UD UNu UN ld d 5 s UNLL% UNLFDWOD d* c V wdUA s b

Uu b w XU UN_ U_ pK w UNM WuGA XU w sJ Wd uH XU qUA UNKG XM dOB q UNIK q U u bzU dO s sJ Wb* v wb

wFL vK w_ XU tCd qO

vK UFM WU' WM UU s bM WM tdI p u Wb*

dJ cJ bO U_ UB s vM w X U lU r Ub w XKL UU s Wb v b s wMU U

UNQ bOL' 6K Wzd de d d_

6K 5* UU s(

gO fu pdI UA

UN dJ WOU WOA Wu U nI wA* s d bF UNOH UNQ U* UN Vd vK dF

bb' pb U

5D s WOM Wb wN v_ WKuK wMFHB eLU uF VK w Wub WON Uu UNBIM W dOG U( UNU w UMH oOKF gM s seb WU 5D s U

w U WF{u*

ULOK u U w

tu b WUI dOB q UbM WOu dLF q UMOK dQ U UNCI bM UO Ue WO( t tCO

uL

b s Wd w vK b

tK U U pM

6K d tUM w t XU

fu tdI b s Z U p bu c

l{u qd VO

156

dAF bF Wud

w wI UbM wUO wK pK v dODU XHG dG vK Uc lUI oOK w dOGB w dQ dLF b

.b wU u l

eFM dA vK tKL bF t wbI* bMJ s uD UMb% wUDK XD bI VOO tP d s tU tQ rUF s WUN rUF WUN UN tK b d o r tK rUF vK oOC s l rUF tOK dOA bM U sJ wuL q_ UL vK tUDK j bI0 bMJ Wd sdM U uIK dO d tKL UBH t uFM WUG c

U UOF dOD wJ rK s WFD 5Iu*

c Ud s U WOBA UHG tOQ Wb uM w u s U gd s W b 5 bMJ uD b dUG* WOBA d VQ WuU uM w Wd lU Wc Ud u w oOKU d _ `$ c UMO u wdH

WOd dzUD UU b

WdI UL w u UMzU b WEzU WOMdA dON UMzUJ c d XU WOUB We UNd XH dU dQ UdEM WU WH UCH w oK% w WOF dJ WM WU uIBU UM w nG WAb UNO dE

UFHU Xd bb s UMzU X uO UN WKu

q( u c

5K_ UUb dF b u( WU v Wd Xe u wFS dOA UN XK 5 UUI s UNOH dH w b

dzUD d_

UU s Wb

UL WHODK UdBF rzU w d nUM tA vK bd dO_ wUJ u bIF d N u( U w qD s U b iF UNCF WKB WOU P b w dJ UNM w WIUA We UD bF r wA) rK dQ d wdQ d UeuOG u u oK 5UM rK qOK w

dD uNA

wu

XU UdB XCH r UNH X% s dE

uN UO U uN UO

UN U WOU uL w QHD v_ WLKJ u d wL QUNQ Wd vK uDM WLK s

uNO 5

d0 bNM VO&

1bO uK wK uNO

u% U bOK dU w bG UL wK w dJM U w VA s WObM wHM lM UL s TUH qJA s b vK UNO u Ud s wd vK bzU wH r dd UO vM UNM qzU UB oI UO) lM

wObM UIA2 wU ULK b uB bAM UK_

u tJM VA U u UuU a ud oKDU bF aw b nO VA U u U

wKLB Vc V dB) q lLK

sNKU sNHUM w WKGA sNOK d{ d w VKI bF r Xu iF seHO dOGB vB(U sNO bIF u s d v VKI Q wMdF 5 tM r w sNUJ v b X bI UD* s WHOIM Ub d sNUUL e UL(

155

dAF

bF

Wud

guN

5DK w UAK d fOQ u dF s

UU dA uMF Ud VUJK bBO U s wU qBH u c dA b _ qBH U WUJ vK WKD bI duD dG WO

Wud s dA U bF w c rNUUI sU dI bF bF b h u Yb( dOB UM 1 hM UOu/ Ud r KF*WL KF* bI dC uIK lb U X UNU_ WUC d r tM D uI bOB tB WKB;U ZM hM l ` w U VUDK d V

hM vK dOF Uu{u qJON bF UUD b b _ qBH U 2

wUJ UNF XUF w v_ WdA r WuU WKd* s Wb* c WK 3 WGK UN U WK s WOU WdA XU dA* c U$

XdO WFU w WOdF ULA UM fKd UG UD( 2003 nR 4

v_ WFD dAM WUDK u$ 5M s q hM c WU w d D t b UL UU9 5

dB( U UU uL qOK ULO tb dO s q hM c WU w d D t b UL UU9 6

bOH u bL dF qOK UC UwJd VU d

U _ WL) dUMF s dOJ d hM c u UI sJ1 U 7 WFO bb% w UI Wed* rN b uIO wHJ WKD tHA d WK nAJ WOUJ UO wMF c WHK* Vu' w hM

UNKbF d{ d d UO u WuHA rdUI w w WKD UIOKF s oOKF c cG 8

wK_ hM qHD VUJ bIF w dHLK d tO UIK UJ sLC 9 WFU' WK Wb* WK s oK* c X bI UNOUF b U& rNOU( duD cN VU s hM rOOI rNF w UUF w oK* U Wb* dH*U d_ o KF 5 dH* UIK VUJ d dB( fO U* qO vK tO WK 5D beO UJ dH d tKFH r tOK u u tuI ? r dH

vK VB tuI vK UN zUF q UNU kU tK U dN s 5U ee 10

WMb* s tO b r{ U t UNO

154

dAF bF Wud

uHA w d* u l WLM U hM c w U D( d uB w Ud w WdG U uJ* s dO w hM c w R* UNO UNUL w WdG hM c sJ1 c d _d* b^F dH* UI WKD k w qHD dH* UI c dE WN s w tF rU UD( W bI u UL UL b WU( c WKK qJA UN q dG UNO l dP b v dd _e Udu _We Udu w u WU( WuN WF WUO w We v U Wb* WK h UH w WJd w UL QUJ* w UJd uJ UNOK r UG l UN v U WFU' WK h w d r qFH u d W{dH* t GO B UuJ d_ d U bF p s p vK qHD wM b U qHD UU l WLM _

uB

nMF ld dBMF 4 nMF W uJ WKD U hM c UDI wB U w dA w d* s qF hM VU nJ r Ub VUJ d bI UO dP UNKOK wHA dd uLJ vK uBK bOu q( Q WR dO UF UO d_ d E w tII% UUJ qI VUJ qF qI u VOD e U cN UI*qHD bM d WODK QUJ UG UO WU vK sJL* t _ dD) UFA WU p qF hM uDF* dBMF c WKD `K bI UO dCU d c b ddA qLFU uI s VdGd uKF Q wK_ hM w WK vH bUA duB bbA nMF dz s rNHQ Q obB s WFU' WK vH t UUI VdG dC Wb*

wu dO

hM WG fU) dBMF 5 r dH* dz w dBMF c u WKD UIOKF dB eU WOEH Vu v ud WKL' UM u U v UbF eU UEHK WuEM w UI qb VUJ dH d bO% w UNUMQ WOCI c I WOUJ td UB vK qLF U v UU UM wH UJ c s U qB wM UNUI* rNUF rNK w We s hM WG vK WKD W b VUJ WKD k 9dH* v dEM W Wb* WK tOK UNLN dH* UI vK VFB dH WFU' WK 5 w WOU( w dH* c udA s b uDI tO bF* hM w Uub w dH* dH* UIK sJ1 WF dO wK_ hM VU dH WFU' Wb* 5dA s WKD lL bI UNLN U w vK j qOdU r U w ? r q dH w UN uJA U w U b vK j WKD lL V s U w V Ud{ tOK UN uFL hM c UI dH* u* s vK UF c WF UB b W{dH* wUF* VOKI dH* vMF s Y

qHD UI dA WuJ; dI

oOKF vK oOKF 6 WOu{u 5 Y s uA c bF d s u U hM vK rNLJ w WKD tO q u U WO `L VULK rNd WUGK bOF wF d uB u dA* Wb l dzU XU w rNuO w dH UAU dx rNd f bI tu uKFH U b dFA s WUJ s ` cK UOU Ud tuU c dH*

UO UM fO d l qu

U) w XM WIU Ub d bF r KF*WL KF* UJS wd UN d UuB U lOD t WU Ub t U U0 uuI v tK vK UN{dF dH* UNzU WOuB lOD sUM WKL u wU p l WFU' WK Wb* WK UI uNH .bI bF q UNu WUJ tK Q rKF* UI r r UuL qLF WKD b qCH dH*

WdH WUJ v uNH* aOd bF UI

WdI* sUMF UNO b% WLK 5L V dH* UI uNH .bI q

qH d suNH* .bI bF

q lzU u dH* UI hM WU bO tc r qHU lL r dH* UI hM WU bO

UNO b% WLK 5L V dH* UI uNH .bI q wb* eU w s db u dH* UI hM WU bO uNH* .bI bF

Wb* UNO b% WLK 5L V dH* UI uNH .bI q

tK WMb s ee u dH* UI hM WU bO uNH* .bI bF

105U b% WLK 300 s UB V dH* UI uNH .bI q

b 5 wMO WF WFO s tO b w r s dH* UI hM WU bO uNH* .bI bF

UJd w vd b% WLK 300 s UB V dH* UI uNH .bI q

5DK w UC dN s tOuNH* .bI bF

UMU w b* U dH* UI hM WU bO w UdL d w w dH* UI hM WU bO

dNA c aD*

XdO WFU w d{U u vu

153

dAF

bF

Wud

uuI rNFL rNM Xd WdI nBM w uFM uEIO rN rNdM nO dE

u qOK rN rNdM nO dJ w XO v UG U UD( W UNFL qOK nBM w uFM uEIO X uJA UU b tFL c s XdG

WOU( w uJA UNOK dDO WIK VKDO tdO v Uc UD( d UF t UD( d J rNH e N WdI U s WOU( w bU* WuF* u Ud dE UD( eM v uN& RH uKL UNM p U Xu sJ Wb w 5L uU w bF r UbM t UD( q lKD c UJ* u Uu uFL UcU Ud WOU( uL KF uBK d rud{ ruJQ uBK U q U b_ v rd r s WdI XBK U vK rNH vK 5MLD U uUd r rNuO v WdI

rNd q

wU hM

WOdF WGK UN WK t b UL UG UD( h6XdO WFU w 136 r U

w dOG u w t l gOF dOI U D UM U VD( lLO dJ tu s UD( d U_ b U v uFK bF U ULMO UMK tFO v WUG s _ vK vIK WO u qOL UG tU XH tO

dOGB tu v tF tKL tbU* UD( dQ qHD tUM UGU wMF d _U UD( d r d l UM nDK tKUF tOI tLFD UJ dOG q tKL v tId 5Ib UG UD( ` U_ ` tKL w U UD( U tM td tOK U U UU tU s v UN qO qLF UD( qI UO dU UN Q d lL s UD( s J9

UG tIb t l tO gOFK U( t{d r U L u u ob UDK U gOF v tu Wd dI UD( tIb tO q c s qOMK jD obB c VF bN c U w w UD( tIb XO XO v qK dI tIb UD( tIb XO v obB t u qOK s dQ WU UEIO U YO UG d w HK) U s q UD( u UG n UD( v dzU d tF U r UD( kIO v Uu bB c UM q UbM tIb UJ v bd v UD( v tL K t pQ td U tIbB UD( Tu

w t l UF UD( U U LD WUN w c XUUF URK9 WU UO UG tIb

hM s D nu s dOJ uI 5 bF* 5BM `{ WFU' WK s Wb* WK s 5dA uI wK_ UI U& WOR* WOL b r wK_ hM VU Q dI c VU r UM ld YU nB w qHD dH*

tU UuJ s uJ V w _U dH* UI

UNU X9 wK_ hM w 7dUM WL k* s vK oOKF u wK U 5 bF* 5BM w UU& wUU -

8oOKF vK oOKF r dUMF c W s 5bF* 5BM

UM WbB _ dBMF 1 q UF w uJ U sJ dCU uC _ w bBK UNOK wMM U r r UNL WbB b WFO u WU UO s Wb vK WBI q wMM UIdH sN bI UI l UIK dOB ULNOB w WKD b vK j UG uJ b wFO qFH U* WNJM UL FD jOD lLK U t s tu lL wFO s_ vK vIK vK j WO UD( UG 5 XU w WF vK wM U 5ML qLF VO UFMI uJ vK tb hM bI b VOG dOb dOB YO t u cJ XO b vK uBMK WuHA rNb w WKD U UMUO dO w UOOz ULJ c UD( u 5J b vK j UG WKC UD( UO c qbF w b vK UG j UNH dE gOF UD( lL 5 qFH U* vK bOQ dBMF cN WKD d qFH UOIK bUA* tF uB u t u UG 5 u bI We db U0 tLK 5 UDK UG QUJ UI b UeeF b u QUJ* r qFH U* WKOC WKD

hMK dH* UI qHD

k( wU dBMF 2 u s qOI UOF s Wd WKD k hM VU nJ r w k( VOKG qFH gOLN w dG q b vK j WHu UOM UD( s qF 5 d_ UO qI qOJA bM v dEM b q b vK j s rCN vK d c b UU WUbM u w UD( tOK d c Vc r WKD UJF UBM q bK w qU dU pK s fOQ w qFH U* WuI l UU U p rN d UL UU9 Q r dU qF WO vMG U UGU UD( WF VFB Wb i0 dOB b UL UU9 lu w dOB UN qO qLF w dU D wB w UD( UNFK nO suHB dBMF cN rNKbF w D rF bI vK bOQ wU qLF WOb vK bOQ _ b e

bOL( rNuK eeF d_ uK qbF w WbB U

ddA _ We YU dBMF 3 WOFA dO uBM s dO w WOFA UUJ( w d* W dF s bbF s w w wu w WR

152

dAF bF Wud

w s ub r U) bM uIK WKD rL U VOOG UL{ w WAb c WA s WU tMN rOL w s L bI d_ t LN s wMF u UI* U) UN uH b dF UO dF U) pc o vK r WKDrL W bzu s dOJ

d_ t LN s* WNu WUJ WLK 5L) WUBH uI U BM UbMF w u d_ t LN c c l qu WO jUC WKD 5IU 5BM w UI U q hMK dH* UI uR rN rNH ud dH* UI ud 5 dI UO( WuD XO uBM WIOI( p uKFH 5

rKF* WU vK

WMU s 5 UH h wU) dA* 3 r u/ dUF

fJF UuJ UB uM dA* c cOHM WKD Q UB uFUD UM rNO VKD dH* UI U& rNOU uM r dH* UI U& hM c VU WOU ub ZM UI WOU( c UI WuH dUI v_ WKd* w UI UbM l p dO hM w b UB WKD r KF*WL KF* eK dA* cOHM `BM dH* UOG UL{ WKD qF eOL UL{ ULNL XLB WuDK W bI rKF* UNOFd _ uH qJA dOB w t u UM bN* hM vH WKD vK hM u qC_ UD( uM qL ld YU nB w dH UI Wb* w WuU WKd* WK dA* c cOHM w d 4UG VKD WOdF WGK UN U XdO WFU WK WOKO$

wFU

hM

UG U ]D( lLO WUG w U_ lDI dOI UD U U_ s u w ULMO tKL s UD( vN bF UMK UNFO UA_ UD( qL b vK j qOL UG qOdU rN Ut l gOF U YO dOGB uJ v tF UG dOG qHD tUM UGU wMF d Q UD( d r ` dOB d bF UM nDF tKUF tOI tLFD UJ UBH vK ULb uI 5LOL 5Ib UG UD( UH UD( tIb u u q dEM UG U d s

5M WHN dH tKIO dB WUbM u w VcU UOK UbM UD( b u gOFO qI UL dB d UOM UD( `Q W1b d XU UD( W sJ UG tIb t l tO bOu UN L U dA bI(U UOK UNK U WO dd dJH cQ UNU UNbu tODF UN U vK wu

UNQ oOI WId w UN O UN u w u bOu q( b dOJH u bF U k( s( 5J* UD( q vK UNO l XIHU kH ULNMO c u( lL eM* w uu UG w uO UD( qIO Ud We c w WKL' qIO tIb rK ddA d* Uu UG rN dd

bOJ* c s cIM r U p v U tO v UD( U U* w d tH vK nu tO UG d v XO q J UD( Tu dd w uO UD( qIO UOU tUO bN dD u u uJA U b UG

d_ WIOI rN UOK d J bF UD( tM UM qOK nBM w ddA We oOI U U tHO dH vK Ud{ UNU dd w tUF UM nK QU UG tIb qCH t WKO( tM b UD( dR UD( j qBO U V s VdO U

WdA v ULNL K UNIOI t WOI vC UNFL t d s b_ v UD( hKu* s cI c UG tIb l tUO

WuHA rdUI ub UuL w hM D d bF Ud d w bF d l hM WU U tu

cN hM dH* UI WFOD WOU ULN fJF

bF* UBM UL UOU UBM

_ hM5Wb* WK t b UL UG UD( h

uAOF UF UNUJ dLG WzU Wd U s U U U U sJ r t U D U u_ b w w U q qHD tK rNdO UOKB ULz UU UH ULNb qOK s dQ X w uF d tQ qL UD( U lL XO v uF od w UD( U ULMO u w U&U U UD( dG WOU( w r_ u UMO U Ud dzU UM b U UM uB tO v cQ d U D( dJ qFHO U UG c Wd qLF c w t tU t vM XO w

ULNKH tQ t UOMF WOU( w b vMF0 U WOU( w b qLF dU UO U D( c U ` v WKu uM d u Ud lC U* w bBI qI pc tO gOF c s qL d UO dA U WdI X u% U_ s u w tO gOFK t UD( WOU( w u) dA Vd WHO Wd v WzUN dO rUN uD uBK s WuL UMN UNUJ 5 XU ULMO UO_ b w WKO q XO vK WOU( w s 5d U s WuL XO WIb w eM UG

151

dAF

bF

Wud

vK WU_ Wb' s WOU Wb VUD v K V rF lOD U UB ZM UbM UD) u vK WuKF* u u* qIM w dO) v b VUJVUD u vK WU{ bb WuKF tUbM v nOC w U o UB UNII% b sJ dCU bO WuKF* UB UL UU9 WO vK uH UO TO d_ s b U( wQ d)WU{ u UL s Yb( w t I bOF u* dO s qF& w WAb oK od s pc qJA uK b( vK `HM tKF& UO c d w dEM

eOd d nK

UI WIz lIH p wMF U_ qL u uI WU oK u sDK wGM UFOL de vK uI sJ U_ qL u UI dF c UI bM WA U sJ Wu2 U WO uK uH UO U b bI s pK9 WL UO UMu w s b g uH uI U U UbA u* dO nu WAb oK vK UEHK s bOF d gb eOd uI UNMJ bb UO

UO c b 5MI b tIK c dC s eU'

de gOUM* 2 r u/

UuL w u WOKO$ Wb* w lU nB WK gOUM* s tO ub t vK UM bI WLK 5L s U B dH* UI uNH rN b q WKD t wU hM de

uBM U WOKL w wU rJL UI c Wed

hM

t YO d 5( 5 qR wF UF de gOUM* uI `K* s qOKI de WMOF Xe s uJ s qOKI de Xe UNOK lC r WMOF db UD ozU b bF dH w UNFC r bO WNJ UNODF wJ `K*

q eU uJ UN YO dH s UNdS uI

Wb tBIM hM c 5uu* UB s U vK vH u s b dF UFK Ud dO bN UNIOI% eK qF UM UU fO de gOUM* dOC uI s uBM v UC `K* dF U q q_ vK dOC b w WKJA* fO `K* s uK de WDK _ WuIM* VzU uKFH U WLOI U WKJA* u{u* w D WdF WUH UF s UeO1 UOG qFH rNuBrNB UU9

u{u WU UIH W

gOUM* u uB s Z U* nB q d WdN d bF b WJU{ u w WKD UuL XUD de d_ UuL* w WKD uB UNB w qK) nAJ

dH* UI uNH WKDK b c UN d* WU bF WOU d* rNO VK uBM U WOKL w rJL 5{dH 5zU d* b de gOUM* u UuB uM vK WOFA WK_ c dF wUD _ WKD uBM Uu uM WKD UM d wMODK U wU de gOUM* u Y WOKLF UOIK U

U) VU wU wUD VU _ U B wU

_ hM

5DK q WOdF b s dO w WOF WK de gOUM* U nKJ WKOK UNUu _ Uu UM WFD vK l{u dOGB eO WFD tA UNKJ dO de UNL WO W lIH ue WBKB 6' b e) rL `K* l U t dNA c ue X l jK

U ]L

wU hM

UdO 5DK w WOF WK de gOUM* lOL' dF bzu s ub UM q WK_ c Uu udF d X bzu s ub U w XM WO WM de w rL uN* bMK WLOEF bzuH uM ue U0 wM u WKzU WU U rL wDF WK_ c

bb( uOUJ

UL de gOUM* u sbb' 5 BM wH dO - c dH* UI v dEM 5 WOU( s WOU WbtMOOF

UUL WK_ s UO dF UOUD VU c _ hM fJF tF qu b eeF dG UN UL UI c UbMF l WLUM qJA u vK X b gOUM* UM k* WHK c WH_ U d bF X b eOK dzb qJA U dBO bN WKD d bI Uu; w eO s bI WMOF s Yb( w uu qJA n w u u r d UNO dJ U WKD u dH* UI WOdG X u W_ s dO WUM w b w de W UNO dJ ue udF rN_ ue X u Yb w rNH WKD rI r o vK r WKD d dA cN dNA UOUD

Xe c s UO uI WKL uF UI*

dz s UF U) UbMF Ud qUI*U wU hM fJF WKD WdF 5UI U w U* VU UNO lO w UIH dOC WH s qJA s Yb bO U) UbMF s w M* u; s Yb( e d UM dUE Uu; s

150

dAF bF Wud

rNuB w UN u{ dFO w UJ_ tK l wKOBH qJA UI bF WOUJ tM w dO vK oM b uJ WuJ* WMU uB b vK rNb oM WKD uBM dH*

rNd WOMU oM dH* UI sU

b s 5J* kM rKF* W s WOCI c v UdE WUGK q2 t b c dJ h d X% l b U W vK WUN w XF{ w UUD) iF uI b n ub WOUJ oM wUU Wd_ dI sUMF dI _ qBH rKF* _ `O dO c 2uBM sU WOUJ b WUD) WUI* qJO uMD b WKD vK sLD bF v dAU Wd_ UOze UM w dU WKD b 5 WMU OBHdE UN uM D bO qOBH bI 5 rKF* _ pc `O dO u tMOF u{u u WKD q s WUI* qJO UD d b uJ UUD)

UI UUD) .bI s rKF* nu U( wMF c

UbM p qFH 5 b U{dH UzU hMK b UbM ZM* hM c vI UIU d w WHK* wuM s UI v `LD UN_ nDM WKD uB UO UO( uD dO_ `B rKF* rU s bF v UNU qC w qB UNM w uBM w dO uBM cN Wb dI wUU c WLK b b WdH b( vK sbLF WKD w tUO WKF wIK* U& WOR0 dFA r UO q UN_ sJ1 uU rNQ pc U( dFA rNKU

tK s uU

uNH* VdI dG U/Xed uH UO 1 r u/

s WuL XQ 20052004 wb UF w uJ 3tK WMb w WOKO$ Wb* w dUF nB uH UO s tO ub WLK 5L s UB UuL WOL s WI WO w b%Q eb vK qLF w Xed UU s t vK bI u/ wU ULKJ b bb%

dH* UI uNH rN j q Wb* WK

hM

UO UNML{ s U vK dO bI w UO XU UO w uH XU eb vK dO X w uH s qF c d b YO bI w U UN dO w q uH UO duD - pc eb vK dO UO

d UO d bF uH b vI u

bQ d c qOI UOF s dd% v U hM UOH fO

rN nO 5 w L d UU w tF qUF WOHOJ WKD k* cN h UM w dH* UI uNH UO tF o( iF U b WUJ q Y WOKLF uuI r q Y qFH uuIO UOU U rND r 5 WKD QU wMQ Wd s u u r WKD p l W KF vI WUJ qF jI tudF U uI UO 5eK rNH b r UuKF* vK hM w dUE UIH W l dH* UI UO s dOJ qC UuB uJ WKD UI 5 WGK u oKF 5 bB WKOC uBM rJ% WOL VO hM c

UOzUB ozUI(U d_

UO u WKD uBM 5{dH d o UI w b Uu w rNuBrNB WU bOF rNM XK uH dH* UI Wed uNH .bI bF hM oU UIK w u WLK 5L) hM dH* UI UHK U bb% bF

u* qIM w dO u uH UO

hM

w ULF UO d s X U XU uH UO WO uK wN UOK iF vK u% UNMJ rUF wOz V uu c td% c uu V dO qJA UL _ VI V w UC Ud d* dFK vK qLF UO d s 5d* ULKF dR c

UdNJ WOLA WUD

WOR*U WKD dF dH* UI hM c w k* qUJU uN u rN B w WdH*WU) WuKF* uDI bI UM UNu nK UuKF u uN u nK r v r J% bI WbF WdF W bM s UNdF WU UuKF v d_ hMU QD) uB qF vK WLU; dz s d) r c wUU U dH* UI UbMF UO fJ c

ZM* hMU dO b v XL J% UbMF

c bb' u U wU R rN B u b bF WKD q qIM w dO) dH* UI qI v hM c w b

td vK u*

XQ uBI* q d R WGO vK U R s WU uI WUJ rKI qL lOD U WU wM uBI* q dH* tzU bM dF dO UO bb UO

u UL s b% lOD

UI s Yb( bM vK WOU WDIM U&U lb WUD RWAb WU oK s Yb( U&U lb dH*

UBU w rF s jOK WUD R s WU

149

dAF

bF

Wud

u vu

v_ WOuWF* UL{ dH* UI bb%

d& w WAb dBM

UI v dEM UI v hM s c' ed u% 5 b oKD*U >oK qF UN vK dI UNO rNH U WKd U U& l q JA UI wMF c 1t WUJ qFH Uu b qF UUU dI v dEM U hM U WOKL w U UUUIdI qF U oI hM u WOMU wMF UbI UuU hM VU l hM

VUJ 5 WLzUI WOb' WF rN w UM o LF UuKD fO U WOKL w UI Wed rNH uBI* UI hM WdA h _ VU wF WOL qUI*U rNH uBM

uJ* tUD UNO tu w

u uH dI lOL sJ r dI s dO UL p d_ t LN s U wMF g UF U u w U UB dI b% UNd d_ t LN s* WNu uJ WUM WUJ dd_ tLN c c UbM

uI tu UN tO b UbM VU* u s dF s v uHA UMUD) WOzUIK Wb WHK j{ UOKLF UMeK cN d JH UMeK WUJ w tF qu qF sLC ULKJ UMeK dI qFH uIO s0 dOJHK UOU U cQ b U uH sLC qu qF sLC dwMF g UF

d) dLF YO s dH* tzU nu VUJ uI 5 WdF* b WUI wUL l{u UB l{u sbU WF UIM X% u{u* s tHu hM u{u0 b uJ p qJ VUJ uI 5 WOM wUL uM c b WFO UNL b dH* tzUI u r dI qF hM vK U9 w WdAU wu VUJ t{dH c w Wb* WGK WFO t u u dCU oI% c dO WN b tO Uu WuKF* WFO t u hM

t UNIb r b U uD WuKF*

rdFA dH* UI bb% WOL vK WKD uI ` vH WuKF* W s bQ WKOC rNb uD WUJ qF WOR0 d{ vK WKD uI ` bB u UNd qF UU WNu UN_ p WLO WKD uBM wDF dH* UI bb%

c l d w UNO UC d tUbM WdF U veOd d dUG WIdD UNO dJH wJ UI

o LF UH qQ UNK dO WIU dIH w u UOze' UF rKF* VUD t eF h U w UNM WOze q Wed* UMLN tdE w dG U w q_ vK Yb( vI v

wU R dD dJH d

nK q bI WMb s tO b U B ZM VUD U dH* UI U U w hM w WuKF*

bI WMb w gOF U dL s 5F_ w UB tUO w d _ bI e UOM UU

UOMODK Wb VU UuN Wb VU

d dO pc WIOI( w w WDO b R s WU W1bI bK bI w tUO q U c 5F_ s uI e c wM_ UAK uI d dO rOE u UNHK d dO WUL UUbK U rC bI d _ bI WUI 5DK W WLU bI wMODKH VUDK uI d WMb* w dF aU uNO VUDK uI d dO UbM d WOL WKD r KF uBI* tO `DM

tIz uFIH uBI* tU 5 d

bF WOUJ w v R s WU w sLJ WKF hMK dH* UI uNH w v_ W KF tOK UU WOU W KF WOB c UdE VO G uNH VUD tM c c pc wKLF u* vK VOG dH* UI w l gUM rKF* dEM u* wuI uBI* rE WOB UNdF UC vK rNuK rNuI `H WOC cJ tK gUM 5 rKF* t uBI*U wKLF u* vK wu U

148

dAF bF Wud

dF WKD UuL XU WKJA* c w q_ q( UO q rNO VK c bK ed db s q2 U WKJA* q

WKD tO qu c UO wK ULO WKJA* UULOJ b 5 rOKF 5 Zb u q_ q( d s qC_ qb uJ U0 WHK q_ u rOKF Y WFU 5 rN 5MuLK WMOQLD U JA* s be* VM b UL UNd uF WUJ WM' WUO vK pc UUM b Wd( WKJA* c w WOzUOLOJ uLK b;

rb sM dO dG cN WOU{ UOeO hOB sJ1 c wAH U bb WMK UC VU s Y dL

bbU Xu c w uF

UI UM U U qJA Wd WKJA* q WOKL hOK q s U qLF c s WKD UH UL eOd - WuL* l U u UE qO WKD U UL 5LKFL rNH s uLKF

UE* cN u/ wK ULO qLF l rNU& rNUUD

U ]DI ed pA qz wU U

WKJA* q WOKL hOK bF WKD b UE

qLF w UbI w UO_ w U dFA XM nO dJH XM U0 WKJA* l XU& nO p WCUM UuKF v_ WKuK b w UDF* UuKF* sL{ bIF WOIOI WKJA q vK qLF dO* s U

b dOB X WKJA* vK VKGK q_ WIdD bb% w UUIK w UuKF* WOL w dJ XM

UMUL_ nO WO WFODU UMU s XLKF pc UNUJ sJ1 nO uF u s dO XLKF bI uB U2 d ZzU dOGB

WUGK WIO c rOKF WId rKF w b UbM XM

dO% X U w WK_ w UUNH WIdDU q( vK qLQ XM qN UOIOI WKJA* nu U u w UN dJ w WK_

WDO b b WKJA s dNE sJL* s w d_ JA* b r

dOJH rOKF WU U s

147

dAF

bF

Wud

UNM dOF rUJ

w WKD qL WKd* c wH UNUA UuKF* lL UuKF* s Y q s WOU UuL s XHQ UuL

wK U0 WKD U WKJA* c q WU w W WOHO uF u s UNAUM Xd s u d 1

UNOK dDO d uF WUJ h ULO WOK; UUO h 2

u{u* c u Ub - w dAM q WFd qzUu b u W{UF* dEM UN h 3 XU ULO d U uF vK dDOK WOuuO

UU b W{ c dEM UN WOHO uF UNO dJ w oUM* s WK_ d 4 U wB dB UO ndB r nO _ b

UM WO UHu w

qO WKD U q_ q( UO WdI* uK( s bbF bOuUNM lDI wK ULO dI U WLzU w WU WdI* uK(

qLF q s u{u UNUO WKJA* rN v qu s b UNM d UL WKJA* cN WO_ WGOB XU bI UNK vK U WId b$ UM sJ1 nO w D s WuL qKI wO d_ wd qJA WOFOD WM v uF b WHKJ b w p q WKJA* dJ lM1 WOB UD_ s d UF UO_ VK w t U* c s `C WuIF vK Ub Ud uJ b UF UNOIOI% VFB dI* q( WOB UD_ qOKI uJ b L d UOF d U V b ULMO WKJA* WNu* WOU UIH hOB WU w UMJ2 qJAU WO W wd uK UOU UNCOH WHKJ bb%

q_

WKD rN dOG UuKF* lL UBI Y WOKL UM WKJA* c vK uKLF sc WKD U bI cJ WKJALK population b vK dDO UM sJ1 nO `B WUOB WO_ WGOB s nK lDU c dJ dAM* uF WM v uF b U WId b$ UM sJ1 nO `O{u WOLOUH* jzd) b WKDK sJ1 UL WOFOD

dF UdF U UUJ

UA dU U h V uF

3040 WU qIM uFK sJ1 O

UF c UU U UD_ uI

WIDM* WOdG WIDM* w dA( c su q

dUJ vK lA w quF uF

WHKJ WOeO* UO ndB WOHO w dOOG UM q

wB dB

w bd UO* s dOJ bu U0 WIDM*

b WOFOD duE b uJ b bd UO* lL X

WUM u b dA( uJ b UOU Wb* bO* b{

q( WOOdUOUUOKZzUM

rOKF WU WOb U

WOU UH l Yb(

WOFL*WOU uAM

UD UUC u; WUu VOU WO

F VOU

WKOK WHKJ vK uB( qN s

quL rbUd

5Mu* nOIdD) rO%

bIF sJL* s WMK UM wUJ bN' c

Agencyu) UA

UL WK

UM bIF dOOrNuK

qOKI WOULWKJA*

rN duD oL_ JALK

WOU WIKF*WFOD

UULOJ b vK uB( qN squL rb

UdWOUF WHKJ

w q UHUC*WM

146

dAF bF Wud

rOUH* j WKd* c w dC s t UL rNKLWOdF* uI( 5 qb `O{u UNCF WOU_

u uL* rKF WKD UN d1 w oOD qd s 5 uHu 5KU 5DA uuJ s WKD s J1 JA* vK rNMOF WIdD JALK uK oOI% w UO) dJH uK( w qQ pc uK v qu rKF WOKLF qQ

bU dOJH UNLOOI WdI*

rKF w WOU_ dUMFJA* u uL*

rKF UO qJA Wb w bI qJAL* nu* 1 qJAL* nu* eOL nu* c u rKF edL

WOU hzUB)UWOUC v{uH bb b

bb UuKF WU{ bM ULz tO dEM WN dOG qK WMOF WGO WH bu WuN tK sJ1

UO b Uu ZM bU bd rKF* uJ 5DA 5LKF WKD uJ 2

WOMc u WOMc UOKLF w WKD UM vI WdF* rNMO UuKF* WUA0 WKD uI 3 dOJH b% v UIM bN rKF qJ eO2 UOB

tOLM WKDUM qO qJA WKJA* q WOKL rOOI od 4

uJ dCU fO JA* u uL* rKF 5wKUJ rKF t interdisciplinary wNM dO

WOF dO t JA* u uL* rKF bzu s S cN UN wLM lu UO(U wb* rKF jd u WKD 5KI 5LKF uuJ vK rbU WKD b UOKF dOJH

rNUM uDD

rKF o wIOD UJA* u uL*

UM uMO w WuU Wb WK l tIOD - wKL U wK ULO D U WIDM* w uFK dOJ be WKJA U* c qOBH wK ULO WKJA* cN uK ub UBI YU

qLF c

WKJA* rOLB WUA WO suJ bK fK fOz uI WKJA* c o w be* uF WKJA vK wCI UNOK w uD WMK WUA WMK UC b UOI WKD vK dLU WIDM* dU U u uD WMK U `BM .bI rNHO ubI rNOK UL bK w uFK Ze* be* dUJ

quF Ud l dUE c WUJ* uK( qC u WOu WUB WOUL WOO WOB dUE cN WIKF* WU q WIKF* WOb* lO{u* w b dNE qJ wK ULO

WKJA* c

WKJA* oOD UA be WKJA q vK qLFK WKD WON X9 D WON JA* q WOHO u dJH nBF UIM s uF Apollo 13 rKO s lDI d s r s U qJA Wd* w 5_ e UH WKJA UCH bz tu YO

U* c o JA* q WOKL vK eOd r

WKJA* WKUI uJ cN WKJA* U rNKF& WIdD WKJA* WKD qUI WKD dF U* c w UN K WKJA* U w rN rN WNu UNQ rNO Xb w WOU dc* s WKJA* v

WbK w R db s

uMO bK edqI* u W pK1 lL

db* UAdc

10071997 aUuF WUJ WM' v

UA s

uF UA be u{u*

WIDM* UJ WdF rJMJ1 od* bd' UI s qO t o r c uF UA d s UB uUF w WUF dO b UF* uF s hK d UL uK d dUE c U bb% rJOK WU( c UM_ c w 17072005 U rJU lu WUM WD) cOHM U r vK uB( q s UB dQ

qC_

rUJ u{u tdF v WU r U tudF U WKD b r WKD b WKDK bI* WKJA* uUMO sL w WKJA* u rNdF uU WOA UuKF* uAUM UA be WKJA u D tK U* WMO wK ULO WLN* Wb

uF

145

dAF

bF

Wud

WKJA* oOD WK rN JA* u uL* rKF oOD q s b bL rKF* rN rKF s uM c w UUL* Ub uLKF* uD V ULN bU rKFK dOJHK s rNLKF D dOJH qd s WKd qJ W{ c oOI% vK rN WKDK 5LKF* lOA UM JA* ULO wKd* rOOI U Zb uuI b_

WKJA* uI rKF UM WKD UN d1 w qd* wK

WKJA*U dU W UNO uuJ WKD c 1 b cN WKJA* U r WKD uJ cJ XU L UN K WKJA* U w rN rN uJ w rN b dO UM d* Wd rOEM oKF WKJA* bK kU; UOu .bI w D WLN WMb* wDF c qC_ uUMO u UL dO rOEM uB WKD uJ q WKJA* c q w vK Uu WKD WuU Wb* dD w uu* WU u WKJA*U WIKF* _ h r cJ d* Wd d bM pc bb% WKD tFKO c b UO q dO WKD UD s b WKJA* uUMO dOJH s b qB u U l nUF WKJA*U rNUL uM c w UFH uO* WOMc bI 5 Zb

rKF s c bb WHOF{ Wu{u JA w D fLGM 2 UuKF* uJ bIF WF nu qJA JA* UM qQ UBI Y VKD U WKOK UNQA dOG WOOzd WKJALK dEM b UuKF* lL WKD uD pc UBI bb WU d cJ uII Y u{u WOCI u WFA U{d dOG WHK vK udF WCUM dR s S U q vK WKD oH UbM v u{u* u WKJAL* nu* cN q( c cOHM dD s bbF UM S cN XU jO q UN fO dLU dOG V rKF uI qC_ w bb WHOF{ JA* c Y v lb wN sIO b u{u b s tKL% U WKN b JA XU u rKF w Wd dO

UBI vK eH U* UL l{u XU U* WDO u{u tdF v WU r U tudF U WKD b 3 b WKDK bI* WKJA* uUMO sL rUJ rNdF uU WKOC UuKF* uAUM r WKD w uUA rN cJ WLN* Wb w WKJA* u s WKJA* rNH b u{u* s WIU rNdF UB* bb% UNudF w UuKF* nOMB b r

ULN* lu YK WMJL* w WKD qLF WKd* c wH UNUA UuKF* lL 4

uuI YO WL v W s nQ UuL bF W UuKF* s Y UuL qOJA WIdD UuKF*U uUA UNKL WuL q r bb UuL nOQ r YO Jigsaw uJO uJ cJ WOK_ Y WuL s b UU rC UOOd duD w WKD r WKd* c w rKF* WIdD UNUA UcOHM UuKF* lL jOD q s w bb' UuKF* vK WKD bU WUF dUG WIdD WKJA* rN vK rbU UNO uKu rN UuKF* WUA qu vK WKD lOA vK bU c wUF qLF eeF rNMO ULO WKJA*

JALK UFH q( cOHM uuI bF YK WNu* WKJA* WKD dF 5 rNd w uUA uIK rN WO_ rNULN rN duD s VU q sJL cJ bb' rNUuKF WKD uO dNE WOU UN* u r s WKJALK qU rKFLK uJ UM qLF w WMOF UO s s bF v rU WKD Y tOu w wOz rKFK uL WKJA* vK e dO Y u{u WKJA* w WKD rM cJruN rUJ XA YU s UBI Y s WKK UIK UuKF s hIM U bb% UuHA w WdF*U UA rKF u{ w WKJA* WUO U UNOK uB( V 5LKF WKD `B v R UIK( c q bb'

q( v qu rNU UM 5KI 5 q( b q WdI* uK( s bbF WKD bu 6 WKDK sJ1 rKF* tbI c U sL q_ s bbF WAUM r s WKJA* s W{ u suJ w WdI* uK( WKD gUM p bF WdI* uK( u{ w pc WKJA* Ud w WOOzd WOCI u{ UO bF q_ qK WKD UNOK oH w dOUF* q( c d WOHO vK UHU WKD uI q_ q( jzd) s p uJ b t sd WUA .bI s dc* UuK WOLOUH* ubOH Wd s U0 U/ d UdI Xd WO*UF WJA vK WH rOLB s WKJA* l WKO WId UN U*U d WId Q

Wb u{u qLF w UF qQU WKD uI tO qQ qLF hOK 7 U sL{ UOM WdF* Xc qLF rOOI e$ c UOOd WKD ld uD) c wH rNb WdF* nO dI UNOUF b uLOI Uub w UUCI pc uAUM WUI d* w rNKL nKO w dOJH c Y s be* qL% w WIUF WOdF* u UN* wLM qLF d rKF UOOd WLN* c UU$ WLN* U9 s uM WKD dFA pc rNDOD rN rdOJH s dOJ UNO dL w

144

dAF bF Wud

dOJH U/_ WNUA dOJH U/ rNM VKD qJA q( ubIWOdF* U* uI( v w d) b

w uUb s rNOF U WKD eOH% r wUF qLF s WOIOI qUA

U bI r s rKF d WcLM rKF*bU* b bUM dOJH vK WKD lA

`B UOb wH v rKFK bUL rKF* nFC rNHQ rNLKF uNu 5KI 5LKF WKD

JA* q VOU dOJH UN qI s WKD sJL uID UbM UO( v WOb* nu* s d u{u s

dJ qJA JA* u uL* rKF c b UNUA Uu/ qJA JA* uI c rKF sU uuJ vK WKD eH lu w qB U* w UIF vK uKG 5b JA q vK

rNNu

WHOF{ WOU{ WKJA .bI r JA* uI c rKF wH WKJA* cN dU W wU WKDK uJ YO UM UNHdF WKJA* bb uuI YO rNHQ UNuJK1 rN Y s WKJA* u tdF V U q uLKF uLKF* uI UM_ c w q v quK UBI d reOH% s WOFu JA* q w WKD bU0

rdOJH dO w WK_

JA* u uL* rKF ndF JA* u uL* rKF ndF sJ1 eu* WLK c bF q q s Y UBI qLA ed WOLOKF d tQ UOU UOKL rKF c qLA bb WHOF{ WOF WKJA YO WOLKF UOOd UM UNM* rOEM UL UKUJ u UNM* rOEM r WKJA* w wU dD WKD Z r oK r vMF* jd* rKF s WKD sJ1 U WKU WKJA dOJH vK rNuFA WKD uLKF* UNO bU WOLOKF WO WKJALK oOLF rNH u KN UBI UM rNbd

Wb u{u

WKO d bI JA* u uL* rKF S cJ d) Zb WdF* UM w bU jAM rKF vK Y w WIdD c UL wFO qJA WOFu d) WOb* w WKJA*U iF UNCF WHK* WOb* lO{u* Zb rKF rKF UNM* uL c ed* q9 WU( c w rKF uI bbF Ud l WKJA* q( rNOF WKD uC dO U tu w WKD `B cJ u{u*U WIKF* dEM UN s q( UHu WKJA* bb% w rNLN sLJ 5KU JA 5LKF uuJ vK rNMOF rNb WdF* rNH oLF U bO'

5KI 5

rKF cOHM rOLBJA* u uL*

qJA cOHM JA* u uL* rKF rOLB UOKL qb w rKF dOUF wb* UNM* 5 WKD UUO 5 u

5F wLOKF UO

WKJA* rOLB uI sJ1 w JALK WMJ2 b nu UOU uLKF* uI Wud b_ dOUF* rN UNM*U WdF* s rKF w WUA* bzd' s WOK; U_ vK 5bN* WKD hzUB Ud l WOUI WOUL UOUFH UL dO qJA2 nu UO rN* s t YO rNUUO

UBI Y vK rN WKD

UL dO w

WLN rOUH

luU UU

WKJA WF

bb

d WOMrKFK

WKJA* rOLBWKJA* oOD

JA* u uL* rKF

.bI r YO JALK UuUMO uud U cJ 5 d WKO jzU lUA* dF s rKF UB UuKF UO pc bu rOLB sLC WKJA*

WKD rKF bU u b W WOFL

cOHM JA* u uL* rKF rOLB

UO WKJA

W dbULU

duD dUG

c rKF uI WKJA*

UM u/ rKFKrOKF

bU dOJH bUM

b_WLN*

rOOI Z wKd* .bI UVUM*

143

dAF

bF

Wud

pA qz wU U

JA* u uL* rKF(Problem Based Learning)

b_ oOI% UM wMF JA* c vK VKG rNH rKFK bO Ud qJA UO( w UNNu w UIF JA* wH JA* u uL* rKF U u c lu UO( w qB U tUA wb* rKFK u/ rOLB sJL* s uJ b dO UN U* UMOLC gUM r s rNUFO rNLN hH WK_ Q WKDK ozUI( rKF* bI bOKI rKF UF b b t rJ sJ1 N ZNM c uJ b uLKF U* WKD UI s bQO UA s U s rNM1 t UNUd UuKF* kH d s dOJ d UO( w wIOI( rKFU lu w qB c rKF s UU9 nK t nu0 jd U UU uFA c rKF v WU(U UuFA b wIOI( rKFU WdF* UM q s WOOz U d vK bLF nu w q( vK 5F w WU UuKF* sLC UIF UNO dNE w WOUC nu* c JA* UNO dNE WF

UN K( UNF qUFK b WId s d ULz UM UNLNH UMU UM dOG WKJALK UMdE q WU dO WOJOUM

JA* q s rKF U w Wud lUA duD vK ULKF* 5LKF* s WuL l U DI ed w UOU qLF sbB c w 5LKFLK WOb u* duD s e UOUJS JA* U WFd U b

rKFK Wud f_JA* u uL*

WdEM o WOU WOLKF WO q1 JA* u uL* rKF oI WKD rKF uI b dO Wu{u WKJA rOLB WOzUM

U* c r s WOzUM WdEM U s bbFWKDU WDd JA UN u rOKF ed9 1

WOOz rOUH u rKF qOJA 2bIF WKO WO w qLF UM rKF* bU 3

rNz dbI pc rNz b vK 5LKF* lOA 4rdE UN

dC s rOKFU UDd O rOOI uJ V 55LKFLK wc rOOI nOu

bI eOH% U s tb% WKD dOJH bU 6WOMc

bb' UJ_ U w UNHOu WOUF UuL* lOA 7bF qzb UNUI s

bF WO WOOz UB b vK WKD lOA 8rNU WKD UJ_ UNM* W 9

u uL* rKFlu WKU2 JA*

dD vK WKD Vb v JA* uI c rKF bN

WNu w rNMOF Vb c qF JA* q w WU FH rNd bF sbd rNKUI w WOBA WOMN* Ub Wb w WKJA* dNE rOKF s uM c w Wb* s UOUJ UHu WKD tu bu WbI wH WUNM w fO uUMO s nu* c dNE rUF* `{ dO Uu{u WKJA* u{u w W UOU Ud WKD uJ YO sJ WKJA* s WOzb UuKF WKD vIK uUMO c w WKD vK rNH w u UuKF* w hI UM vI uUMO c uJ V rNHQ uH c 1 UIK w rNKb rNuC dO YO WKDK dO qJAL* w WOOzd WK_ uJ UA Y UBI s UL WOdH WK_ s bbF bu WOUH WK uUMO WKJALK UHK ULN bu WKD UNFL w bb' UuKF* WKJA* v dEM WKD qF rNH c Y u{u rNMJ1 v UNLNH rNU be dUG WIdD WOU_ WKD bU0 rKF* uI UM_ c w VUM q UO rNbU wUF qLF qON s WKJA* q w b' vK rNFOA WOUF u{u r_ WK_ d vK

5b sbU sdJH uBO rNbU bO' dOJH

wK U0 JA* u uL* rKF eOL WKJA* c uJ UBI Y uI WKJA0 rKF b

bb WO WOIOI( JALK WNUA r uJ WKJA*U WOU W Ud WKD uJ

UJ c w U r_ WFd WUI* c bI Problems as Possibilities: Problem-Based Learning for K-16 Education, 2nd Edition (2002) by LINDA TORP, SARA SAGE/ Virginia U.S.A.

142

dAF bF Wud

UAM c w qLF w ULKJ udI UM d_ DK sJ1 UUD vK UNH ULKJ WU sJ1 UDM* lHd v UI iF s hK U c lHd q s dI UDM* D d UDM* qLF XM 1

UNOd U UI q'U bDB WF UO U D lC u d_ uK WUI wd UAM w dL 2

t dF U UNM uBK w UO_ UuL w uAUM UH sJ1 WUNM w 3tM hK - w VF u U

t XEH w dP XEH U*

Reference Byron Stock & Associates, (1999). Valleyview.

Retrieved from: (http://byronstock.com/whatisei1234.html, 05/11)

Corrie, C., (2003) Becoming Emotionally Intelligent. Britain, MPG Books LTD, Bodmin. Comwall.Stock, B. (1999). Emotional Intelligence,

Goleman, D., (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam Books, New York.

Scholl, R., (2002). Affective Motivation and Emotional Intelligence. University of Rhode Island.Retrieved from (http://www.cba.uri.edu/scholl/Notes/Affective_Motivation.html 05/11).

Stock, B. (1999). Emotional Intelligence, Byron Stock & Associates, Valleyview. Retrieved from: (http://byronstock.com/whatisei1234.html, 05/11).

vMF UO{U WO{Ud WUI U s

lOuUAM cN dL d UUAM UOI sJL* s

WLN u_ c fJF u vK XdB q pUO v dEp WMU

u_ c iF pU v UN XL w UOuK w U uFMB rOI c 5 s tu w d U DK sJ1 dF UbM t dFA tuFL td UL tO dF UIBK

rN WMU WLN U WLO eOH% vK dO =uF V 5LKFL UM uI qL$ WUNM w WOFb qu% UJ b V q UOU WOFb US D wLKF wuK sbOFB vK p WOK v WOU s rOI UL oKDM s UOU VUD eH V WOU sL wB vMF U U V d WOU s e

tLKF U0 tUL W ld UJ b VUD bM rKFK

U ]DI ed dU UUO

141

dAF

bF

Wud

UMUO) b* bOF b* Wd b_ w qQ wUL qL 3 UA b_

rNUO U vK ub b* bOF ZzUM s dO nK b* Wd UF ZzUM WdF vK sU D `B UB*

bF dE UN UNO bK dO UUC UNOK V UUDrNUO UF WF u/

_ UO)VdI b* vKwK ddO vK d

wU UO)bOF b* vKwK ddO vK d

uD) WOb UUC UNOK uJ UUD rNOK u WOU WO UuL v D u 1

UUCI c vK U5b d pIb W vK oK X W tb rKF X sb b pIb WbB odD XLK

nB We s UO bIH b UN pLKF XU tOI w tFC nB We s UO cQ nB w pz b X b WeM UN

U* c w dJ* UU s _ dB s qF d UL W uQ D Q 2tOK oK wM t u tF b%

U t d 5b s nu r tM dQ wM tGK

WU) wRA r dL bF tIb u s wM t u

_ dB U U UU UM d_ D rNUU WFO w D dL VFK UrdO vK rNOK VdI b* vK U b Uud w UO) D q 3

rdO vK rNOK bOF b* vK U b Uud w UO) D q 4bOF VdI 5b* vK qC_ UO) UO D U 5

c uF d_ s dO sJ WOL_ mU d U d U 5F dB UOI bM U 5F b* bOF VuF cbF_ b* vK UFK U UO nu* q uuI d_

p WMU WLO u ULO qQ 4 UA bN

rN WMU WLN* UO_ s dOFK DK WdH WU UB*

UDM* u UUD UAM

UL' qDF wIM uN WKzUF WB q ULK u kH( WBB* UI vK VJ UDM* u UMKLF UF U* Ub_ UFD

140

dAF bF Wud

U WOC w p s d 2 UAb_

w bF bu t b U WOC u td VUD dJH 1pc V dOG t w VUD qQ 2

UB* rF o o ULNOK V 5dO 5UD 1

_ vK ud j 2uD)

j) Ud tK1 U DK U{u UF d 1 dJ* qd* w D dc WI d D `B UbM bOIF d_ UFK qI r Wb w WKN UF b 2

u iO QD ` UN vK u dEM v uKO1dDK UUCI vK WK_ s ULz WIOI( uI V

iF rNCF bU ULz Ub_ WM UN dF w WMJ_ w vI dC s

ULF WOuU b* iF qF V UM 5 UF s wHJ U udF UGB

Wb* w rNz s dOFK UH WOU d bu rN s dF t dFA c UJ* w _ vK ud* j) vK D nI 3

q d UO s dOFK j) wd vK VJ sJ1UHK s bUA U bI U

UHK bUA0 lu X q

.d X W v

Ubd w Wd( bI U

puL w Uu vI bI b v ?

UNM* w lO{u0 WDd uJ UNULF sJ1 w UF s bbF buwA u UM sJ r u v w Q u

qF wK U w uI b qF ]wK U w UI ULz

qUI UO wD qUI*U UO lu wD

w bUjI UN w UO_ bU

Xu qb

oo

139

dAF

bF

Wud

Wb* w qHD rKF s WOK uJ U UU WOJOUu UU/ tKF$ _ p qLF s UL V( qIU dFA bd c w tF qUF UQ UM rKF V sJ bd U0 uI dO WOuK U/ bOu v R p S WU( WuD WKd* tUO w tF vI qI V( bF uF bM U Wud

Ud VFB s `B

r w qHD W s WFU uJ WOU D UdB UO_ s dO w tKI b s qHD u s WOK tKI UM s rd vK sJ WOFb U PUJ* ezu' v QK WOKb WOFb s be c d_ qI uF s Uu bu c b qHDK uFA c qu sJL* s UMS qHD bM WOzUNM WKdLK uuK D r w U qL eH;

WIdD dB U wUU dHK td u eH uJ WKd w u U D S n sdx td fJF rNd s ud rN wF UHOD XM pF UHOD uQ

tKFH UL dEM iG pdQ WKd v uKB r jI

w qI v WU( WKd w UH_ UI s dD d WO qHDU rN 5{UM qI UUL q uB u UOb rN UbM WKA UId qI u bd U `B UUO UId `B Wb* s dN Wd b* vUF WKA uJ tKI r _ WU( u dOJHK d WId od* b uJ s d) lOD t_ b UOK uF t bu p bI _

WKd* c

WOKb WOFb WOLM WOH WDA wK ULO

Ue 1 UAwMK qJA tM dOF U UO bb% bN

l_ WdG U w Wu{u UNOK uJ dO UUD UB* uD)

5F l{ w UO) s WuL sLC UF uFL D s VK 1U c UO) e qL% w WdG W v uN D vK UO) UF UL bF 2

dK Uc tU XU We w VUD nI u_ WUN WKD w qLF qCH U 1 U W{Ud VF tU XU We w VUD nI

uM tU XU We w VUD nI uK Uc tU XU We w VUD nI

lOd d UNKCH uBH 2 U nOB nd)

UA nzUu wGK pS Wb db XM 3 U

Wb* w bd U uK lOLK `L Wb* w WF2 H rOI

WAb eO2 WU qF& dOI u p b sJ1 w u U 4 U

b UCd u b U0 UOI s eU u

Ub w uJ hK b ob d qCH WOU UO) 5 U

Ub_ s dO 5BK W 5Ib

b rOL ob

138

dAF bF Wud

b fO c p qFH p bI pc fO dB s uM UH_ l UIH bIF WKd* c UJ qLF U UU

p qFQ c w qF eOH

w qL vMF rN Z{UMqHD b UbM WKd v qIM r fO Wb* `UB Wb* od w VFKU jO; lLLK jO; lL* WOL qHD b WKd* c w WO QUJ* jI `UB WOBA `UB* UUO s wK V UUO t w tOF dO Wb* w uI fO c q UF WuL*

WKd* c

WLO h qJ UM WKd v qHD qB dO sJ t uI U V fO UMd o h q WOL XO WLN* w dH U uJ WKd* c w U t_ ULF r nUF s WOFb U r UM tuI c duD bOu WOIOI( WIdD dFA nO q U nUF uFA uU rN tc/ u qHD bM u*

p rNH b v rNF sd

d u Wb* w UH_ uD UML d w UMF9 iF UM UbM D nu qd* UN Vd qd* b edL v_ WKd* w ue Wb* w UH_ U U rNS QD TO rN XK rN u

VCG s UuM uUB

X q U rN UMK WOU WKd* w UH_ U rN UL TU TO qFHU t bIFO TU TO dFA rN wUU wM% w q U dH U UU uI U_U rdFA D rNH V c ULU

UMO UL

5 uJ V td uK dB vK H UQU UM wLM t t UMKI dFA bd qHDU bM UD/ ad UMQ UMUFu v uu s p oI lOD t rKF u uK p ad UMS t U uK vK H UMU UC tM WO UF XU UM rN wM% UN wMF dEM c qHDK wMF WKd* c w tu U1 UN dFA uN qHD bM p G b vK 5Bd uJ V c dOJ wA dEM UbM qHDK UNKu bd w WUd w c( wu U/ `OB qJAU tb WOuK U/_ ad v fU tu tO

UL V( U_U dFA

qHD bM UU/ bu tKI r s u)U uFA UC s2 5uI dO uLM rNQ dFA sc UH_ iF UMN dFA r rNu s dE s p rNu s u) tOK dDO q qI V(U tUO s WKd* c w qHD bu e dUA* dEM u_ pK S p oI% b

WOc WOFbK 5u w WdK wFO "U w q wU dOQ WO XO WOFb 1

wA qL vK U tQ hA U1 U$ s u d WOU U oOI% U vK WOM* b_ 2 sc 5 VUM* jOK) wK u) vK WOM* b_

u d_ u 5uM UN dL w dUA* u{u wKI* UM qO b 3

pb oI% UbM w dUA qO UM c U&U U w UOM bI 4

odD c w WHK UDWLNLK WOU Wu j 5

WOc WOFb UOu q t uI c qLF r( Ub b 1

w Vd w ZzUMK u =u t ud* "UM qO 2pU uB c l{ UNIOI%

UNO U X UN uI V% w UO UD l{ 3 Goleman,) WLN* U9 uD Wd* WOzd dR qLF 4

.(1998

WOKb WOU) WOFb vK eOd WOL V rNH wJCor-) qHD UN d1 w WuD qd* U 5F cQ V

:(rie, 2003

WKd0 qHD d1 l{d UH_ qHD UO s dJ* qd* w U u qHD tdF U q (Egocentric Stage) c u edL V UMOF UO b U? WKd* c qL bd wUU sd UU( rN bu t UL tOK qB u_ 5 eO1 uN lO{ qH b{ nu c s b bu

tC Uu qI - `OB qJAU dOGB qHD WOd X9 WKd v qHD qIM wFOD sL UN tUD s e uJ bd UM qHDU uI u wL V Uu uJ UN s qQ WIdD dB tu lL* t wMF cN WU qU iO U u U bM w q u dO t t wMF p S UU UN qU u V jI wMu% uF r r rNzU UH_ uI U dO qUI bO' dU duD UC WKd* c w r fU t

UO U bO U qHDU TO

UHOD XM pF UHOD uQ WKd v p bF qHD qIM uuJ _ U d r dH c w rN rN bF wF U uFL UbM b r pc X sJ r sbO X q U uKLF U dO p u UL qF q

137

dAF

bF

Wud

WHMB* bI s WuL UU wHUF Uc v dEM sJ1Intraperson-) wc wBA bF ULN 5Oz sbF sL{Inter-) wUL wKUH bF ULNOU (al competencies dUA* cU wu _ bF qLA (personal WOUL UN* nUF qLAO wU bF U WOFb

(Goleman, 1998)

(Scholl, 2002) wK U0 WOFb UB iF bIntrinsic process Motiva-) WOKb UOKLF WOF 1 WOKb UOKLF rNOF bB uJ sc d_ (tion WcG uJ WF* UNO b w WDA_U uuI WOUL WFd WcG WLN* c vK WFd

WOL c uJ (Instrumental Motivation) WO_ WOFb 2 t uIO c uK dH sR UbM WOFbK bB uM

a `b* d_ q 5F "U v RO External Self) wU) c uNH vK WOM* WOFb 3 bB uM c uJ (Concept-based Motivation w dH rN YO WuL* UFu dH vM UbM WOFbK w{d WIdD dB WOUL WFd WcGU WU( c

UNMO bO WeM vK UNu vK uBK WuL* Internal Self) wKb c uNH vK WOM* WOFb 4 bB uM c uJ (Concept-based Motivation l{u dH uI UO dH tOu uJ UbM WOFbK

WOU cK U_ `B w t WU) dOUF uM c uJ (Goal Internalization) b_ Xc 5 V UOuK UNu dH vM UbM WOFbK bB

wLOI tUE l UNU

WOKWO Uu UN vK WOFbK dEM sJ1 d WN s dUM s dBMF WOKb WOFb vK UM ed WOUWO c vK b sJ1 WO UN UUU wHUF Uc

dU UUO

wHUF Uc UuJ b WOFb

wHUF Uc UuJ b WOKb WOFbU hB UUB UNUuJ UNHdF WOFb s WU W; WUI* c UM WbI qHD bM WuD qd* U 5F c WOU) WOFb vK UL s d VUD eOH% w UNOK UL v ub

wHUF UuJ dUM s uJ* c WOLM WOH WDA_ UdI UNM dO_ rI w

d_U dR* b s WuL s dBMF WdU q WOU) eH;U dO dQ WOUF WOc WOFb dU rNb q uLK VFB s tH qLF U$ s rNb oOI% w uM U UU r rNULN U$ UM% uII rN WFHd* WOc WOFb U_ UH ULN* w uIH qLF w Wb w rNz w UL WCHM* WOc WOFb c WUI WFB sc U_ uFA WKOK rNb Wb ULN* ud UH rN d_ s WuL ru uc rNF uKUF

.(Stock, 1999) WNUA

tOu vK U uJ Q WOKb WOFb dF sJ1 o U2 uF v w U{dU uFA qR U b oOI dUA WKOK XU WDA_ w UM uJ wKI* U{dU U UU uFA UI p WMU WF* WOL_

(Goleman, 1998) wU jG{ b

W&UM UOuK UP rJ vK bI UC w WOKb WOFb U oKI u) VCG q WOK nuF s d_U WOb WOHM WOF{u uJ UbM WOU WIdD qLF WF WcG rNKF uJ lu* s UN* c uJK1 sc ruN nOJ _ nF{ V hOA WU u WOK sc r tO uI c Xu w _ c 5 U wIK d0 wA d v nu* c q v u{dF

(Scholl, 2002) qAHK

bI vK bI dH bM WOFb u vK Wb UN* s vK bI WUJ bF pUL vK bI WOK S UUD bOu vK bI b; bOu*U b* WKu ULN WOU dO U UI vK bI WF* qOK UO q w WM uJ YO bb uK U/ bOu vK bI UdOOG

(Goleman, 1998) qF v J cOHM vK bI

136

dAF bF Wud

vK uB dOQ v b* qHD UOUO) c

vM VUD uI v wuI c tOHK vK UM UbUA w uBK wUF* Pinto & Ametler,) WOUI WOUL U (2002; Callow, 2003 tS dGB cM uBK wUF* wM qHD bM UC UbUA w uB rOOI vK U uU b b dLF s WMOF WKd tuK UNO dF W w Callow 2003 WdF VUD b WHK uB WKD

Barlex, D. (1984). Visual communication in science: Learning through sharing images. New York: Camgridge University Press.

Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogy, symbol, control and identity: Theory, research, critique. London: Taylor and Francis.

Callow, J. (2003). Talking about visual texts with students. Reading online. 7, 1-16. Retrieved July 30, 2005, from EBSCO Full Text database.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1996). On the language of physical science. In M.A.K. Halliday & J.R. Martin (Eds.), Writing Science: literacy and discursive power. 54-68. London: The Falmer Press.

Harrison, C. (2003). Visual Social Semiotics: understanding how still images make meaning. Technical Communication, 50 (1), 46-60.

Kress, G. & van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading Images: the grammar of visual design. London: Routelge.

Lemke, J. (1990). Talking science: Language, learning and values. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Lynch, M. . (1990). The externalized retina: Selection and mathematization in the visual documentation of objects in the life science. In M. Lynch & S. Woolgar (Eds.), Representation in Scientic Practice. 153-186. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miller, T. (1998). Visual persuasion: A comparison of visuals in academic texts and the popular press. English for Specic Purposes, 17(1), 29-46.

Pinto, R., & Ametller, J. (2002). Students difculties in reading images: Comparing results from four national research groups. International Journal of Science Education, 24(3), 333-341.

Worth, S. (1981). Studying visual communication. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania press.

c uB rOOI w WOU WOzd WOUI rN WOUL WOHK) vK bLF rOOI b v uF Q uud wu wUUwUI wUL UO w WOzd* VUD

`{ WUI* c s dO 5OUL UOLO ULK tuI U wUF* uB UOLO u{u w s VUD UNOM w WHK* WOUL UNd b UNUI W vK UM uB bI WOuO VUD UO l s UbF WOd bO WOUL UOLO rK q

WbIM U_ pK vK qF d U WdFLK UOK UOIK VUD dNE w WOKJ sKF* ud UD) UUOK UOK WOUL UH W WOJ uB s sKF u U l WOHB WOUL UOLO d Wud WuJ dR jA qU u VUD vK bR q tUO wUF* U u Wb* q vK WOzUOLO U_ ZzU nB c c d{ vK bR rUF u w WOd WOKLF w U 5F rKF

UNLOOI ZUM* rOLB WOKLReference

u dF s5DK w UAK d fOQ

135

dAF

bF

Wud

WOU We c w 6 r u dF YO dzUD 5 uU V VUD UI `U w u W s UN dM 5 r u v UdE U UIK WNu WOI W s c wUU h q s WuL UC w UI b sJ UL wUF bB wN

WDu UNOK dDO vK UOLO ULK V o U vK UM UU u qC S suc* VUD ndF U ZUM* uLLB r u w uOK) nUNU vK VUD bU U bB w 5 UOuuMJ uKF s nK vMF UM c w uOK) UOuuMJ Uu t U Ub s w WU( u V UNF qUF vK bI v WU{U uOK) qL h V UN rJ dDO vK bI

uB UNM uQ* WOUF We

w uB v UdE d U w V uB S 10 9 8 UJ_ b (Halliday, 1990) bOU VUD UO s UNd UbF W w 8 qJ w WOzUdNJ dzbU WOFu Strong d qJA WOLdU UUD wDF w WOzUdNJ dzb s Formality WOL UNKQ 10 qJ U 9 qJ UU Ud Weak Formality

VUD lu

4 r qJ

http://www.slashphone.com/86/1550.html

5 r qJ

http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/March2005/SamV600.jpg

6 r qJ

http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/techno/mobile

images/mobile_top.jpg/

7 r qJ

http://www.smh.com.au/ffximagemartincooper2.jpg_430/25/03/2005/

8 r qJ

http://www.markallen.com/teaching/ucsd/147a/lectures/DC%20Basics/images/

parallel.gif

9 r qJ

http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/3/physics/circuits/images/paral1.gif

U fd t b U WOL sLJ rOEM VUD vK uB dOQ u su W V tMO UNMO WOUL WF W UbF UNd b UI UMdF q w dOUF* s UdO UNO fHM rK w Wb( rKF UdEM w VUD ud UL rK fO WdF* wUF* UOU dF UdEM c uM vK UM wUU UN I

uM rNS WKDK WOUL UOHK) WOb VJ w W{dF* uBK wUF w dF* uNH* p s nK uNH0 WMKF* b_ s nK U0 uBM Wb cR V c bK

ZUM* rOOI WOKLwUF* UM WOKL qHD

uB wUF uM nO WKD rKF su U fd `{u rdG cM (Kress & van Leeuwen, 1996) s uB wUF qHD wM nO tUO w WHK* U_ l qUH q9 u ULNU w ULN{d s qH q s XL WLEM dO dz WF S qHDK WMU uM dL d YO dOGB tUO q9 dzb Wud* WF_ UU UO qHD dzbU WK2 dz v UO Xe UM vK UO Wd UL V l_ U Wd u V U WU( c w qHD Wdz Wd qJA d U* tuNH qOJA bOF UD V t b c e d w v wu wUFLK UM WOKL su U fd Wdzb UNUS qHD b W dF UO uI lOD oU U* s UNOA UM WOKL w dM qHD dF Ud w UO u U

UNM wUF* UM vK U u UN10 r qJ

http://demo.physics.uiuc.edu/LectDemo//descript

Wire-Write-Circuit-Board.jpg/1134

s Barlex 1984 fJU b tKUH s uBK wUF wM qHD qHDU hBIK rd q_ l uB l qUH q dI lOD uI rN d td UL nK qJA UbM udG wU_ s dO fJU - UL nK qJA WBI UM rNKH bOF v uF V udF rN d

134

dAF bF Wud

W U

ZUM* qOK% WOUL UOLOUu/ uB UOLO

ud uB ULM jzd) ud W q b UF U UE b c rKFU UOLO rK dF rK U tK w UL WUI s dOF quK aU d U UUM U s UNO U0 vIOu* hd pc WGK rK U WUI q wUL qu d UF U wUF* pK b c rKF tQ dFO WOUL UOLO

Uud uB s WOUL wUFLK U UM WOHO b c WOUL UOLO rK s e' p u uB UOLO

WOUL UOLO ULK s bbF vM c Barthe, 1997 U W LJ UNF od* hM uB uI b w U uI d ULNCF UFL* w UOMI uD tUU U Q nOH q s WHK* ULN UOMI uJ* hM WGK Kress w U UL bN c oOIand van Leeuween,1996 ,p 39

UOLO ULK s bbF s rd vK uB 5 U jd w ZNM c uF c w wMS rNKOK% w uJ* hM uB dF w dEM WN vM WUI* WU) UNG UN hM s WKI Lemke, 1990; Shapiro, 1988;) (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2000 fd dU s q uI U* qO vKF Kress and van Leewen,) su U qu U UL uB WGK (1996 w wUF* UE uD f s dF qJA rU ULNM UMUI qJA

wUF* suJ w qI uB qd nO Ubu Uud UN WU) WuGK qBHM qJAhM s

w sUAdO WdE vK bL u Framing and) nOMB dOQ (classication, Bernstein, 1996

1 r qJ

http://bots_by_jbs.solarbotics.net/sot23_transistors.jpg

WOLd ? dF U bOU WdE w (Formality, Halliday, 1996) uB 5 U WOUL WF UN WU) UNG uBK nO UO UNzU iF 5FQ hM s WKBHM* p `O{u Xd WJ s uB q9 w 3 2 1 UJ_ v dEMM WdE vK UM UUI dd qJ w W UI* u S sUAdO qJ w WUI* s nK vMF UN 1 w WU vK WUI* WFD u 2 w U UL WH_ v ed 1 qJ VUD UI rU s e u uB UNOK dDO UNF qUF vK U uN UNL vK dF vK tb V S d WN s WM UNQ t U bB 2 qJ w UUI* u dF qzU UNUO w qL% VUD v rU v q t*U v wLM UN s nI VUD S wUU ULKF 5d* WdF* vK t WDK c nOFC nu

uB w W{dF* WOLKF Kress & van) su U fd vK UM uB c W U (Leeuwen, 2000 VUD b wUF* qOJA w dOQ UC UN dd UNO dNE w 3 r u uB u{u s VUD dG zU u p u d WK UNO V UN q9 4 uB 7 6 5 4 UL WCHM W s c UuOK (Harrison, 2003) uU UNOK oKD ant perspective WKLM uEM s nu w VUD qF& UC uB c l WUI c UOuuMJ U& nOFC

2 r qJ

http://www.nassausecurity.com/images/esistors.jpg

3 r qJ

http://www.radioshack.com/images/ProductCatalog

jpg.2062-276/ProductImage/276/

133

dAF

bF

Wud

5DK w UAK d fOQ u dF s

Inman, Sally, Personal and social development of pupils opportunities within the national requirements, In Sally Inman & Rose Wade, Development Education Within Initial Teacher Training: shaping a better future, United Kingdom, Oxfam, 1997.

Norris, Joe, The use of drama in teacher education: a call for embodied learning, In Bernie Warren, Creating a Theatre in Your Classroom and Community, Canada, Captus University Publications, 2002.

Reections on Teaching as Theatrical and Artistic Performance, Research in Drama Education, The Postgraduate on Teaching as Theatrical and Artistic Performance August 2001.

Rogers, Carl, Freedom to Learn for the 80s, Columbus, A Bell & Howell Company, 1983. Sarason, Seymour, Teaching as a Performing Art, New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1999. Somers, John & Sikorova, Eva, The effectiveness of one in-service education of teachers course for inuencing

teacher's practice, In Journal of In-Service Education, Vol. 28, Number 1, 2002. Somers, John, Betwixt and between pedagogy and art in the initial education of teachers of drama, In, Hannu Heikkinen,

Special Interest Fields of Drama, Theatre and Education: The IDEA Dialogues, University of JYVASKYLA, Department of Teacher Education, 2003.

Stephens, Paul & Crawley, Tim, Becoming an Effective Teacher, England, Stanley Thornes Publishers (Ltd), 1994. Waldschmidt, Eileen D., Bilingual teachers learning about creative drama: a transformative process, In Youth Theatre

Journal, Vol. 12, 1998. Way, Brian, Development Through Drama, England, Longman, 1967. Whatman, Jennifer, Teaching is performing: an alternative model of teacher education, In Research in Drama

Education, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1997. Whatman, Jennifer, Learning new roles: drama in teacher education, In John O'Toole & K. Donelan, Drama Culture

and Empowerment, the IDEA dialogues, Brisbane: IDEA Publications, 2000.

132

dAF bF Wud

s p UMIDM w ud UEM duD w UOU VFK WKD l WHK W UM vK UI wd* WOu duD lO{u WuL w bO sFLU UC WHK qL WOu .bI wMN* VU' vK vGD wBA VU' b$ WKD b uD U tS tKL w U ]F wd* uJ q s t UMb dF* p UI - WOU( WOUFH s Wb pK vK uJ v UL d UbM 1983 wUDd uKF WOd r w sd l bO U duD vK tb wdLK WOBA dH U u rOKFU 4 WH rOKF WOKL U$ w WOU dF rKF* wd* 5 WOU U UM vK uI wU UA s du s b UF UM UOd b$ q sL pc

pc `L w WOBA UN* UL

W9U) s WKD WuL vK Ub d UA - Wb c bb% vK b d u YO cK `{ uNH duD

WOMN* rNUO s tIOI% v uLD c U

q w gOF c qHD l{ uLNH vK Ub rNbU bI WKdLK qHDK qC rN duD w WOU( WOMODKH dE rOKF rKF Wb; rN rNUA dN bI UN d1 w Wb* w UuU w WFzUA WbOKI WIdD s p s d UL WOFU' UU* iF w UNM e uAOF u duD w c rU b WdH rNUI WOKQ rNU

rKF WOKL rKF* u WOU rNUNu

Ub qLF w Vu' 5 UI Y c dN b

References

Carr, Wilford & Hartnett, Anthony, The politics of educational ideas, IN Janet Collins & Deirdre Cook, Understanding Learning: Inuences and Outcomes, London, Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd in association with The Open University, 2001.

Cook, Deirdre, Introduction, In Janet Collins & Deirdre Cook, Understanding Learning: Inuences and Outcomes, London, Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd. In association with The Open University, 2001.

Coppens, Henriette, Training teachers' behaviour. In Research in Drama Education, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2002. Cullingford, Cedric, The Effective Teacher, London, Cassell, 1995. Denzin, Norman K. & Lincoln ,Yvonna S., Entering the eld of qualitative research, In Norman K. Denzin & Yvonna

S. Lincoln, Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, London, Sage Publications Ltd, 1998. Department of Education and Science, Teaching in Schools: the content of Initial Training, London, HMSO, 1983. Department of Education and Science, Education Observed 3 Good Teachers, a Paper Prepared by HM Inspectorate,

1985. Heck, Shirley, F., The Complex Roles of the Teacher: an Ecological Perspective, New York and London, Teachers

College, Columbia University, 1984. Henry, Mallika, Drama's ways of learning, In Research in Drama Education, Vol.5, 2000.

- UL UFH wd* UL WKD WuL b UduD vKWHK UuL q s Ubb%

U% X Wb c S UIU d U lOL s rd vK U u d U U s WdL WFU v WU UUD s WuL* c l d UuL l UuL s R UOd sB uHB sKb UbM vK sNb wIOD VU' vK Ub UOUJ hH WKD v WU{U Wud qL VOU d v p WLd WId c u v ld WKDK wBA bOFB vK uD S p w dJ* WuHD Zd w WUF v_ UU* s UU* Y WKLJ v U c rNb wBA bF duD v bN qUF w hB UU iF w Ub U s UNOK XKL w WuL* UL WU) fb VOU l WK WOK uJ p UUD s UNFOL XU Wb c D s b dOG WuL b U U s r Zd c sc WU WKD vK Ub dOQ b h v U c uc UNOUF b U v UU u uU u WOd ub UuL l uKLF sc 5d* UuL Vb qOQ w

b* w WKD

WdF* WK U w b w v_ uD) u U Y c qO n_ uA U U* wd* qOQ Vb U w Ub w odD oA w w uD) c uJ u wS uD b

WOdF UMIDM w U* c w 5KUF 5U s bF

wMLO WUr( XO WFU w U

131

dAF

bF

Wud

UFH wd* hzUB

qLF dOJH w Wd* dUGLK WUA tb s bbrNbI WKD uD tu s d U* Vd* k*

tLKF c tu{u Vu lOL WdF*U rK*

XUM w U_ nK w dN UL c lOL pO 1985 uKF WOd r 1997 U/ tUL wd* rNM iF sJ 1994 fUHO 1999 ud 1984 c dN UL d vK eOd s d UL iF vK e vK d eOd dN sJ WHK* Y UuL b UL

dD WdF*U U* q wdLK bOKI bU WDd* UL w UL d rNM qOKI bFU WKDK t1bI u{u* d b* `HM* wd* q wdLK rb wU b UM b dOJH U vK UI t uI c bK tHM wu

WKD

dN w lO{u* WuL l UL c WuL WUI bM Ub d w dLK WOM WKD uD Vu qOK% dOH w

wU qJA UM t{u UL UNMO ULO dO lUI dN bI UFH wd* UL Ub d s uD Vu 5 WF _ qJA

bIM UNUB UN

c WdFbOI b

U* dUG* cVFK u tu

WOUL UN*wMN* wu

`HM*UB vK bI tb stHM wub* wUO)tOK bLF WIU db'WUD UO(U rFH*wMF* rN*rKF* l nUF* U(rOKF rKF u WOU UNu dOJH dO sWud WO nBK bO rEM*d U* Vd* k*eK*WdF*U rK*rb

uD Vu

rd vK UI lUI Vu oU qJA s k l UOK oUD r uD lO{u UNOK XKL w dUMF s WL b UO) b$ L UNd - w UL WuL bb WuM dD WdF* .bI WOUJ XMLC wd* UL s Ub 5 w qLF dOJH Wd dUG* u d'U bOI b Wd( sLC uD Uu{u s u{uL UO)

qO UJ_ dUA* s dOF r' b WId w .bI UJ u rNMO dA* bM c bb UO UJ b uD Vu lOL k UL WHK WIdD UO_ rEM* UNM dOG WuL b U UL WuL l XUI d s WIdD Ub b$ cN dOJH dO s Vd* sJ1 Vb WUN w wd* WOu vK wU d UN rOKF

130

dAF bF Wud

dOFU rNId w

wMN* VU' 3 WFO rNH j c wdLK wMN* VU' w bI dN bI WOdK bb uB uD wMN* wu w sN wKI* b UOuO d w UNQ sL{ UNU w UUD b d

wK U

WUF WId dF UC UNMJ WKN WId dF WIdD c u U rN vK `{ dO u U `O{u vK qLF UN b uB w 5dD* U_ l qUF dJH uNH dO bO WId w rNM b WOB vK eOd WHK* d dF WIdD c UH_ R l s dO UMd UU w UMF b w WbOKI WIdD s bzU WU$ UMK WHK* lO{u* dc& vK qLF UN d_ WFU' d rOKF w WFzUA WbOKI WIdD UM tbI U2 d

UOuO

U S tH Xu w wMN* VU' vK Wb c w eOd - sL{ WKD uD w UC bU 5IU 5U' vK bI s b UUO t US qHD rN w UbI WKD dN bI VU' c u UNu UJ wM rNM iF dN UL UOUJ b rKF* l qUF WOHO Wud WOKLF w rKF* qOFH WOL d U d{ v UC U tLKF qHD uD rb WIdD dOOG rKF* qOFH p b* w WOHB WO rOEM

WOMODKH UMb w WFzUA WbOKI WIdD

d U l VU' c sL{ Wb c ZzU XNUA bI s 5d WuL l 2002 du UN U w Wb q Vb du nA Wb pK wH pOA duD YO s 5d* WuL vK d b Ub bU rNb bb w dN b fb WOKL w rNUN rNdF

11 WH WOHB rNUIOD vK rNKL vK d

UO WU WIdD c nA 1995 fu W w dO rNO d b WOb bUA* s WuL dOC 5b* WH wU qL u rOKF Q rdOc vK XKL b WMNL rOKF u rNUNu duD vK rNbU UbU 384

fb d s WIdD Ub U& pc

_ WdH rND Ub Ub Wb WK d) UF WHK u WdF UA v R bb WOLKF d uAOF WIdD UbK WMJL* WOUFH `{u c bF Uu vK pK w Ub* WuL UN UOUJ duD w fb l UN* UOUJ pK jd b v sJ Zd

UFH wd* UL

UFH wd* Ub UKDB b ku UFH wd* UL s Y wd* `KDB b s rNML p s dOFK 5ud bM b WuL bO' wd* `KDB ub d `UM qO* UFH wd* `KDB Xb WU UNM d lu wU vMF* qL t v uF `KDB* c b v rKFLK dO* rb b sLC t wdLK wJOUMb

wd* qL s e e rKF WOKLF

UFH wd* hzUB WOU W X9 UC Y c s e VU' c XUM w U_ ld* v udU p tUL WR UuL l qLF UIK s WuL bIF pc wd s UuL l pc WuU WOzb b* WK s WFU w dJ* WuHD Zd sL{ 5d* wb l qd* pK UuL* c UU qOK Y u{ vK r( XO UL s WuL dN WHK* ld* U WHK*

WOU lO{u* w ed b UFH wd*

s WuL sLC WL c tOK bLF WIU db' wd* qLF w Wb fHMU WI WOR* qL% q UL

WOI q UL s WuL sLC sdU wMF* rN* wd* rN bU r* rKF* d sdU UUL dNE s

tuKFH D tuI U0 qLF s eK* fL* hA vK qLA eK* wd* w wU_ lA bI lOLK WU d .bI vK

Wud WOKLF d s uN rOKF rKF u WOU UNu wd* dL* uD tLKF WOKL s e e UC u wd* qL

WU r q s U_ s Q s uN dOJH dO s uH* R tu s

dOF sdx UL s UB vK bI tb s vK UI wEHK dO wEHK u* vK u `{u

tH s dOF WO dOu s u UNO WU( bM rb bI s rb

WM Wd Wud WO bI s dA WdF* WF2 u du WUJH tb s WUD UO(U rFH*

l dFA bN b YO rKF* l nUF* U( WU) rNd rNH WKD

dOOG qI sd s bIM qI bb u U qJ `HM* c bI qQU UOI

>dL b tHM wu U v rKF Wud WO nB rEM YO bO rEM* qJ nB l dGB UuL w d qJA qLF v

WHK dD WdF* .bI tMJ1 nO dF b* wUO)

129

dAF

bF

Wud

ZzUM d qOK - w Vu' WE WHK* UuKF* UB W s U/_ l sL{ UOuO d WKD UU w UdJ UNOd WU WHK* UB* w U qJ WHK* UHOMB UN d w WOKLF WFO UA - bI WMOF Uu{u w fb d s WId Ub b WOM WKD WuL

rNF WOU_

cN 5OU 5U WHK* UuKFLK dOH qOK dN bId)

b qLF Ub w WKD XN w WuFB dN _ YO WDA_ s uM c q0 rNUO U rN vK rNb uB UNu - w rNLO rUJ_ Ub% Ub dN w VFK WKD lD r _ U* w U* qO vKF WOd rN_ p U* s e UdOC% - w WDA_ d) VUM UGB UH_ VUM WHO WDA_ pK d

WFU' w ub WKD rNUM pc UJ Uu sL{ WKD uD vK wU Ub dOQ dN bI wU w lO{u* sL rNb wMN* wBA VU'U XD WHK WIK wb* u* _ ULK WU qOK dN c u d Uu{u cQ UI uD w UUD b fHMU fHMU WI XMLC w RiskTaking dUG* U* U d Wd(U UU cU qC WdF UO WKD dN b UJ_ s dOF r' b WId w WU tOK uU U2 u tu ` UB UN rNb uD UO)

q s qC tO UL VFK

UUB s dEM iG WHK* UNOu lO{u* c W bMWOU Vu W v rIM UN 5 WHK*

WOKb WOBA Vu' 1 nO c u dUA hA UNu jd VU' c WI wb vK VU' c qL bI sdx c .bI r US sd l WOUL UF wb rNHQ WKD b XU dOF UO) UJ_ d w bOOIU hA td UL UN s d UNUOu w wK U WUJ UUD

tH u{u* u WKD s d WuL

s UN r r UO l qUF w WuF XN bI WLKFL bM wUO qJA UO UO w WuF XN bI q wL b w WuF UC XN qHD VF vK UH_ r q dOG r uKD* WU wQ XE wMS wK w dOG qH u s rd

UNAO wM VK w d) w WuN qUH lOD UOu d

b w WKD qUH WId UKK Ud* b XH bIXU UK'

bI pC UUD s WuL XU WOUO) WKd WFU UAM WKLJ sNUO b w WuF b sU pd% w sNId s p dN bI eOd oO{ oH d wA* sNM VK bI uOF tu dOUF WF WU s dF qJA WU WIdD sd s sNMJ t U vK nu* l qUFK WU UN WuH

WOH Ud wIOI

w uD c _ U* UK rEF w qUH s dN U c U c vK d WOUJ sNb dNE qLF s WI qd* qC WdF w u/ VFK qC tu duD dUG* U* UN s d w WOU WKUI* w UUD b d cK

u{u* c u WKD s d b s

h wMLN tQ dF wH s WI X bI Ud( lOL w U wMS c nB w wF sc s suu* s dEM iG wL pd% bM Wd dF

Wd WKUI U UU uU u

- nO UNM dOF u rNH u WKD U c dN bIcU u UU UL d