© 2005 pearson education, inc., publishing as pearson longman chapter 5: patterns of organization...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
Chapter 5: Patterns of Organization
PowerPoint by JoAnn Yaworski
and Mimi Markus
Bridging the Gap, 8/eBrenda Smith
© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
In this Chapter You Will Learn about:
Transitional words that signal organizational patterns
Different patterns of organization used in textbooks
Combinations of organizational patterns
© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
What Is a Pattern of Organization?
A pattern of organization is the
presentation of a plan, format, or
structure for the messageServes as blueprintSignals how facts and ideas will be
presented
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Finding Patterns of Organization in Textbooks
Identify the main ideaBe alert to the signal wordsAnticipate the overall pattern of
organizationPlace the major supporting details into
the outline
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Transitional Words
Transition words signalLevels of importanceConnectionsDirections of thoughts
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Signal Words Used as Transitions
Addition: in addition, furthermore, moreover Examples: for example, for instance, to illustrate,
such as Time: first, secondly, finally, last, afterward Comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same
manner Contrast: however, but, nevertheless, whereas,
on the contrary, conversely, in contrast Cause and effect: thus, consequently, therefore,
as a result
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Simple Listing
Items are randomly listed in a series of supporting facts or details
Supporting elements are of equal value The order in which they are presented is of no
importance Changing the order of the items does not change the
meaning of the paragraph Examples of transitional words used for this pattern
are in addition, also, another, several, for example, a number of
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Definition
Concept is defined firstExamples and restatements expand the
conceptDefined term is usually signaled by italicized
or boldfaced type
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Description
Similar to listingCharacteristics are similar to a definition or a simple list of details
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Time Order or Sequence
Items are listed: In the order in which they occurred
(Ex: time order) In a specifically planned order in which they
must develop (Ex: narrative writing, tells a story)
Examples of transition words used are first, second, third, after, before, when, until, at last, next, later
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Contrast
Items are presented according to differences between or among them
Examples of transition words are different, in contrast, on the other hand, but, however, bigger than
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Comparison
Items are presented according to similarities between or among them
Examples of transition words are similar, in the same way, in comparison
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Comparison and Contrast
Combines both comparisons and contrasts together into a single paragraph
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Cause and Effect
An element is shown as producing another element--One is the cause or the “happening”
--The other is the particular result or effect produced by the causeExamples of transition words are for this
reason, consequently, because
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Classification
Used to simplify a complex topic Information is divided into a certain number of
groups or categories The divisions are named The parts are explained Examples of transition words are two divisions,
three groups, four elements, five classes, six levels, seven categories
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Addition
Provides more information to something already explained
Example of transition words are furthermore, again, also, further, moreover, besides, likewise
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Summary
Comes at the end of an article or chapterCondenses the main idea into a short
concluding statementExamples of transition words are in
conclusion, briefly, to sum up, in short, in a nutshell
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Location or Spatial Order
Identifies the whereabouts of a place or an object
Examples of transition words are north, next to, near, below, close by, within, around
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Generalization and Example
A general statement or conclusion is supported with specific examples
Examples of transition words are to restate that, that is, for example, to illustrate, for instance
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Mixed Organizational Patterns
A long article may have one
general overall pattern and contain
individual paragraphs that follow
other patterns
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