© 2005 pearson education canada inc. chapter 22 population, urbanization, and environment

© 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc.

Chapter 22

Population, Urbanization, and Environment


Demography: The Study of Population: Fertility

Fertility – the incidence of childbearing in a country’s population

Fecundity –the potential for childbearing Crude birth rate – the number of live births in a

given year for every 1000 people in a population– “Crude” because it takes into account everybody, not just

women of childbearing age


Mortality

The incidence of death in a society’s population Crude death rate: Number of deaths in a given

year for every thousand people in a population Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths among

infants under one year for each 1000 live births Life expectancy: Average life span of a country’s

population ( In Canada 2001: 77.1 for males, 82.2 for females)


Migration

Immigration: Movement into a territory Emigration: Movement out of a territory Internal migration: Movement within borders

Net-migration rate: Net result of immigration and emigration


Population Growth and Composition

Affected by fertility, mortality, and migrationHigh-income countries grow as much or more from

immigration than fertilityCanada’s growth rate at 0.3% is below world averageSex ratio: Number of males for every 100 females In Canada, below 100 because women outlive menAge-sex pyramid: A graphic representation of the age

and sex of the population


History and Theory of Population Growth

People favoured large families for productivity

World population passed 1 billion in 1800 2 billion by 1930, and the rate started to accelerate 4 billion by 1974 6 billion+ today and adding 77 million per year 8-9 billion by 2050


Malthusian Theory

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), warned of impending doom based on population projections

Population growth increases in geometric progression (e.g., 2, 4, 8…), but food production in arithmetic progression (e.g., 2, 4, 6…).

Result: people reproducing at rates that exceeded their ability to produce sufficient food

Critical evaluation: Underestimation of human ingenuity and the role of inequality


Demographic Transition Theory

Stage one (pre-industrial, agrarian): High birth rate due to economic value of children and lack of birth control and high death rate.

Stage two (early industrial): High birth rate and lowered death rate give a boost to population growth (many of the developing nations today mirror this stage).

(Cont’d)


Demographic Transition Theory (Cont’d)

Stage three (mature industrial): Birth rates begin to decline to match death rates as population surge drops as affluence transforms children into economic liability

Stage four (post-industrial): Economic realities force drop in birth rates to the point where growth is stagnant or very slow

Critical evaluation: The key to population control may not be technology, but redistribution of resources


Global Population Today

The low-growth north– Zero population growth: level of reproduction that

maintains population at a steady state– Postindustrial societies: population could decline– Abortion: 32.2/100 live births

The high-growth south– While birth rates have fallen (six to four children per

woman), 180 nations agreed that raising the status of women is a key element in controlling world population.


Urbanization : The Growth of Cities

The concentration of humanity into citiesEvolution of cities First cities: Jericho (10 000 years ago) followed by

cities in Egypt, China, Central and South America Pre-industrial cities: Greeks had city states and

Romans founded cities in Europe. Industrial European cities: Industrial revolution

brought a second urban revolution.


Growth of North American Cities

Colonial settlement (1624-1850): Montreal had a pop. of 5500 when Toronto was founded in 1793. Now Canada is 80% urban.

Urban expansion: Towns sprang up along transportation routes. 1931 Canada was 50% urban.

The metropolitan era: Industrialization gave boost to cities as factories strain to produce goods and workers flow in to the metropolis: a city that socially and economically dominates the area.


Suburbs and Central Cities, and Inter-Regional Movement

The suburbs and decentralization: Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city, but not like U.S.– Canadian cities had early urban renewal programs

Megalopolis: A vast urban area containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs– St. Catherines to Oshawa, Ontario

Countries can experience a population shift, e.g., to a resource boom in Alberta.


Urbanism as a Way of Life

Ferdinand Tonnies– Gemeinschaft – close ties through kinship and tradition– Gesellschaft – social relations are based on individual self-interest

Emile Durkheim– Mechanical solidarity – social bonds based on common feelings and

moral bonds– Organic solidarity – social bonds based on specialization and

interdependence

(Cont’d)


Urbanism as a Way of Life (Cont’d)

Georg Simmel– The development of a blasé attitude– tuning out– A strategy for social survival

Robert Park and Louis Wirth– Urban organization based on distinctive ethnic

communities, commercial centers, and industrial districtsCity dwellers are more tolerant than rural dwellers

Critical evaluation: Wirth and others neglected class, race and ethnicity, and gender; many kinds of urbanites live in cities. Cities can intensify differences.


Urban Ecology

The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities:

Park & Burgess’ concentric zones– Business districts ringed by factories ringed by housing

Hoyt’s wedge-shaped sectors– Industry forms along rail lines, new fashionable areas

next to old fashionable areas Harris & Ullman’s multicentred model

– Cities decentralize and form many smaller centres


Environment and Society

Environmental problems result from human actions Ecology: Study of the interaction of living organisms and the

natural environment. Ecosystem: Interaction of all living things and their natural

environment Environmental deficit: Negative and profound long-term harm

to environment from seeking affluence Logic of growth: Technology has benefited us and will continue

to do so. Limits to Growth: Limits exist to what we can take out of the

environment.


Types of Environmental Problems

Solid waste: Average N. American discards 2+ kg./day. We are a disposable society.

Water: 1% of world’s water is suitable for drinking, and global consumption is 6 bil. cu.ft./yr. Must curb water consumption by industry and farming.

Air: Overall improvement in industrial countries, but still a problems in low-income countries.

(Cont’d)


Types of Environmental Problems (Cont’d)

Rain Forests: regions of dense forestation, most of which circle the globe close to the equator.– Falling victim to surging world population

Global Warming: a rise in the earth’s average temperature due to increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, e.g., carbon dioxide.

Declining biodiversity: loss of animals, plants, and micro organisms, by clearing forests


Environmental Racism

The pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities.

Factories in poor neighbourhoods Cost of land for treatment facilities cheaper in poor

neighbourhoods NIMBY (Not in my back yard) organizations in

better-off neighbourhoods


Looking Ahead: To a Sustainable World

Ecologically sustainable culture: a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening future generations

1. Population growth will impose changes unless we are proactive.

2. Conserve finite resources: seek other sources of energy and conserve water.

3. Reduce and recycle waste.

© 2005 pearson education canada inc. chapter 22 population, urbanization, and environment

Documents

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