مجلة دراسات وأبحاث العدد 19
DESCRIPTION
مجلة دراسات و أبحاث، أول دورية جزائرية علمية دولية مُحكَّمة ربع سنوية تصدر في شكل إلكتروني وورقي تحت إشراف هيئة علمية من الباحثين ذوي الخبرة و الكفاءة من داخل و خارج الوطن، و بمتابعة من هيئة تحكيم ذات كفاءة تشكل دوريًا لتقييم البحوث و الدراسات.TRANSCRIPT
-
!"!#$%&'()*
+,-./012345#./67)&)()89
:;(-!*+##%#7?@A*B-+C*DC59EE
F!#G*H((I(?-A!#JK(L(F*MNO'0 K7)$-#(>
##P?10++#(89#$KE
+/-K5KJ+Q3(@A!#R+!S"H9T$-#UR
-
*,+*)('&%$#"!
10)('32,10/.#"-
( )2111 1579 :NSSI(: . . . ) ( )3630 3522 :NSSI-e(: . . . )
3106 / 9002: $#"!
-
!"#$%&
'& ()*+,+-./01)234")567+(
4*.5'6++789:;
-
=8+9*+:W !"#$%&6g:Hh'&4"
7+( ();V+F;ij.k[Zlmb+ $
jKTI6jKT+,WtU"+>B
uQT R>p"*+t+9;$+IWh@*+r,;$0>B
^5P=i0,o8+9*+:QTX+x6^b +!9++F0bH$6^e3#,b+0
P+g&+,9'Nb+&ue3bW+R}B
,M+95
A+%0(r*[*P+=> # *ij. C+NpW?^&;$+FX+fU*+:$ 86
-
''CEF(26'$"
`JA>HI
Sa?,b]
W``$"c$d
W``e'T16",W
`f-B
''Cb!
g"DS"
'"hij)!
9-$
YCb!
4"'&+ n !QoD
W``k'-
`>HIJA
`!WCH-
`,l7
`%HIJA . S%&p-dCW{, /01,*v'()01
`Y'L/n S{,%&p-gdCW ,*>v'()01
`g7nX"n {E/Y%&-gdCW-78 ,*/01v'()01
`,ac!" %&p-dCWL',cyr ,*/01v'()01
`hij'AxA %&p-dCWyrL',c ,*/01v'()01
2,b]
n'()01
W`)qf-$" EF('>?+"Ya9v"*6,*)D' |+
W`$"c$d +"V"n-)D''$" y
W`XA>" %&p-dCW S{,v,*ZhiS c'r6
W`X"l'I" "Sq5%&p-dCW?aT1p$"T1aLy c'r6
W`9Yl! L01%,+U
-
06>+[78l:
)QN(~++R4+,0>$6^+9srHW=60>Z6!X9W86
-
p}B
xL Z6!& Z -g> m 0n$,_;}60>*+6,>V6#4+6Qy.)B
olyo"01
$ fqI$XZ~
-
xCZ' 0^0*+,>$QT&gU, X$^0*+, + WQTmX$bZ6!0}
03C+0INbB
;$X$}+~ 0QOW;$,0>,*P+=>+X+]^$bC+0.+,OZ=XB
n%j&+!,On}+0*+60>+++f&+!*+t+99W6%^l0q3Z+9HWC
, #> q:g: WQT Z+! W"+g W, W?^> W/`$ WNN WQT
*+F%B
)*+F%$$&PFcB
,01[yZ' ,+-.M+5U$QT&l0N+>60p$ +:M+5U#~XW ,F+9 +R+q&z
F01>,*+:$6^b$b#;$X$}+ m&WmX$bZ6!&Z,66B
,#+fb5U*+t+99;+ug:W$W,+-.W!W4Q>q:Wb+jHW
-
fC+"u| gN#*Hh$$%&+@Z6@i0:@iNOB
F-.,+HI6~'ttr
-
01
!"#$%&'()* 10
+,-'(./012+$/+"34567&75%23
8+-3+391:;"?+-@AB1"A1"%3C 31
!"!#$
*D3EF87#/GHIJ'(KLM)5:#(N3( 45
%&'()
O$:P43+3(K)+3" 65
*#+,-./
Q%R(1S;9TCU 72
0$$+12./
4,V5UWGX:#YBZZ[#\XS"$]K[[^_: 90
3#+456789
/%5K)(6"$" $`V'(4%a>4%&bc:0I(3" 102
:$"; /K'(//+fg& 119
>&-?@-+1
hIfi`"T$N3jk'( 142
;3A
-
usq93v"SwServqualxE" I)(3DN"( 221
IJK>@?>L%M
242(I$)>1rsIv#"Y+$TbG
7C$+
+f`[6
-
!"!#$%&'()*
+,-./012345#./67)&)()89
:;(-!*+##%#7?@A*B-+C*DC59EE
F!#G*H((I(?-A!#JK(L(F*MNO'0 K7)$-#(>
##P?10++#(89#$KE
+/-K5KJ+Q3(@A!#R+!S"H9T$-#UR
-
1
!"#$%
!"#$% &'()* " +,-#&.-(/012.3#
!456789 (3:#36;#?-(@!ABCDE,BF#G!$H()%IJ(%!0K$D
LM'%C3"NO PQ:AR6#'"33NST!A*0>?@!A;U HN:CO P:A4ST!,()($;
Rsum: Cette recherche porte sur l'importance de l'ducation dans la
langue arabe comme la vie, est lie la rhtorique forte d'une part, et pour tre l'un
des niveaux de l'analyse linguistique , d'autre part.
Trouver abord un certain nombre de questions: la langue , et le phnomne de
la mlodie, et l'mergence de la grammaire, concept, et le but de l'enseignement
des rgles, ont galement port sur les mthodes les plus importants utiliss dans
l'enseignement, et les tapes et les mthodes adoptes dans ce domaine. Mots cls:
Langue, mlodie, Grammaire, rgles, mthodes, tapes, mthodes. Summary: This research paper aims at discussing the importance of learning grammar in
the Arabic language , life for its strong connection to give indications on the one hand , and for being one of the levels of the linguistic analysis on the other
hand.This research paper has looked over on a number of issues such : as language
the intonation , and the emergence of grammar and its understanding , and the
purpose of teaching the grammar rules , it also looked over the most important
methods used in grammar teaching , and the approaches and steps adopted for it.Key words: language, intonation, grammar, rules, methods, steps approaches
1 - VWCX,WY0)="3"0Z[!\:="Y0):!]D C "31^'_(:="H3N:,[N`"'V(a* "3 !3bA3BcST!A9TP:#!X)d0)N9
-
2
1
3APe " A 6i ,C3:Br"'9,*0$u"*0H3#d3vC,w"#Eg\jx6i [y "#xx6ibA3P$APe $ 33 PgH3%=z0F P!,Je6H'
36>?jA3#E![j9Z3#;z0 6i% &'$[!"36N A36N rnE/0x6iV"c lr] )qQ y "# *Y,Q x & , {3v |936N ![& z[N}>? jA3# S (6 z[N j 9Z3#
"936N;"C3^j~9Z3#Ee"A,~w"#$*3##3!Ye/)x6ie;CD
%J4!'*6!&'!4Q:?
),'s!"3NNrD|}1e*P ,hZ!QIJ'(!0X1|:371W0}rWDW89341x*,!"!,i*"3>?Ie (2) . WC"WHRw D'0='$=#t/(%!0K'9]C3N!AR>?!X
%!0XE/tn3(3);!"()*,j[1x!#z00A4%A41=PQ!,i{(nN;1WB=PQxt)J
x!!,3x;%!nWh,=#q#qBBEg\x==PQ>?O6)#9C"/0|:53W0},Yq!C"#*Z,!nBt/Y,ig\0@!"h(4) . 2
1B=PQ>?-"=#qxtjLMEH"3Pe3D!"? exf 9C,>"B!#TB=PQPsD!JNt!x?331eHRVW))K!W
1B=#q>?j!e/0>?Z)OhIe1B9"H#)D$ egQ!9"e=PQ1e!4hIe[!#*eF ,VCC[xeBeAe!&zCeV(3eB3#M?
,BeAezCex9"e)\LMf V"xe!&VA)9"e:!6Dx?Er,hs3AA)(5) .
I#CDVD!,i:(Anxs3#SPU3H|BeAe!&zCeV(3eB3#M?;}
-
3
*?Be;}!6|!&VA9"e:!6Dx?;}=u)$#)3~"#|s3AA)x9"e)\LMf V"xe;}
Qh,VuJHc(%!0X!9"eu=]u"#=PQBt/zC"9C"/0O6W6!x! !"$(/01B)6QEg$!"x6r34;0=PQ9C,G!$
sWjW[LM!x!,!AR="?3r'(Ou)x6Ij[Hc#()!B),h,96Zn
jW[>?W30Wet 0!H9 R !"o,"[e/0)#>?3N!,i %!6{Q(3Hx!#xDQe!"N !,i:D!&z0:iCQ|z0`!n"} 1C"3WPWZ!"[!e[xD93,B#o;'
'!":Yu3:z0`!n"!4#!
-
4
hW,()1r4* &3"xP3#9"569 (3:=C%=()"#x4PLM[;"QD!"x6,,*"e|=Qx ()$}0W3
)W,1WBt/()W 1W"HNW9,H!" eZN1Zs3#M?())N*0QrWg$3Wo,[' B%!]Dx3$*,uSxD%=ei9Z9`EwR3N
)Pih,1!,iC`g$e ?)6N)6N= (13) .:WCs%=N*TC
-
5
CDFH)W"W()W C "3)#u=zC,9C"8xI]#ST!##d0)>?3t?)!36N]Q eSA)#cz0 T!3P#!AW$:J{30,Bd3)36n)r4 CJ 3N A9 (3=WN
!WZ)"W3!Z)"E/0#=cH K!]D#)"C`!Z),9 'NqNC3"!4Qz=i9BzT`z6&=i#!AC)#9"xQ1HQ1,j C3#!AxQ!4Q;
#!AE/~zW=izC)L/Dz0#e!"N"ZQ"3),03==#9HAXrhC)1"'LM9DT)' ? "BDJ/ r3DJh,0=C3, (17)
&&):
C"3C/`h,W]QP)!#jC*"N*H#- 6*"SA)sW(SA)CD()n'E,xu#* ,[!"#) "%,9n3cn):!H9C`
AN%,)3Pz3)#JB)N;
-
6
0% xJW "#*"/0]Q=,?'* 34*"BSA)sC"3NJ9$36#!AE/:N, )$`*"Nh,!eCD;'sC"3WNJ *"N6M?"e(x
h,*B]Q=,?b[N']ge; )3P#!A,#!AE/0"| T!3P;}%-./0:
U[#*"N0g]##Jr4qw3-#(b[!h,]##!#$e"j p*"3N!C]36#- bPQ /4Ic%!N P=N3]xb[
h,]d6'HK#JB)N9kz0c%]NJND; -(G!H(ZS(31&G!3e),:"NjpJN#(3#!AE/0
S A3(18) . !123.4
M?xDF#,B()sC30*"3N#$%N63DP9?!n%f Br,]j [C
-
7
*\!w36h,%!C36N:) 6(3d)Na)?ST!A3NsC"-#&x)6W$Y3#*6:!Y"3#A4Q R( (n$*]#(eC 6 !"qnAJQW#$
H3N%!Bn\r!Z0g\;)6t#9R!#90j>?LM" E/0=N%%=!C 0Hn"% "*"3NjB,EgH,
Q>?O P* "'"3N()~!",Bh, ?!X)!4>?jW!#!Qx)!,?:C,%=N* "#!h, PLM"E3B*"N%HD,)0xuL9!h,:,P%g]DF#tNjB/0V x=S%=NE/0%!N0Q
*"NS")e%=Dz06H%=NS"3#)t/\ST!C "'C3"#gWW)A JP#!A$*3#t/*"3NS"3#C 4*6';
&9+0
x?9
-
8
!>)*?: PQ3 C6h,UAZ*"N%=Ns)0;W 3*"N ?IY#c#!A0PQe
)*0H ,*B?%=N>?rA9 '9?!6#' (20)
c:=*\!sC"N#*Tr)j[dw{ H:6PN36h,1/()F#q9oLMx?* 0Is6x N'#/*)9 0I%=,?;W Wie
'%C3"NST!Ah,/4Ns%m!AVqx()F# jW p'W#$,#!" !"3_(3609!NE/0z3)#)3P=9! WP!0WX!Xq!/0
C ,ST!sC"3N#B,;JK:
u"#eIAR*(x6HD>?e[ie !"$P# %![()u"#569 (3:=;x40[BLM,w,( (ZCe()*e
{BN/0,!u,t/ )N*0Qx6,!W" eZN1Zs3#M?()%=ei9Z9`EwR3N1"HN9,H (21) .
N*TC
-
9
'W#()*6W3xHK#*"a99Dx={$J%=NE/0h,x#sC"3N9"a) )u!NVB%=NE/0x/0H3N#$:N;
L:
!"#$%%&'(
)*+ ,-./01#23410.567 89:#;1?(@=0A,3#
?%'=0A/B+CD ?%=0A+:CD -.?E=0A1F=?
G=0A+0?)=0A?)G=0A+?G(=0A+2
?HH=0AI10J*&D3K$'('@
G>BL:7B@()&)%)
HK&D3)
EMN+C+11 I2*@(@&'@
'= IO=2:=$4 ::1O
>?A&'
(&D3K(
@&+C+1'@
%P&D3K@@@
B$Q891@@E&(
RB+S2 @@(&'
)
5:%%%&G
GB9>N+0B>T1 @@&G)
H2M31B+ ;:BU52QCQB0.@%
V@
EP.+B+
M2+3@''&))'))(
*
-
10
!"#$%&'()*'+*,%-
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0/.12345675(89:;*%($?@ABCDEF#,B%G/(5*HI
"J>%KL!4J*(@(5(O=P,Q/*R,?S"QTS!Q&S5()nnn!+,%(oKRV4JDp2NIUBk>?kt%B,%VJ5p4J>u%V>=5*5SS
?DK'()SSN!=\%(>E(i% Q(e-./w"I(Ix8rHW+\IB%BQT*>=IF#"y(z5I%N'
N%[%6h(N\v2]|%5()!!4JQ\63(49*-./@} V5();*V4JD
-
11
&(~/V4JD67>i} Q%,V4JD@>i} 5)(lJ(N\+U% (8!!4J!xsr"V5()\}s%>%(WV4JD%!WJ%U%,(=eT\9=Dy(R=>%(>'/bT52V4JD@T?Oyr>W/!m/HI%%=%T%T52"JV4JD67=Q}WR/&$
6I=Q@B("%9*B5()w"I*Q%}BF"9{!J / =7 I5 2 =5( =+ >'.HQe *~J7 T(F *~J 2 \! -*">;(9,'.
rH"N9(=Q%_!FH5*8@}*mJ\67U7N+(*IU}HQe*~J%T(8*~J./'*~J%B,"m%&5*%(V>%j*B%!tUB5()B.Y%
>y:5A%HQe*~J>?H5A%f+2]9W5A=,%Q~+B,(/4=>+(f8@%:"./B,%5*%+?5(j*2>*!8*"()TWJ?h(D pD*
*~J+@*"&**/,5 -.Y%K!H3(V5()5^@V4JB*Q%
NI=!D&\H'.%HQe-r$@&\#V4JDB,#v?!"9@ )*H%,WKb*E%,!"!H\8*H,>#767,>P!"!H%B!i4;Q*P^e (#@ E(i% Q(e -.Y'x8rHW+\I */RB!
*>9*
-
12
B,r*5i25(m *,@S>*>!D(!Dj*2b9*Q%T\>$'.lb`>i&+` )@Q
5(l9*i2,2B|,T567&>(5(F./@W/9*+U*>&(R"2( M
9(D'*!9!V!J(NvW D]|\xD !@9WX,*+e_49%^(>3R>%'(>0(RN\v2N\+U./
aw>I>2tU.Y9(~lJ(N\+U*">V5();* !'n(e2
B(W DkRm>TQ5()n
J.()>!J(&s9p%(*v@!'9Um> !w>67N\+\6%e!J(>4-./7*HQW!9(%(!J(4J(R.Y%5:s
!t(((5(,`5/%-.Y!J(ba+(Q7H>
-
13
()@47].>%y.W/*"() 5{!2W 4Q=f&*+%DJ,%:B%*>WJ'()K(D,!2W/*>,%!oW/%.m25* 4x/eV>WY'a
,25.%i>/7 !l)!~(Q@W ~/I ^'.p%( ./
2!!"R m()67./%,?!4JQ*+,?%lD4-.Y'
%,' !'*)TQ`!v/!7`W P%,VHWR%!4J(xve*~J!*>*+e-./{J' !l8B9%VJV>"R67NFeU7=IA%;(v,ab% !#@?!Q 9%_5(mu(m%VJ225(v!4JQB925Fx%V>&*P!"L!J8V,8*+e-./(?9,*Q%n
*+,,25(/{Q@B%( R0!!Km6 !yR*Q%'^0% !1\xD*>?*IA!4JQ*+,u(mB%#v4-./2V5()B;,%
!PV!!4J !x
-
14
N\v2K+p49bU./@%`V4JD2pD*)`@:"9J=!QN92~+D](DV>,%9%U,*>!J(86 m*Q2m~+2N\+U49
U-./
&@(.5%B5()B%(m K%+]|%?HD\> R*J>+ 5:b?!HD%u\J? #v5();>*5%I%25*/Tb7%V>H\>a5
*Q%&@R25.V5()2!45(>]|%N,,i=!m%J> ( i t 2P, -./ !5!>( V% 6 V4JD W!J() !mIKJ+]|%
0S#="*"!%'Jq!){! ")>{9>!0%!"!%W8!>%K
)q!V4>%&$@?v*5U%L!JFj*VbW/**
-
15
W +B5()B%(m k9!+_JL!4Ju%2V4JD6 %(m/25.V5()*5%
;: !!4J & N\v /R 0 W HD ?!I %!+ 5 H *PcSd>, &! &!% *# @ H W!9 b* 2> *,q5% >, &! 5:b @% !+ @!$,q+% 8
J!5()R/5(Q(*I%5 H*Py(@R*@ !2@(R"V!J(V%VJV>p(H
QW!*> !; !40(5(F "m* !!"J%(*> #HvVF8@ !%V!>%%eBx5 F"#,
e@&) !%g(R>0!>/sN*5*mHI2=+(b J(D@%,()@9 !j@&/*+,*Q5()&BCD?%
!4Qe2r@l%2=*+,%!Jm!FxI2=*Q%(F!x+((,%,U
,`RV!!4JB,`5()&)`./@%=I!7KJ+?JW KbE5*>?505.!\I2KbbU!>~9BD
W$(>*\%,VR(Q(vU"%R(Q"=!{x!D="T{>>B%(t+T!&*$@W 9>{x!U'>/%*+#m*Q rv,%W "m2;:!FxI? XU7 &*!/^"Bl/%
-9]tU'.=H!QnnnB>l%NQ}5(m\b*!5=j*
-
16
':#((.5`vB!HQe*~JK!4&!p:I=bY'(!+(D*Q%5()
4,WXv?"Q2+U%(>&WJW !"/*%j*AV5() B, m67 W >, W/xD%2J@ WX97 W5 B ?> "4 2 W \^ { BJ5 5&.I9e(.5%'*9Q5(5*`u~c`u~m*>!DF"#,d*%?!~J!I.v,D'.92
F#,B,mV5()>T/U*+>*Q%y.&{xIV5(m"4>a5(eB,W()%*
T*./%B5(mWX,B,(~"4U/2&(me.v,xD\D8W*>B!!4J5A%%,"bkR%()> m "m6N#V4>p49*,% W, Z%2r2/!IHv%!Y5()&B,r$% *P &% B(N)% ! 5(k> (8 Y -./ 2P 2% S J25. lJbe@%'*Y%W"5(%e
'(H !! 9!9 x!" !Qe9!+ !U `BJ x
-
17
%( (9 *(Q m5BV5()BC>?/% D\+k>9%WEfI*%()p>n
B!i4;Q*P DQ%@xJ2&w"x>%5()&T!Q?"Q(3(@(F(+J{"%
J(/%m~+Ua5(b2wix?9%67 Z]|@Viri&*#;QH;2pD*@ "m>T(N%*N!>(!
-
18
= ./2v }U2 !D0 &( -./N\vU ,*>"+6{4>P(2 (R*QB5()B!bDT\+e?!"Q2S5()&T!Q?"QSJ+%*"5Bp%(
(Hh1>~9%/.IK2 >0!4"(DV9.lJ(q!)*Pp2>(PBI9%(+B,].2[9%@25A|kJJ,u(45b( 9Nb%
ZU{!2V!!4JWxI0 ")/nnnV4JD@_JuNRh(i>R%{,A/,()KR !DT*Q9[#I&*>()N\W!V\%V%>'9p%(tEW!JJ(D?GB,%4!9U9UZ(4v,%W/,
l\9s(@< %=5I%(~!V!! H25(Jb+5()>(~u6;,./%(*J&m%u%n
2*5**m%*&^!I.*%l~!I(9!n
BC
Hv9*-./6!f}$Q\-./B7?>V"\->;'.9U>* 5*+J!5()!!4JQ\B,
T*
-
19
B!!4J%B5()' !(N\v2()@!m]|( M% !(%92J(5(F&=P(D'.rH(5(+dD(!\9snQ%25*>,'*!9@5(j*9{m(n=Jn=Jn=Jni25*>,}!R25*>,KeK!R25*,2>**",2>lJ*Jjk>j!!"R;(Q;*+!4Q@*%
E(J(DQ0lJ({DB!QlQ">+U%V5 !]|*>
-
20
(}!/(>sr"*lsN(,lc(.d)N%ecSd(I}U'%*v25*n
(].}2>](.(B(%kR]|>%V5()% !V>
!vJmI*Q2(/'#v*>RU !B"v0%(/!( M0/@BD* J-.((/})5()!b(8z5I*QcSSd(I}e"2>*,
()nTQ !T5'(/ !DmpR!49w9>J(D W 9\@{25(*/KJ+% m6NFIB%`u>"/`(/@yR'.T*6W D]|BD'(/@2Dv'5(Ta+%()!%*&nTc@(sT
)l!/(>s{>(%r>l\9s(inK!4/@!!4J!x7cSSd& R?!*n?! 9'*T\>%(){m(a>9n*9S!b(8n&!!4J;:}I:2!!4JW,9\ m! H%i%'!s&*J"9e2B%
~I/r}~YaD*INF9&(5 !67T!Q%!!4J!>(lPe?9> !\!9(4vWQI%V4JD7%5(JC>!! H!>/K5(g%45:&sbI%V4JD67F9e!@B\s>&-.YO>,*>]|
Ps2T(45:b
-
21
%(IA*%V4JD(_(ms>!45(>!]|%&H"H ) )()!")%+9{m(n=Jn5(|5*!R(((iK2@]| *> !>(=> ! n( }*r"Sl!/(>Ur"l!/(>Un
*"VJ!H#>(%%V5()/(84I@!b"(()np(H"na>9{m(]|%`9j!!`;*>
U( IA~B,*V4JD@(UH/(>UKJ+6%UB%!! H(8%!>(iN%*l!,*"IB,~)>(0"J !DT\9Uu(%%* Q%U%B%~,*"IA|NJI%m"RQ%,(5(F>T\9U@(()}W9,
VJ4v*9cy(+@Qd()D(ASn*"a>9{m(j%rLin?! 9T\>%()'*{m(a>9n*?! 9'@(ipRs3(cT\>@5()!)%dUn'^D(*9{ma>9n=JnJ!() 5Rc29md()D(n'^Da>9{m(*9n(#D,%
-
22
=Jn(9{m('*?! 95()&V>*!(~V>5 ~J}U%,}J%@(i){Q*!#5+5x%}^%~IUV4JD+JD6B7%*IU!")
-
23
! "#$
%&'()*+
,-./0
#1."234*5#$)6$$2)
!"# !$ %&"$'()$*+,-./ 01!2(3$45671879$:1(%&;?(@A;B7!&C!?9$871DBE@9F% # !$
59B5@ 5 !$ #The summary
This article addresses the issue of the role of scientists and scholars at the embassy
between the two countries Azayanih and Marinid during the seventh and eighth
centuries AD (XIII-XIV,in which the severity of the conflict between the two countries, and also their role during the peace periods through the gift exchange,
and we talked as well about the reasons for choosing the scientists of the embassy
and how it influenced embassies on the relations between the two countries and
Zayaana Marinid
GH75I$E@1JKLB7((M$@:NO4O4B$PQ
/ $ R S E@ 1PT ( FR 1UR V$? BWXW YK $Qx$87v
!"#
$%$@y !BBRCsz(GB$ !z7q4:f$&R qH$TE@9{@5A$d%
17(-%&R {@:5X(!: $:
-
24
X(9;Y?7((3$$-HX!"5q41re5' ;oG)!( @~XW :W51a!A$K~ 1+y9#1PT(@1#!y}$_h
+,-
-
25
aJ]eW' "+@O4l`!5 rH{ !@$_}$_567Fha7
4!" $_E@G&iB(r[B7$7XE@ec Ju)[[[?z"a(al/Q@c;B7u"bBu)5q*nA$b_"cq3H5A$dL"RA
uJuu$
-
26
$$:!3( 6!$5$5;$'>?@"$@!#J~;LM"$/9L~;X_'E'R$Y9pv"&~;w9
J8"+I
-
34
)\-1H"$! !3g*SSMX:lq{",X)! '!SPC8#$ '#1$M)-:l45Y+Ix)4
-
35
Ib'2-b'2','2-&'2S~;'-)/q8'$\'(M.=;y"#$ b"*a'$\ !4$P)3#1X8'$\7_S*I1b$9.\$Ib'MMbC !?@M':,X:
'(n !y-S,
-
36
{$1M"j )-
-
37
:"*p/:I2L"+ ":*4- !4-$J8]!8/KHCE~5b#$`'-$_'PH1$# 45F&"lR0'J#4$!=62812r&",'-:$r-*8':P+$IH}J!\$ .
Q\P$Q#SH:+17'#P'$4-$'d$!B/K` 31HMw2L4#${,Oj1G'9YF;{ !7'#RH#$X:l{"jv"/a"H17Jd$-/287Xd$-HS/X:l92'$!d$I/AbS$,*8'S+$IXx#7'#
Lb7$F=3h?!$d$-7'(F#7/"]b78/\7C
=bX2JK`'-$X^F)$-MR,'.R,'XU#v!,HE=G8'H:+Y3/J4b"*8")e4$8*$84\X G[u^"*4,8'2-4)1"V/AH}J
!,[email protected]"*R/20"$/8S~+1_'jX8:+g$M2K8@mK7mfP45!-C'L'Xb]X!B/Kr1R4rd'F2
I':H:1-G/A2#;JA35H2F!EwR4$d4!z4$I_jX!Ewb"*'NjwJb) X9\ IA !P"J%" R4$o ( z4$I ";aL!$C _'P KP b D!E' H#m"AL"zu+' !DI"$I9m36$\I MX236>#1M'")$!#GDI"$I9MM"-#b"/X
?@ !H2F!BX"K5FGC '. Y4$I9Mmg;m/"#7\h- 'S :$1 1X_~7 \. 4$PLbp
48@89'7XV*8g!S7!#7'S+(g\37C4$G98'1N\:.Lbp45N#Q\P !)\h#0/KLuM"":*7C
-
38
MKg817J4,"'(8KW !1ObSL"zufPPmDI"$I9HGmHd5")e,T$KhG''-:$HJ1jw.4zb$2;NVPIX')/q'(Fz-Am'm
[email protected]:$ !=?!l2F5@K$2@ !4$#2'3/HG')/a"jPIX2\*IG'J!;QPEM'5./038C
'$5 =G @s$I'h1 b"*tM 45:!-k1m'\I mLm\I'hMmz-K,wXE$-1J2")e4$F4$L'$XPJsxQ5".N+L39CF4$
M':,=G!P"7p''3h\hM\I9'3hL!$HK4$SJ"j1H:+1\W'ACb"*M\IF#Q5"7L"+R4$ojX"S-24$G9$5"J,Hj>M\I$/C
Q5"b"/H124!b"/#>\IQ5"7/2DI"$I9R4$X^JMCM\I40C89\NK'9XN5a'$\ !=bGO'\NVz"V)+J-%"-
-
39
"j/K1E'"K5!#G452p-$Y4$P9)G'7y,'JGhQ\Py}'$Y$!1,=xj1 1"d$/ X 28N]$ Ry:$ 3$ 5 VE =b )- =b*$9FG''-:$ _S9`45
)/"$*"4$1-F's$-a"j8@r1-18,H:;JR4$o8b"*%$*I91"9M':X CCC8r1y,K 2"j !8%$*I R' *3F_S98- '$ # *}'/ X
2y$$QhYjM\PM#$-8,#s$-2NAT$_b43
'H#P_");wm7#"m8'(r1Q"$J_S9G''-:b4/$"S$_u$P0"$/1DF4$P*!$~7"+=C
'7M'\M'!#7/bb"LD,'JX:9>#MIT$7-0'2`Ib^o='S$9P$^"* ''4- C=b#y-#"h8`\Xg0", !'+
"jU/=b#7_:;XNV:""]=3h=b#45=8'44C "eIQPSuX"),-.ge#/x$#n"$/Xv!-/
$#7XR-
-
40
8'(aP]^w'(#"]7"zuJjH:+1"/_J/"]G^wu5"4$(a'$\ !8!,9X40y-SiEj # n'& 85 X -7 ( )zP *5 " X ' Cg*E D-u?!9*$PG"$'S1/"1CE"/D,4$G98:+'\*M.DS!j,
1"wM5M2"K5'EY]^w')!JHK4$74/)!~$I,
-
41
kG
12'PhX1_bm-b"*8'(+-'!#7S98Y3*x+m`28/0!292Y$;20102133C 2_S*I9_S9r1F::2F4ObSG@'F'4#M'u*!$'!#1"#1'2
2_S9552012- www.arabemediastudies.net
3t28$Hz'*72ObE *Sn12Mbw2R^'$"+-!O"+b200833C 42uu#1"1mF\N]$PJ=_S9Hzb1"#M!Jmb#2Z"#H$\7!239028
20112175C52'S-Sm8'!#4!GSI"$:8I7m`28'!#78b!2052L2009296C6X&'7/gE2Mu_'!#1"#1'2"S-F!$72_S9552012
- www.arabmediastudies.net
72I -m! /gS "h N#$ r1 1'$:7 1"# I"$:98I7m b# 2! M'u*! @ ! 285L 22011253C
82v1RG"2uu#1"1177C92 ;m:+ R,'"h E'Sr1 I"$:9 4$G98m_S9zH}J 1"# /K$5X40 2
`2Z"#$52rKPX'4yT2Kh812''20102123C102FX1b4JDI"$I4$G98:+X8zSP2014228820142" !%$1
http://www.tech-wd.com/wd/2014/01/14 8zSP8:+4$G9"$I9 112DI"$I9NV_4b="+2P4|2882014R,'7 !%$
http://www.tech-wd.com/wd/2011/11/07/ten-entrepreneurs-changed-the-internetC 122v1RG"2uu#1"1177C132ObE *Snm4$G9 8:+ CCCL!$ HE'$! H1 F Hm ` 2! M'u*! @ !285 2L
2011252C142HIH'Im=xX^{:m!X1"#~\-2Le monde dplomatique2H"/2009C15="uNAT2QQ!/\H:+F7##y5t212.'7Xu"28N1
P2M";I'!#!1"#28!="uu5"2011272C16'( !DI"$I9:;~$"A2bN2='+-NVN$\G="527'#H}J+a#G
"zu22_S9'\,20082009258C 17'-:$'e-7DI"$I92'P4|F!24$G8N121"#=P'8bu5"20052304C 18"Wp2L"S7R4$oJ-'(H:+8b|2F+oYm-&''(1"#8z3*m2,+#G211C
192'-H'Ilm')!1w8'S$m$5X4022'(2Z"#JKu5"727*!\!20052143C 202\*IRG"7152C 212#\N-824$G9'!#J/K')*2'5-b8N12"$!1"#4e-720072164165C 222F!V"/"1mDI"$I9 !"$CC\$b#$!@'m`2Z"#!26482x4/'I20122170171C 232v1RG"2'5-b154C
-
42
242\*IRG"7155C 252\*IRG"7156C26'=4m''(m`2$j9!222x4$2002256C 272v1RG"2'5-b154C 282v1RG"2'-H'Il156C 292\*IRG"753C 303hT\72b7F5^N]$>J-!$\":$Iy52Y3Z"#JKu5"7225C 312P"/Z"#m/K'( !"A'!#7_S9J=Y",mb#24:h!252n201059C 327Z"#H#2/P";2_"${"E#Mbw2/"#7^'-5b20092229C 332#'1M'0m/K :;_S = G''-:$ !B8'( 7'#m "+R1" *!b/"Wp2/A
HE'$2262728"1'$52010C 34L":\#"1M4!2v1RG"13C 352Lx mM\I `'3j -*$ x'\Im` 2F'9 o ="G 22617 X28 . x4$05
"1'$5201019C 362v1RG"2bN167C 372v1\RG"72Lx19C 38S21 Obm+! 4," '( HK4$ 24$G98K4$ r1m b# 28/0 ! 219 2yE2012297C 392v1\RG"72Lx19C 40'-:$'e-7DI"$I92'P4|F!2v1RG"24$G306C 412\*IRG"7307C 422="E#7"eI_S92\r\P !2L:X\Pb4="2I-!"S72003275C 432v1RG"2P"/Z"#47. 44v1RG"2#'1M'0C 452Lu X" u4$ F ":/ ' q_S9 "eI J 8b 28N1 21"# =P' 8b u5"20032112C4622F!'1NSI!!r2a(b2005257C472F4F":*J8"*P2LuX"I'2"+-!'$720112184C482LuX"S9"eIJ8bu4$F":/'q_2v1RG"2143144C492-1#G2]^w_'P_wL') $!72H}J]^w'(2I'b110L"*/2014C
754
l
12_"${"E#7Z"#H#2/P";Mbw^'-5b2/"#72009C22'-H'Ilm')!1w8'S$m$5X4022'(2Z"#JKu5"727*!\!2005C32#\N-824$G9'!#J/K')*2'5-b8N12"$!1"#4e-72007C4b7F5^3hT\72N]$>J-!$\":$Iy52Y3Z"#JKu5"7C522F!'1NSI!!r2a(b2005C
-
43
6t28$Hz'*72ObE *Sn12Mbw^'$"+-!O"+b2R2008C72="E#7"eI_S92\r\P !2L:X\Pb4="2I-!"S72003C 82LuX"u4$F":/'q_S9"eIJ8b28N121"#=P'8bu5"200392F4F":*J8"*P2LuX"I'2"+-!'$72011
102Kh_S9z')2\\,F!"zu22'b2012C11="uNAT2QQ!/\H:+F7##y5"22.'7Xu8N11"#
P2M";I'!#!28!="uu5"2011C122;m"hE'Sr1I"$:94$G98:+R,'m_S9zH}J1"#/K$5X402
$52rKPX'4yT2Kh`2Z"#812''2010C13'-:$'e-7DI"$I92'P4|F!24$G8N121"#=P'8bu5"2005C
,b
14I-b#2!M'u*!@!2!/gS"hN#$r11'$:71"#I"$:98I72852L2011C
152uu#1"1m1"#M!JF\N]$PJ=_S9Hzbmb#2Z"#H$\7!2390282011C
162F!V"/"1mDI"$I9 !'A1"#="7m`2Z"#!26352"1'$52009C172F!V"/"1mDI"$I9 !"$CC\$b#$!@'m`2Z"#!26482x4/'I2012C182b":S$ImK!$:;]^w/"1x"zu'(Jm#G8'+-24$G9'!#b!2
`2Q!Pb#42x4/'I2010C192
-
44
http://www.tech-wd.com/wd/2014/01/14/"$I94$G98:+8zSP/ 311" !%$2DI"$I9NV_4b="+2P4|
http://www.tech-wd.com/wd/2011/11/07/ten-entrepreneurs-changed-the-internet.a"jRG"
32#G2]^w_'P_wL') $!72H}J]^w'(2I'b12-110L"*/2014C332#'1M'0m/K:;_S=G''-:$!B8'(7'#m"+R1"*!b/"Wp2/A
HE'$2262728"1'$52010C34oJ-'(H:+8b|2F+oY"Wp2L"S7R4$m-&''(1"#8z3*m2,+#G211C
352='+-NVN$\G="527'#H}J+a'( !DI"$I9:;~$"A2bN#G"zu22_S9'\,20082009C
36 2Lx mM\I`'3j -*$ x'\Im` 2F'9 o ="G 22617 X28.x4$05"1'$52010C
-
!"#!$%
&'()*+,
-# *./0-10
20 !"#$%&'()*+,-./#012*34 5678+9 :;?@ABCDE178+FGHI62 JK- DL@MN
D!6 O!7 01 AB HI L J 8 PQ; '() J RAB + ; H ! "#$ 8& '() S TU DE17#V WJK O!+*++;?"XY0$*+,-.Z(KHDE178+FG+SH
JK- DL@MN012*34 567&[ !Y0\;[]11B=^1)P@3%S_#:12DE178+S'X3*% HI62D!7`)/ "#a41FG+*+
8-6 b2N=S+Y L1 ]cde) *+,->f*+g6Bh HDE178+i
Il ya environ 20 ans, le Conseil de scurit a dcid de Crer le tribunal pnal
international pour lex- Yougoslavie et le tribunal pnal international pour Rwanda
Pour juger les personnes responsables de violations graves du droit international
humanitaire, bien que La Charte des Nations Unies ne ont pas donn le Conseil de
scurit ni aucun autre organe des Nations Unies le droit d'tablir un tribunaux
pnaux internationaux.
L'tablissement de ces tribunaux tait illgale et une violation des principes de la
souverainet nationale - un principe de principes fondamentaux du droit
international, en particulier dans la Charte des Nations Unies, Le Conseil de scurit a mis en place un organe judiciaire et il a donn comptencene est pas apprci par un organe international de juger les personnes prsumes responsables
de violations graves du droit international humanitaire, Mais les membres de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et la Chambre du Tribunal pnal international
pour l'ex-Yougoslavie recours viss l'article 41 de la Charte des Nations Unies,
qui permet au Conseil de scurit des Nations Unies de prendre toutes les mesures
ncessaires en cas de violation de la paix.
j*+ ,-.WH "#a % H "#a 8 '() S *+ ,-. @- "#a%i
j ?"#aJK
-
k 4A16B h " 8; ?"#a 'XK AB"#a 8 8XB HJ62 FK BU JKJZ( ;D!+YD1l #A+ !8-m0^1)^E#Bh 8"a@n%o+A7DZ(#7
"#a%QK6 "#a%E- 6# iDL@ p / B *+ qrAo +A *+ ,-. *3 *B/! *B/ s$t J1% q-%(o,-\t ]! D!/)*3JwAo /K6 B*+% 41 41"#a41%JS/ PQ;*%ob! qKV HG 7A yU A *B^1#7 D!/) *3 wAo 1 41- V w+/ h%& _ H
-3'l-UK/K6 6Bh%6# +HKA a37]X=+07b |[?"#a JK 3'()[6l# ,->g#+0H*+,-.*+*B/K'()
@o0#+-V41%Z(#1obAy%o/m4017TI62 JK 3?"#a JK 3T4K *BQ;x%
!"#$%&'()*+,()
+-7N/K N1 HK b3*+43*+,-./^BH(1)4SH+-+DK]11o=`178+#+S'X3b- +-+N/%|-3/^o*+,->K b39 G D/^ JHDE(2)S
]+T@1o!%oDB3N^1m*+,-.DE178+FG+JRAB H'X3Lb- J%#7^1) .
^#3v=N'$`)15+Lo*+$/1+HD|-3 % Kx-+'$u@-*+,-.-$`)P2LN'a!J-%(7*% HBBK1 [1@-6 ]Xe
-
"#a %E- ? x# ~(+ #X1+ DE17 8+ :f +A + *+ / /) Po HK6 8/*+,-.//P'rSDE178+FG+|@3K 0H$:;B,(169
.Y@Z[,[/+0\$082;"#8T5]3,F"iD!7[o/+|-3'#[^1)/t*+,-.xKB39NoxKB,->J|-3#oh HFG7*+
4o!7# KLo*+Pde)s+/KB4142[=)8-6- B{]d)+ SDE178+FG+*+lb.SL/!*+,->JmH d|-3'#HJA b3*+3
46 K6 6BS*+8-6- B01 BKo Z6+
-
@-6 `) !AB ]6 ^l T@o `) '\- ~z D/@ BK1 -! AV d ~z d w13) d) +o+J1 - E-67N3z -;yUb.S/1 [ow*+,->BBK1 *+8-6 |-3;LZ
8-6- B{%(o {w13)*+,-.DE178+ 0Nh - E-67N3z JbK *%H4 /S~^- 6# JZ( ;H4 *+i
Z[XS~ ?+&_V*+xK7] T-A1Ba9$GBD"!`)xK7803!BA1 +K6 BS7%oS*+,-.@-`)@1BCN+D33 S# ^17`
*+8013#x3*3380#% H=4 *+8-6- B{%(BJ+d);Qe)h L1- K #
"#a%'(mK-A17*+,-.(10)~!XK ,lSHa9$G "#a%JN01mK-A178"aS# 17 'XK J/13)|-3H3( *+*%(14) 8//K *+,-./KH 6# +918B/1/!^ 1994H#A b3 D([%#1)
s-VHE-B/o|-3+)4:$ Bs V +Y N'$2BE1 BKoKoxA 4+*+*+,-.`)[+BKo]r`)|01)H/S7/xA 4+xH d|-3'#H62N012
- 62 BU 4+Z1 FG7 *+ ]6 ^l b3) |-3 [ N-3 4+Zo 80#+ 4:$ 4PQl#o81BCN12PQ;*+B*% H62N367i(15)
+8 |-3PQ;]@16oC
-
%*+` $/ G NH M "#a %E- 6# JZ( ; B/1 /!^ ;/ S "#a18 J$1997X S Kanyabaschi '() 3 x3 |-3
'()!\t3( K*+,-.JHbK *%[-3H]6 ^l qv*+,-.*3/!/s$t%"XD0$'()[ T= DE17 8+ FG+ K 39L1 Ko b3 /12*+,-.J/HM "#a%'(mT-A17
J!I62 JK- 6aN012*+ dL#$D!)b3*34 567&;& d|-3HLoAD!/J%(oJo/^ *+H
-
q^6 ]1>*3?G7s"# [1l^*+,-.J%BH 3K %01)*BQ ( D!7[-32418-6 l*3b567FG7*+41l 6 4o/^- K4 *+i
H*+,->oH^U|-3=bG7|-303 ?"#a'a/?FG7K -3'#H[_0167 g-67~z ]0#+8"1B+/KBJH
D!7#o41[|-3FG7*+j=.97:,(J83)PGCVc+,TfgPh
^2iWA"+,7897:j8hBc+T5KkGE%>?@:,97:FBFG=.W5"0
81!),Kc
-
Q; B 'X3 b *+ ;de) *% h L1 A gro ?0 HG DKl + - *+ Er )
A"+,7897:j8h (.q6 )T5K78G(B=bG7|-3N'$D!7PQ;SD!/ L1 JmQ%;4 *+8-6 B01 s#7'$2de)BBK1 [1@-6 K*+,->g6o^U|-3
J) !"#$%&'()J(29).D!7J)41"XD0$'()0#+HD/X SB%63LLode)@-*+,->q@3FG7*+
'() 4 3 #; J *+ ,-. qGB J ( I62 JK- N01) y%o/m 4017 A17%(oh bA4%H"K _- K"+Low1AB%'()J*%
D!7s6H4 *+8-6 B{N= %'()429FG7*+,qY"97:,(J
E=.UFr.998I[-.F!s>$B?"X^1)NdB:;'()*+,-.]@16B;*% iNdBN:;,Zo[#%=*% H[l"'!D/r[ B+/KBN:;,Zo*+,->*%|-3lU@-*+,->|@3
-
?;NL6loLGBJ`)!#1)g-@^+/!J):
1WXS~ /a9$G=AB(o0$*+J%BJs$ "#a%,ZoJw1Ao h HVK *3 A 'XK x+ bG7 A H]6 ^l s$t *+ ,-. *3 /!
-
1oHJK 3`)!#1)q6?0+# KV6 "#a%DXNX 06 7FKUM 0A SD!$7(37) .
%D!& 8"$ 15+ D7 4A+ u D!& AV Nd %& , *+ ,-. J HL S bK *
XS1#1m_#:12D"!N/HK6 6BSq%o/)a9$G~ ?+&JAVb*+
1 /K %,Z1K-A178K1&,?9E%z[#8b)">.#Pe()*G
78IWOP$")P0){|:$@&'1#:,9H=.U(38)
Z[!"d%&e>YI4+,(=.U=6E9{K}_ #A1990/*+,-.o/K6 BSI62 JK- DL@MN012)H
$tZ(]6 ^l `)!#1)+-+N/8"a@y%o/m4017A1741 !41"#$41%&0{K J A 'a +#7 -%167 #A q/ ! s%+ |-3 41% x l H
Nlo2T7i
-.=.9{T}_!"d%&e>YI4+,(.
\3JZP2Q;yE_rH[ "#a8'()JbK `)P2Q;/^s;d)de)x3D/X RAB=I62 JK N01mK-A1+N/de)*3*+,-.N012]#7N'$
41%'()JZb*+P2Q;?W3:AG%!.d6y!nd,9
#Ko41%x|/K ys6H ?"#a'XK x+0-3A7*%h 8"aA #+HDK167A 3K Nlo2*+;Bv8"abABAoJ+# ,1)H 8"\- -++
-
H? 0+ w+/ %& [ NQ(42)8"a PQ; *+ jr 8"a H3a D!2 $ HyU 8"$62i
39.06{0>)=EUjb '/DrK+b*+41%S G 2'?( 0BD;A+*r JK S[_13)b '/&+JJ)HkJA11Bh #V ^UE#o-3
P)D/r|-3Z1 HP2 Q;_
M "#a8`)0$7N!K12!l1oH"! !"#$%&'()(51) . *+BA `)J1%qrAoK [o^1)*ro=
*+,-._V*+06ZolbN!K12
0yDA "X:;'()
-
SqAh 4BB!Q+0#+HR@6-l sA( TSD!)8"$0^ N^A q%o/)K 09B1948SH*k*+'6# BHN:+01H2911956-"2B%6A N@-6 q%o/)
1 wQ+ QH8lQ+#1982'6b$/4_=p*+G 01Er}/h H # S HblV2002 *+ G 01Er }/ h H4#$ D/. y%o/m ?-"2 b12 N500*+
#a%(1//)`)DE178+9 xA 4+!PQ;*3T"KU?^K1 bAPQ;y%o/m4017 !"#$%&'(m +H#\- bK1)qX/")*% (58) .
[:/!"d%&e>YIP=6G1 3@:E$0
D+D/^'H1 ~-1f*+xD!A1+NK!+S1 x3+DE178+FG+3D!7q+KHxA JK -14NA Sx3Z1 3(+xAHD+L
PQ;/13)Hb- ?- ^128^T-A1oh "67SDE178+oFG7*+A6 DKl G
0^12{+S#7|-3*+P!/o7FG7^G*+D!7(59).
Js
H/ !D!6 01)AB "#a%'()J|-3P2Q;/^PQ;G+'()sH;B3/*+BEX J0r/|-38"$%o/)*BQ At#A7?;J%o
?oD;A+@%DE178+9 +A Aaki(60) x3A*+,-./)*+8 [H
-
bNA^ *+BA H4017BEX bK1mK-A17 %1 H!0( K#o0H /8!$(64)8/P/*+,-./JB`)Hx3|3+*+41"XK 41:fY0$%(os6%!K1)
1503D!7BA11541%4+1(7xA |37lq-^l)*BH/%?x# *+(65) . Lo[1KKJHK6 BS157 "#a8'()JbK `)A s;QB
H'a # DL@M 8"a n%o+ Ko A TKv *+ G x# (66) ?6l [Kl K1) FI.DG8+
bK 0#+K1 s;d #41% iii5"eGR=.W G5gPWB16$8#8 En7
AEc[&CPB8!ndG9ADBy8",c[&;17vj+.GK7:
+ .AxG5 : By!"# M$ >?W =8Ax 0"+ 72G W B\=+ 7Q 7" |:BFIP 16
@7$FG&AIPLGC:y"9H5Z0I_M78Ik0"+(67).
J)PQ;,5o~(7IK 1 ]r+T@1 ~r+]6 ^l x%Ah ?;*+8-6 B{A
D!7|-3\1# H*%=H-Al A !$+o=^o^1BJs$*+,-.*3/!^ /K J
N^1ZBJ*+,->D!7S73K *3k'(m/*+,-./ d8/H010+K6 !"#$%&N01)8k%o/m[1(7 N#7J!4A@ &
"#$%&QHI62 JK- DL@/S47rs%ooh ]"l S#o !iA 1 "1# `)#-o/ PQ;*+'012j
W[#% 4 *+8-6 l?;]6 ^l |X1Kt[ #7*+,-.N@-NF@!Y0a [l_^1 07 PQ;AoH ]1\- xA /!i
W=[/13)|-3 !"#$8&'(m1 *+,->g6BI
-
W !8"$y%o/m4017 )H^12K-A1+N %)*+f7M "#a8'()*+U "#a%|-3i
!"#$%&%'()* !+&,(- . '(/010 . 20 3(&4(5' $!6710
89+!9++"311(')*-'(311!"1(10:,& !6710#;0&-& -
8&%+&%5
146?@6A(AB3(&="$+>.
51=;'-=;'51$"9!6!)
*6 - Lazar Focsaneanu, Le droit interne de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, Annuaire franais de
droit international, 1957, p 326.+=0/;/;>&%+&%5'()8*4 &A% !6710 C4D $ 20 (&1 C&' 3+ - &
$E'(:5312;0;/;'0!).')*&4(1-#'+?3'("+$+>20(F!6710
!9(%51(+"GA!":A+&'(+ 6!2
'( H+ $ 1(!@F $? #5F >@F '+I; !%/% " EJC :A+&
&(=04H'120KThomas Benages,
La Convention pour la prvention et la rpression du crime de gnocide
l'preuve du tribunal pnal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, Thse pour le Doctorat en Droit,
Universit d'Auvergne, France, 2005, p 09.
- '(&%5)8+=0/;/;>&%+*11
- Alain Ottan, la dfense des accuss de Nuremberg La Haye, l'exemple de l'affaire Tadic,(
Le tribunal pnal international de La Haye: le droit l'preuve de la "purification ethnique),
L'Harmattan, 2000, p 172 12
- Eric David, Le Tribunal pnal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, Revue Belge de Droit
International, N 02, Bruxelles, 1992, p 568.13
- Alain Pellet, Le Tribunal pnal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, Poudre aux yeux ou
avance dcisive? Revue Gnrale de Droit International Public (RGDIP), Tome 98, N 01,
1994, pp 27et suit.14
- Larticle 29 de la Charte des Nations Unies dispose que le Conseil de scurit peut crer les
organes subsidiaires qu'il juge ncessaires l'exercice de ses fonctions , Sidy Alpha Ndiaye, Le
Conseil de scurit et les Juridictions Pnales Internationales, Thse prsente pour obtenir le
grade de Docteur de luniversit dOrlans, 2011, p 191.15
- Mutoy Mubiala, les nations unies et la crise des rfugis rwandais, Revue belge de droit
international, N 02 , Bruxelles,1996, , p 501. =AJ>&1+-; $:&'364.'3+!;!&-+'(
(+?51:00)*
-
17
- Stefaan Marysse, Filip Reyntjens, L'Afrique des Grands Lacs, Annuaire 2000-
2001, L'harmattan, 1997, p 125.18
- Maurizio Arcari, quelques remarques propos de l'action du conseil de Scurit Dans Le
Domaine de la justice pnale internationale, Anuario de Derecho Internacional, volume 18,
Universidad de Navarra, 2000, p 212.)8+=0/;/;>&%+&%5'(*
Brigitte Sten, Lgalit et Comptence du Tribunal pnal international pour le Rwanda, lAffaire Kanyabaschi Actualit et droit international 1999, www.ridi.org.adi.
'()8+=0/;/;>&%+&%5*$64" #;03D,&40 1-'(5@6A
!"& 1&)*$+>!4( $I; $L3.'+!(F=+4H@F!67108A'3
49'M'%@1-4' 'HGA6=0-*******#-64!,1A*********!%"
!!631+'4(5'$+> $&****** #;0% A'N&'+F%'D&:-'?#;0!''
+149'LH.'2;0%1(+1=A$'+4%0' $49''!%!($
J!6710E%4%!- 1.' 6"1 9'F 3-,+ "$F,0!().
3 " C "+ O 0 "$F P' QQ=0 4H'1 KD%K
'()8+=0,&40 1-*&%+&%5'(/;/;>=0)8+*
Sidy Alpha Ndiaye, Op, Cit, p 194. $.M:&'36 $+H3249!3!6@F0+!6710:&'36
103"9RQQ)*28
- Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction
Case No. IT-94-l-A ICTY Appeals Chamber 2 October 1995 para 35-36.29
- Lescure Karine, Une justice internationale pour l'ex-Yougoslavie - Mode d'emploi du
tribunal pnal international de La Haye, L'harmattan, 1994, pp 24-26.30
- Sidy Alpha Ndiaye, Op, Cit, p 195.0 :&' 36!671072@F :&' 36S +H 32 49! 0 + !671
)8+=0*32
- Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction, Op, Cit, para 41.33
- Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction, Op, Cit, para 42-43.=A+!+++1:&;(!%@F:&'36$!+&'(*
35 - Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction, Op, Cit, para 44.)8+=0/;/;>&%+&%5'(*
37 - Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction, Op, Cit, para 45-46.
-
: 1- '++614!: 1-++8"&1 21!
"A3'I$(&3%:+ $++%49''$+>20(&1 ++63D
1T'A3'?,+UT>FT'F9'@'&VT%@1-3'11--'(D%4H'@1-
20 !" 0""- 1&5@6A203(&3203C%
!"&2009)285*38
- Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on
Jurisdiction, Op, Cit, para 47.)8+=03+!;!&-+'(*)8+=0,&40 1-'(*/+'C 'W!'.203(& +? !"! +7'0
10&6,1110)*S(=64'C0XJ(%"+G-%!(&%B(&&2Y1"'+F
8& $,+&$+ $ !"!#;0B&2Y'J3H'F $ G!"'
='08& $FS(=64D%4(( K !"V+ 3&-'(
!"110 20:C"Z)*)8+=0,&40 1-'(*!;!&-+'(3+)8+=0*& '( 01 D $ + 20 !" O - 3 -
(+?:00)*0D33+""! 0""- 1-'( 1&5@6A
!"&)C*!%C !"!TH G $,"30'-!-
-
!:&'0,'(@6A#;0 20 !"+)
*!A1+- 1-]-'(10@6A!+?8"&& $ 20 !"
!6=;'51)*'()8+=0 !%&*!A1+- 1-]-'()8+=0*'(!&-+!;)8+=03+*)8+=0/;0& ['H-'(*D&8;-['H -'(10@6A3 !" $4.'1
!6!-=;'51)*)8+=03+!;!&-+'(*
Yves Sandoz, Droit or devoir d'ingrence and the right to assistance : the issues involved, International
Review of the Red Cross, N 288, 1992, pp 215 et suit.T2 20#"A['H-3-'((AB@F0"'?=0
20?-E-:00)C*+10 !"4D $1-,"0:($A'H&&-'(
A+%05-7."Z)* @6 A 20 (& # $ +? !" ;. & - '(
!6!-=;'51$"9 9?)*&' $ + 20 (& /+&0 1-'( @+!+4A'(
51 1/; $ 3'&'= $ 3(&% '(5' " ++% 'A
!-=;')!6(2009)26*'( &41./ '((& G+4+! %!" C 20
(+?G:U5Z)*8+=0.203(&4(5' $!6710/!+&,(-.'(
)*
=0
'( !"#$%&%*
CA:&' 0 ,'( @6 A #;0 20 !" + 1- '.
!*
'(!%@F:&'36$!+&=A+!+++1:&;(*
'( 3(& 4(5' $!6710 / !+&,(- .0 10 . 20
89+!9++"311('*
-
&710 C 4D $ 20 (&1 C&' 3+ -!64 &A%
2;0;/;'0!).'31 $E'(:5*
'(+ 20 (& /+& 0 1- '( @+ !+ 4A&' $
51 1/; $ 3'&'= $ 3(&% '(5' " ++% 'A
!-=;')!6(2009*
'(:U5!%!"C20(&G+4+'(&41./
(+?GZ*
'( !"1 10 20 !" V + 3& -
:C"Z*
'(H-['5110@6A3 !" $4.'1D&8;-
!6!-=;'*
'(0 !"!A1+- 1-]- 210@6A!+?8"&& $
!6=;'51*
'(10 !"4D $1-,"0:($A'H&&-+
A+%05-7."Z*
'(0 20? - E- T2 20 #" A ['H - 3-
:0*
'(5@6A $64" #;03D,&40 1-
!"& 1&*
'( 1&5@6A0D33+""! 0""- 1-
!"&*
'( 20 !" 0" " -@1- A 20 3(& 320 3C%
!"& 1&5@62009*
'(311!"1(10:,& !6710#;0&-&--
8 20 (& !% &
57'.
-^;'51$"9=;'51!6!*
-
'( =AJ>&1+-; $:&'364.'3+!;!&-+
0:0(+?51*
/+'C 'W03(& +? !"! +7'0!'.2
10&6,1110*
36 $.M:&'36 $+H3249!3!6@F0+!6710:&'
103"9RQQ*
1- Alain Ottan, la dfense des accuss de Nuremberg La Haye, l'exemple de l'affaire Tadic,( Le
tribunal pnal international de La Haye: le droit l'preuve de la "purification ethnique),
L'Harmattan, 2000.
2- Alain Pellet, Le Tribunal pnal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, Poudre aux yeux ou
avance dcisive? Revue Gnrale de Droit International Public (RGDIP), Tome 98, N 01,
1994.
3- Brigitte Sten, Lgalit et Comptence du Tribunal pnal international pour le Rwanda,
lAffaire Kanyabaschi Actualit et droit international 1999, www.ridi.org.adi.
4- Eric David, Le Tribunal pnal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, Revue Belge de Droit
International, N 02, Bruxelles, 1992.
Lazar Focsaneanu, Le droit interne de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, Annuaire franais de droit international, 1957.
6- Lescure Karine, Une justice internationale pour l'ex-Yougoslavie - Mode d'emploi du tribunal
pnal international de La Haye, L'harmattan, 1994.
7- Maurizio Arcari, quelques remarques propos de l'action du conseil de Scurit Dans Le
Domaine de la justice pnale internationale, Anuario de Derecho Internacional, volume 18,
Universidad de Navarra, 2000.
8- Mutoy Mubiala, les nations unies et la crise des rfugis rwandais, Revue belge de droit
international, N 02 , Bruxelles,1996.
9- Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction
Case No. IT-94-l-A ICTY Appeals Chamber 2 October 1995.
10- Sidy Alpha Ndiaye, Le Conseil de scurit et les Juridictions Pnales Internationales, Thse
prsente pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de luniversit dOrlans, 2011.
11- Stefaan Marysse, Filip Reyntjens, L'Afrique des Grands Lacs, Annuaire 2000-
2001, L'harmattan, 1997.
12- Thomas Benages, La Convention pour la prvention et la rpression du crime de gnocide
l'preuve du tribunal pnal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie, Thse pour le Doctorat en Droit,
Universit d'Auvergne, France, 2005.
13- Prosecutor v. Tadic Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction
Case No. IT-94-l-A ICTY Appeals Chamber 2 October 1995 para 35-36.
14- Yves Sandoz, Droit or devoir d'ingrence and the right to assistance : the issues involved, International
Review of the Red Cross, N 288, 1992.
-
65
!
"#$%&
!"#$%&'()*+,-./
0/123(45(-678%&9:/.40(;(?@A(B5(C(DEF@D
!(GHI9J(KL;
Rsum Dans cet article, on sintresse tudier et d'analyser le phnomne de la
mondialisation du crime. Et ce, par l'exploration et l'identification de ses
diffrentes formes, et les menaces qui leur sont associs, puis soulignant les plus
importants dfis poss, en mettant laccent sur la criminalit transnationale
organise, le terrorisme international et l'immigration clandestine.
G$M-"!%!C(Q(%&EC(CO(C(4GR(%&C(
IS :O T0U2 VWL 4$L EC( 4X!> Y *$L Z#L4#* .2
2&C3(74XO4.$7[(=$\C(CU]%&=((>(^2*2_CN`C2 GR.Va2G
N:&;
&0^&'()>%bScUdBC-dVWde/%&_(/f1@(l
LO(B.cLXP(EU;(E!(=E2 mC(:noS?.2\m0XLp
:O(oSq-12r7%ek*B.(m^X5:*-Q(KLZ#O(%&MQB0
s((;c#1S]t:5@ ?hq(uO2v&MwC(46X7#$%&'()
xC*6-40(-./9:/.>:2@&M45(%C(m&@2;
oSU%&Zf^2?Fy9C&U#&N^C2EUgZC(4B-zgC(oSUBC2oC!(FS
sP/:(s.{0XC_|#&E"2\Z0^&C(Z0^&Q-E>mU_U%Z>+!"2EO&E
0U%&BC;
s fX }@ _> \C( E!( _2~B m&?^2C(\C(h/C(;
;
-
66
ByC(+C((|s"&MO(hEG!&/-$-%&gBC-V#V
tC:gsCnF@3(=( #$>9"^(F@(41@0(7+C(ds>!&cU2Q-g7
6-
- XVEUB.cBC&F&BC-4)mC(Q-;;
- 2%Eq2C((sXP(O(B.cgXRBk(67o;
- *.6@E9l"2 0O2c1Hjo(-
-
67
P/4@21&UBkmg((XR7F@ZUL_S@A(B5(C(B0:*-(-%&
KC!((;
c1.&Z{-@A(B5(C(DEF@DZ#g~ A%&O(41
mjQ(4@CO2+.@&%&@( :*-e/C((4O(ZE7%&C/O&y~
6 B:(KkC( ; EF@ C2 @A( B5( C(%&( N:& TgO?
J( m m1 ~^( T( FS6#$ %& @A( Bk #R1 U(@"(;[ c
!@(4gYG$M4@O(@A(B5(C(&Ug4A~UKk~U&M:20-%&
{NM L =( o.@( F 5M L4{GH L V oThqM !
!:(((&Ug4E0:"223(~%&GHA$;;C7f1@mEX
*@A(B5(C(DEF@~
D:)C(%
CL%&4{-!@(6-L4A(&U@A(B5(C0F'()oC23(BM%&U
0:@b@-=%&-:2m0XE8c@(K08'0Om0@2U(84/
( %& C( E!( m&UL!@( ;I4{o0(a@( X|7 m&UL!7$7"
~(/@&GP>0c(=E2@&M:c4(W6?Bc;E"|u1$;
-
68
TR98@F)
LzF@ZUL*(0Y %>&- 7 0:T ^AM +1$ ., (B 4":N 40 AL 0C (^AM hN
((xH(
hNL^AM9#R74{4.9EC;
P(4#~C(?jhq-64E9EC70~q-.7=S7;
Y9#R7e/(O(5&Mf@*2N-"QFUNAP@O(C-Q-7
QC^A-&s#&@5j!:(g4":N(~^(0@&L/;
UEV9W
(7d:S#([^&G1$"! G$M SKL ~B[CO2\C( h- FC& gBE!(
s(( %&M O( ? 1$ "! :*-; / FKL U Q- %& H( ?Z{+@C(
0(KL:*-'(QAMBk6I:*-}@G:>/7Q$&Q2F(X
4qks ZB.(mU(L.( IS 0X C(46X7/-g7 &J(KLQ-%&
i4hU3(h.cL@E9"N->Z&- c(0q@&C(.(+@E"!'(;
P4EIE:J(KL1()EC(C:AQEq&?uX.g12
_2)L0X}53(((:(4GR&7q-_@"("N-5(hmM&C(C23(
J(KL((/O(?O.(O~("NM%&:*-(;
F@?EO&0c(/%!"&M54g(BKR(Q-*:uMf!(U
xX0X7_XV_2B;:O@(&-("&M54g[5:*-XL4":!(/P&
C&F@&GHXj0~^/"&M54g(B23(KkQnXJ(Mm0S%&x
/&c(B-7mE@2g~qXB|GHEYj;e/G!(Q-I2g4(J(0C
%&P>-9(Bs%!@&0X.2[2&+(-&;;
w0(7aI23(o(M~(BC2TH0X-t5(L4E%&&{Oo(M%&
0@&>SJ(KL AI^(G44~1( 1$7{NM 1$76I/0~7-00(
%& - ? (( :U7 UL%~( %X(!> 0:(1.S;O2 E>[SSL g4E Z{
0O0E%&^,4^(g~(_U2b((xHM>BXM@I(;
X'(OPQC(
-
69
XE@(m!COe/%&KC!(s954g(7@2#("&-%&U0&s#&hg
s0?%U0;m"&-gB&;
s!GH@(5(C(fO(I/&-@m"&-gBs&
s!f%&;
%&P>-xC;B]0c7@{N&~O$7B.cm"&-gB2;
"7F'ZTR
ZUg:*-&C(m&@2 0Ec^2:2!( GH I9 &M
:(2J(Kg+@C( 1( ;;;@(mC( 1 h67U& VW4#"! dm&@2%
tO@(QC(C(([S>%&9.(U-%&J(#$Z#6
- F@2>A-v:2EC^(QC(t5(E~#&;
-
70
K C(4EF@(d4C
$-QB7sCL((/O(0XC23(4GR(4IO:'(>%&MZ0^&%&4GHC(X
_^k4hU7o(-4GR2;F(jM9Eg(7%&-BT3(G1
J(KLEF@@A(B5(C(!(GHI9QnXM.@&@A(o(-1&=&
q(B!:(~(GX20E4%&F@&O&Q"2/E0(C^(I@(t
02?;
-
71
K(
1- Q$W : * B "^( O( B.cg 4gw B^@& @E C(
(B0;
2- 5&M 12 @A(EF@4{vC 5&(o"&
+@U;
3- 7Z.((K"(&C(.9&MOH;
4- E|GC(/(4(=>&C(:OXP(9C(B4
;
5- m 0! &> &V mU=!@( gY B C( %A( %&M IX C(
QE.2"^YC(4Tm&@2~=@&MC(4g
"OC&O(ZC( kBC(;
11- %(h#_25N(
-
72
!"#$ %&$'()*$+,&)-.
!"#$%&'()$*+&,-.'"*/-0123+,&456!78429
:; 4?@AB!$ !"8,()$EFG!H$43$D($1I-JDBF/-KLM3N=O
Abstract
Hospitality is one of the good values and customs that is supported by Islam. This
research presents the definition of hospitality ,its value , its rule , manners of the
host and the guest and its impact on Muslim's community . In addition, this
research displays some scripts from the Hay Quran and sunned which are related to
hospitality .It also discusses the importance of importance of hosportance of
hospitality or our community nowadays. This research includes an introduction,
four sections and acorelusion.
8P)$'3QR/-0S4 T$UVW8V .@'()$&D'XY1Z@ %VF")$UvVdFJ&@%BlXw>>x$@->
X-B'r)$D6!)$UvVqI7 X$@'(')$8X-"X$DVIv->XDX.A$%y4z*/BF)-+&)$5"${2)$w>$qX(*.@
|kq&[email protected]>@X}@)X47@
-
73
3*q18w? X$@X+&'$
1l>}J!.4$\4XBZ\NL&T$@/-0&2l&FjPXZX->-"1T$@/-0!4LXX$@X41d
VX-BM)$'()$X-'XY1ZB!>X(4"%D)XD[yNIZF1U2>[Z*XhD*T-7@4 FZ8D(T-0!FZH416.h
L[A!*8$#(_%@)$Uv.ILX$@X&15V-V@ '6!\4'XZX]ZF(>/-0%!7O
!
"#$$#%&'(
L~l~X_>l_lI7`_l~`$_lX4`5hXPIB~X_l_lX%ZX4`5hX_>~&y_
-
74
~1/-?DB/cDkl@nkFnk8_n3*klnkX_lknl3nI7kX_l_>nX4n+jP`$Q-Ak2nO
~UD!/-0L8F2D](_CDDBO
8PVPX+v&G'"-w55I-@L&DX/l@X-ehDB5*.I7_ZL`2XBDZF1&y$22X>D$Xw7XF>
=)$T6!)$$.P:4" !"#%&=R)$\#G'JhR:OQVPL3$%&7@%"_!X75$@/=GAPX'"*1w7F
83&jPX&>PX44dB$3lX!_483Q+..
I")4\V"*1$(xX1,\!knn9OnjPUA>39[)$@DX7Y85$LD-*j>-)$I")4$X!$k10nXh4!&FI")4_")$
k11On2j>XFBk~')$@P
-
75
!X`B~YFA43\>x(>I.I-D#DG>'IGhD43Y5@:#wFh1k17On
83'D!AhDV3 F$R)$8318F-"*/c3DB)$D.@x(V5/!$)$I83'!VD(/sT}&k18On
8P:=T$PIZ3@8X`hV-$)."X$)"-"$Dt@)$X2vT_.\!2@8X-p7_*)$XF=@8X4@T_.X2vk19nO
D(DV38,(j>YDBF@V3F'FXhF&V+k~I7'.!$Q3T_lL85@YF(>'.)!4@mFB
DJkn24OnXM31I&'c'!3Q-).('c'!3Q-sX_l)[&'PI75=
PFs=k25OnX_ZDB1VPL6!'e38VD('XY1Z!h$3o3Ivb?D=I.I-k26On
X'4P)j>Y1.D(-eh"hP-B)$W*\*hR=3)$`hVD(XFB"k~$
-
76
j>XFB=,/lF$Lk'4Pl)'}hF=&P8F7'.!$hP@FB'4Ahkn29On
-*7'RX!$IV'D3DNs'WDB-!'!$I7FX4Z3P.*/$'4PG(V4'4PUA>TZ=k30On
Vj>XFBLX$FB/$"XFGBL%&k~8A"!D*I37T_l@m8P85@YF(>kn31On
UBF>1@&LXFl/$!A$F_@83'!$wX$FBXFBL"X'4P).8,(.3L|)4L-wFFJ@4'4
-
77
>.3L-,y4+&hw7F$\4T_.-.LF_=~
-
78
v-X7F*`hV57
Xk58On+8P&*83'.83'$m6!V>'.!"4'l3)$=>'$'w'k59n)F$F
-VX^>83X4F(Xl^$)D4I-*&(k60Ona7~+D!$!83dAL&.*$X!$3IG_>O+D!$Xh31
-
79
q+A`A4'XY1ZY3) n ($)48 : '4S
.\-"-j>'WFB)[$F$j>XD(8PY'@P'4 .aGL`2DB ) )4YD
I_$ 3) (FB~Q$)$'OehLD#qF-o'5o'!$%=38P' '"ha.!>@'4IVm>@ = F2|R
.D=)4'4P +Z3)$(_D3 TA D3)4I! (_X.h3X!J
-
80
X!+&,!6!FI("x83DB]DwUG(5*1I([email protected]@83IBk&&5>yOn
45?1=>%#=8Xh@V@XX$.XI4l[7@I--@:#'"*
8-('.)$X_l$D=)$h@F[*X$Fw7V4F7X(~D@T!@/4h8U$_J8V8)!$OX$D=X1X$BX_X$D=X4@X)$X$BO6!H4
$)$ILVPF_$).w"sX$P1G(VP83)e$VPLI=DP/3X!XJ@)$#CDPX7F4XPX!")$O7F4w+
"I=D>qJ$w%4XFI7
-
82
9834.>*w!%.!$)$__=FI-%s("$*)$+(48F.8VX!$X!$ws+V5[P383UAT4.5Xh8F.XPX4hR[D*'e!>+&XX!%F%41+&[DDg8jF@T![DDg8j8jD@FIV$!Z@IV)$/lFI4+&)$+&[DDg
s/lO12j>VRVRD(>)gR)gR~-L1'XY1Z!#X4!D5bXG'VD(8$FBl)$1T!
YTl-)4)D1)$+4X4F43O
-
83
%#/'@A+BC
VP)$~lqZ3)$Yw -eG(LxaZL7DB[vPP'P^GLYA!IL`_=3 G([X!I75[lI&X+DjPYlI7\o\4G)jPlw%-"LY8P"GXXh1qTF%$k78On
-
84
DLTl+y)4)V$R%@_@X$BV*_!b'@FX$B@
`LFX$'s*LFO*8.iDwRLCD8D'!4+(6!\4%G:2F>L&XX)$DW:(&i(8.O
D4\((_V$3X4.D>83w" F$R)$`$8F)$rD(>&y#Ueh3#%sb'WAh8D*I3iDZFG=F#
IBD(r$5 $'s*$&!_AhLDDB)*_*%$D;D(>P"hU2>XDjPUVDBT7FF!.Fs#%D(>>T-7@4ljPi&3&$&FG($F-VIv$RX7F1w7F4('4/$6!IZF
`vP`& +,&@.RA7)$O
-
85
\4m>'4)$6!+(> D-#$=R'(4-@jP&Fl1''qFBQD$3jPXFBL'F~
k(shP%@`}JF373Xkn84OnXG>Le!DX"_h/h*/7U!"#4}"`4FBD('"*1T!$
)$X!$_ZTIaJ|{8gII75Y8@:#8F)D'4j>Xh
-
86
8PI412LxF!xD>P'"*U'"-8F.>O
MBN
k1nE/D0+8"Fe!$)478,77Ok2n(D.4|3)4D-xyjRs/yFA!._&^G&1994E464Ok3n8=,'4P1_sG$F'*/yFA!sX$@.*E547k4n4#FF*D.16102014Ok5n-S(|1_sG$s$.$x(D197222E110Ok6nTD-TW!"+.LF"-V'"*XGJEOk7nETsu8F&uTs44Ok8n+8"LFe!$)4[V3403k$"h8&
-
87
k15nU"*&y)DxyFo)48396Ok16ni_dF-KD3->)42750Ok17nxX7=3136214215937L4184626L6214L6216937'"$19798Ok18nxF!\sl8186Ok19nTD-TW!"+.LFG-V'"*XGJE295Ok20n%9%[F2427O k21n5D$F432E9Ok22nA#[F~,9Ok23n,%F24Ok24n5R[F+~X3~53k25n5~R2E1 k26nX7=3x136214215937L41846216L6214L6216937'"$19798O k27nF&F,69Ok28n)$DS\4/$oD(aD-)4T)4D-VFAs$.$VJU"_'
hvsGb[&@3#|1_sG$13839642E509Ok29n,#F5153Ok30n.$VJU"_')$DS\4/$oD(aD-)4T)4D-VFAs$
hvsGb[&@3#|1_sG$13839643E134Ok31n%9#F6769Ok32ns$.$VJU"_')$DS\4/$oD(aD-)4T)4D-VFA
#|1_sG$hvsGb[&@313839643E137Ok33n|)4F43%U4*&xD-T:(8,(.3YD)4D-.43E
1061Ok34nT:(8,(.3YD)4D-.4F43|)4%U4*&xD-3E
10621063Ok35n%U4*&F"*D)4D-T"="19786E86Ok36nT$+.&m*^J1(!*=)48-T79E243Ok37nXs$+*^JdF-0J)4TxF!XU!*9E62Ok38nO%U4._&AI!)4D$X(LS*D-F43D)4YDTD(*X$DB)411405[9E342Ok39n8(.R/$o(9E64Ok40nD#&@IhT)4D-VFA8E179O
-
88
k41n%U4._&2941]D)4T5)48E146Ok42n|.3|)41E549Ok43n $ X7=3F*578OD3431k16485n L431k16488n L6385k27703nL6385k27707On k44n1xF!^JxF!'"$aZ1412O]S$D-S4A3122Ok45nX7=3x6018Lk6136n'"$4783O k46nX7=3x813k6019n'"$5137k4534nL5138k4535nLk4536On k47n(^FhD-~X(_L$.3&D/4D0X$@%DLXh&@0T$k3n2008E121Ok48nD3X7=34130k17304nLk17305nL4132k17327nLk17328nL4133k17334nLx&_*+&R744&&F433750O k49nD3X7=34131k17310nL4133k17329nLk17330n&&F433751O k50nX7=3x3172k2461nL839k6137n'"$5138k4537Onk51nI"!$'4P8Fl)42371Ok52n8,(.3|)43E21Ok53nwv^TB8225Ok54n)!x$x$3E583'BDq*-IV3L=L7$+4k1287nD#
'BD.A*aZLR[VaGk2954Onk55nT()!T(9E359Ok56nwv^TB8E226dF-0xF!9E62Ok57n*T71(!9E243Ok58ne!~'BD+&R+VxaZk6135Onk59nwv^TB8E225VFA@Ih8E178Ok60n@IhVFA8E179Ok61n^FhD-(~$.30T$X(_L&D/4D0X$@%DLXh&@
k3n2008E124Ok62nxk5397nxak9536n7$)4k21084nD3k2415435Onk63n,D*F5Ok64n,hRF121Ok65n&&|3aZ3D#'B4045x$2519'B8)4aZ554.A*5018aZ
/$o7341Ok66n%9&FF7880Ok67nF+5R,53Ok68n5~D$F4P)DF2E10O
-
89
k69n$X7=3F*578Ox813k6019On k70n8)4~XlE(117Ok71n&L+&,;DZ/BF$OD-#DD4Ok72nxD-#X7=3k586nD32222k7073nxL&_*+&R354&&F43k4943On k73nX7=3x3798Lk4889n'"$5409Ok74nA#F,9O k75n,4FF71Ok76nxX7=31129L3169L814'"$82Ok77nX7=3x811k6011n'"$820k6678Onk78nD3X7=32372k8832nL2412k9330n'"$5702Ok79nX7=3x290k1239nL3168k2445nL731k5175nL7146k5635nL7150k5650nL7195k5838nL7197k5849n8166k6654nL7200k5863nL861k6222nL864k6235nL8166k6654n'"$6135k5438nLk5440On k80n,(F273Ok81n^FhD-(~&D/4D0X$@%DLXh&@0T$X(_L$.3k3n2008E128Ok82nF_*6D($7$AL.3IPxD!JI;2007E14Ok83n,%F25Ok84n,.F77Ok85n,8-
-
90
!"
Illegal Immigration of Arab Youth to Europe
Across the Mediterranean
#$%&'()*+,-
*./,,012(32,*41/#
!"#$%&'()* +(,-./.)0!1$23(*4)506)7 8$92:,;%)*?@A(BC&)D)EF@0GHI
(J)K$LMN.)ED)O)D$9#)* PE%2Q@!0,RS+0%C&TS8DE,)>;!U(V,-WPE%2%#)* 159=)(3%@OJ)K$2025X(TJ)9:-$YB/ZD$/%*$M[2N\)]^
)K_`Q@X)* +(,-./.)00)a#6+QIbKDc!)Kd)!)K$K]
)e)2!)K>@!)f)# `0G,-((,-0GT) !g2h%)V !0G8)`
Abstract: Illegal Immigration of Arab youth to Europe across the Mediterranean
Sea, has become a problem which bothers states repellent and attractive both, the
immigration has become one of the issues troubling that received considerable
attention in recent years, Europe receives nearly half a million Arabic immigrants
illegally yearly , as The United Nations estimates that Europe will receive 159
million migrants until 2025 to compensate the demographic deficit caused by the
low fertility rate.
This research aims to study the phenomenon of immigration of young Arabs
illegally to Europe in terms of: concept, its history, its causes, its size, and its
tracks.
Key words: illegal immigration, migration streams, forms the secrete
movements , illegal immigration regions.
- :
(,-0G'%/i D2,-N$N)Ej)a!]k%C&E%C&P;:06$J$!l&)(l6)/* 840m 0)?HIGn o(!HIp*D6)M%q8)D$%2&:,8)]%O?N!r)/6X;!U(V,-W(J)K$LMN.)ED))* PE%2Q@!0,RS
-
91
PE%2%#)* +0%C&TSDE=)(3%@OJ)K$X(TJ)9:-$YB/ZD$/%)K_*$M[2N\)]^ijV,-lED7*TK]MNXs; }~#!ED_*/)7SX(`
{#X 6KA!0)?HI#6+=)(z)nD)MXq!$5 'DyX(FR +6X/D8)7%C&=%@=(/)>;6@$ij`
0v($#$&) i)DDj)KN~*)K_/%_c:(&pN$Ed(.t&6{*zB5:$!0)?HIG*g$tv DvU*t&K)*>;ib)t%*j/c)K@) /)>;!D20G!o%D$ P;)P@&P;
-
92
{RX!H*o "*_);J)K&7ED!)* $O)K%P/]www@0)N)/&T@3(b/%N 7%2NPE%2C&+PMD3%@g2J)K&)KKJ$DAij`
!"#$c3()26( DB/*!=EI9.$/)K%_(!kVP@!N)2N0)a0G'%/
SU()K*0G!6u>?N pN$X>N)28);%"!p*6vT#!\E%C&)_!D&)(0)a3E$N)EiO{s*Sj)>(DE/U)&:*I%JAU
iO{s*)t&j*S8)D6)M%qJ)@:Ps>%D6)M%!&)/>.v);!#)#8)D)-0/.v)e6A)e)$E1)9!)/i`j
~_!O)>;O)($NO$70G_(XD/E8)9%#X1%*oN~*$E7%2N)/gDE%2C&)**3>2@/N);08)9{sOM)ED_)6V!P>/0$E)K%J)@]()Q@
=)(I9!@&HI:)/gDSDM%O)2z!*S)K%_(AD6)M%qS 3($N $Ka0G8)#)#:DIJ8t_!)78q/)]:4T)#(0Gb)ED
)Km 0GX0D(c=)(I9/#
>(5)/0)?)*E A./.)(,-0G0)aTK]!E%2C&*SiT H#~*r)/:0G)2j:-$YTx)/$E)KMkXYX>DA!($9%&06/%C&)f)# UMEX*q
:$D]U2N]c!8sJ$Q@P@|D !J$DQ@8sP@| )P$/HIPs>%U2z{:ijc
./+(#C&:J$06)yP$(i*/j2b?)*P$/HIPs>%!iJ)KC&?NKJXj)%c 3()e)D6)M%:O)#)# >%/qA6{HI:>9%0,.I*I@{]i(Bj)m!XD/%!
$2$@~*)s!)7S)*S)q4!%2&>9%)9>Dq)()7`.W/U7#$%&\$v:g6]PRF$%2UNiq6j!P>/_6$J=( L/
)%)*!$JS\)]^9SD6)M%q)S$`8)z)M@$E!/)J8{3(p)v.)F)R)72N)]c*/:J$D
$.t&:29HIE)s&P#3/_!r)/:)78q/3( !):!gv+29PMzB5:N$:PM!U()>%Jqg6)M%qy$2@
6:1)E)* +$$:PSE_ /*!J)K&)K_TEDA1)@S:Y5E]2N)]>% $/y)9ij3/_!=)/D>9%DE2Mvq)s&P#XDI*)t&6(_
$@*E]"R$/D$@$s>D!$))2)XO)DE>2N$`
-
93
H/76$&{t%#1$#`2$>92N)]6$&3("tXDB&)%)*!)ij`()>%Jq/=/N!$/)]06)D`X#6TX2N)]!.)F(,-0G3>@866)7E]8{T)]
XD/2)[ij XDI!0)t&+TK/_6)HI!U2]9.)%;qA)@X$N)/D$0G)*i)y)X(pz)#,-j4:H)/V!/)*TvE:O{ cq!Xy$J$DJ$Q@
/_$DP>(*;`:./.);)L/!"#$%&:8|$&.$.$;+TK/_D)!>%:)/0)v9
P_ l0)@+$$:O{ `.01E%2C&:J$*4)JP$(i*Sj*)b?)*P$/HIPs>%!iJ)KC&?NKJXj)%c
|CE)E%NqXP/!*S0)EXD$#ED_*/p*:t5.i0)t&j|x(O{K#O 4!#)2(0G=) .$*S*St/yP/_06;81)J;vHI!"#$%&Z*S
HIJ )?9,-0G0,X81J`.WS6)6:g6]PRF$%2)]iq6L `jP>/_6$J
6)2$>92NUN`sS6$&{t%#:`21.9!0B]C&!0N)2C&P$/#)2!2]cP>c
$K2*E%C&:/&F$%2_/0,E]:$>E&7%2DQ@!sDv8{$&8q)Mq$7U/&F$%24N)E!|2D`
.9(J)KC&HK?DgIU()>%Jq)90$ t)?*:)]%DQ@!7/1)EH*+o6|$(c!0)#z|&={(Pz)#)KDIt)?)KC;!)E/:)>s%#!)D`
:o%NP)/Pt]C;,D)/&O)E_%2D7I!)E%#q6:P>/3(U($Ny6$J$O)()>%J04$9%)>(SHI$)O))-!P>/$#8)J)%@2@/)>( `
63>2D))/%N+F6 )>!TK)e)R=E%X|(,-XDJ)K&y)9L%k:>?98)V=)0)=)S)s&P#3/_!p*)(,-0KnVC&_D+)yPJ:q6`
6_)/8)DCv3(*/T?/o#)>gI%`3 c
-/7O?N=)(P*(,-0GT@D/MX8DE%8)]%)O))-!0)?HIG,XDJ)K&1q(S]%kC&8)K5)KE`
-
94
p*)(,-0GT@P>/>?9ET6()!r)/:XDJ)K&6(X%C&T0,RS8DE%2@0$@'%/!kV$)K_XDJ)K&6(DA)* $
kVi./XTK]MNXs; jp(,-p(XDJ)K&X';S6/PE%2A0)E`DDE81)M@HI!0)?HIX(0$9E681)M@J$q)/F$CE08!
PD* :DM&))7D+XDJ)KC&pDM&6()* +p(,-XDJ)K&6( !kVL $ED81)M@X,s*'; EEv6(S~*EDpX!kVL ij
DXU(V,-P*J)XDI.)6( )2N$EvDM&>?9C&8$7=$]?_)u:))7D+X!bqP@$#)E%#+)7DXS81)M@8)V )>;!DE)#)T>2NL
)D*q);s;~*>O)XpDM&p(,-XDJ)K&6(~*!pDM&XU(V,-J)K=)())7D$R6XDI$DyX(UE!OJ)K"#$%&:TK(MJ)Kij`
,-XDJ)K&6( +D)E%XD/,)N)#+p()2N_+!$+!$))7D*/X(,-0G)D)6(06)D+D)E%,)>;!./XTK>?/$
29*0,RS/8$92{Rij`*S9X(06)8DE,U(V,-J)KpD{/* 6$J+i.(TK>?/j6:$/D
+6)681)M@,!WS6)!"#$%&$(/*O)D$9#6)6$RDO)] /%D)K%R.$E*$*KC&TK#D /*!O)-RbqUED@1)9 t)K>?/\ij`
U)({R6{:0G2N +/J)[0)eJ #6,+U)(+O)#)E(I96{3(8G7R X0GHI~*#8; !
X8)9/2%+S&_)9D9#qP%!Y6);S>/81)]XXDJ)K&)-S!U)&Eq81)M@ q!HI+p(,-XDJ)K&2N)]XT-3(!p/XDJ)K&)E%#:
SHI+6%c
-
95
Sb7c$%DD_:$>/DXDI!pC&1)7#$pt%2C&X($>O))-)kV {XPS3(DX;) :E%2D$/ &y)9X
i>%jp(,-XDJ)K>`)sb7clba:/!P>/l_X($sDXDI!p2z).)8)($>X_K%2C&8)]T
y\t*!P_ /`0G E_IO?NA!)* 6)K# 3(!XDJ)KC&1qGE%2C&O(,-
*/)ED_6X)R!p(,-XDJ)K>SPE%2C&'%/`p(,-XDJ)K&8)_6/%ip*)t&)RjAPz)#$)2&2!+$$)$R$%D
UD)>;8)]HI|M@XY!*SijcXt9V)]@)28,V~%p)v_i*S`j!]#ED Te$$D 6* 6U +p2%C&_i)*06$ME&U!_'; HIJ
#HI:+S`jWS6)6p*$E9%DXDI$(,-J)K&`)K_$#DA*S:1)E:>%2D!#TK%) z)@{UK%9XDI.{7_`)>/XTftC&_`)y__)9D9#q)N)& :$/)R)2N1$`
T2E)99Y!p(,-XDJ)K>g2h%)V )9AJ&6)M&XD/P#6X)%T)S+)VSHIijc
; %c!)N)%D$!zB5!.t&X>!/!p72_!6S!)9!)D$#!)$M!}$J!6$2!M!)!N$ig
[61)9s%#)**/*/`jA@BCD=+(E35(i*4)5 !Ew%|2C& y)9&cj)%8)K|J$X>*S)*Ps>%c
U)* V.$9J6c'!)7)!)N$!))7D`.U"#)* .-6c7D*!)N)& !)2N_!)N)#)N)`
U76Z/*_)9D9#qc)N$%#!)]q!)N$%!99_!D9!D$2`?+(#&)+(#+35(c)%$93()M@XYc./+(N)%D$&!*t&P@$2c
*t&$7!9yXi>%j+ !)N)#_)yPJ+ !0V))N)#+)K9o%#+p%N)#)9D)9D]Dy9D`
.g)9BJ+Wt&P@)2Xi8)[j)N)#_`)N)#_g)9;BJ+)N)%D$P@)#X`
.01zB5P@$#c )N)#_Wt&P@)23(o%#+L#*0*+!D6-)p(X`
-
96
.)N)#_o%#+!8Bt0*+)K9!)2>+!D6-)p(X`))7D+gBDq:N)J0*X`
6X)2N_)#+DzB5@)2&U)*)2> `.21)E0DBJ !)#q0DBJDyX())7D+N$P@$#X`.)F#)N$ ))7D)_)7)0DBJ+ !))7D_)E0DBJ+P@$2X`.7GpKJ$X !)7) !'BJ+.$EDyX(!)* 6L%+M:gUE
)#q`.','"#$%&:*S2zB5DyX(!X>}$J)$MXXDJ)K>)ED_VDy
Uc+!)#q!)E!)7)!'>?9 ;I)*D5X!))7D)R)* 6i6)"#$$j!)ED_V(,-0G_)])ED_V6>9%$vG!
)K_1)(S)Ri}$J!)$M!6$2jij`.)F'Z/*X"#$%&UP@)2XDED$#*/i!p72_!6S!)9!)D$#
/j+!c )* 6+!);%_)D$#g'D7`
.>K&*SB5{RX!gD7iO)E*)#0;I&j)* 6+`& -A$ %)%ij
X>DCH((,-0G ,-!01)9*D6)M%()>%J0$0GP)7SL%k+(,-./.)0 )9X!9/&_);3(0,;#8,~)G
9!*S*S!*)t&*/29)*+S9E!=$+XD/EX8)9N)>sD*I7#$%&`
,-TeDy:!:TK-{RX);1$#!)9*)VTK%l0'E+P>(X(Q$%D)9((/ !6v3(TK(ZE !)* +TK9$9DX&!b$[$%()*1$J :
$(,-J)K&)K/DA0)vHIX(%9A8)(%U)>_!F';/=) $N)9N_./.)0UD)>;)*)'N0,7Rl8)#)/Nl8)()e)y:P>)* +c
./+(()>%Jq8)(%c)Km ()>%J8)((,-0GX(%9c )Nqc),-lz)y8)()p*U/_)N X>Dq4?9D!N$N) FR N$N
!b7%!=J!0Gp*"[T%DQ@!p_7% $MTKN~*T6$J$$N)E92$>qX+'>%#X(g6)v@ /*{#*/$SgI0?9HI86`
._)EsM/&c>%>9B_)Es)*"E_9BTK%_)E=7X)@./J)K&/D !P>/nDM%;!$N),-N!WS
/J)K&)DD)/g H*P>%DUd)%o9~*U(,-W/J)K&I!h)9WU$$%!(!>MoD$%8)#)/N`
r)/6L%X1)2N=E%#)*4!)*)q!"%kC&Bi)* V6)Rj!XDJ)KXXJB%TK%D$)]yS8)KJ$3(4D)!g# %X4X(%D)!p(V,-`
-
97
6.)2NJ3(0)?HI86 !1$23(E%2CC&+:-$YPG:t%F6 gIS!*/:$;I)R6D6)&)eCE*!D)eCXHID]+)%)*
HID)()2D$>9%0$]866)_$7{t%#`O)N))K%E:}~D!#)29S8)(%c
E%2C&06)#De`./DBp(,-XDJ)K&)K_TEDAT)S:Y58q`
.$95_!.$95)>6p*#)2D$>9%0$]>/i)K9*/)RjD)>/%#q F)>:i)N)7D*)2N_)Rj%Te,RTeAU!)EDI!=E%Ic);)* =E-
)ED_LE_.)2@3(`6o($N _)*DK%T@6)D6i#Sz)jp*KC&p*L)%/*O)$MR!O)EE@O)9 O7RPDI!
*)8)()>5`-EIF+#+(JK %)%&
Xt9V)]7D**SPX=)(?NSpN$E8)/D%`
!+SJ)*D|KE9S$v)y:}~0)?HIKJ$&@7&8)_); O)Jn%D#)*6)J9{RX!>sC&)/%!1)9$v3(>z)E!>2$v)
AD)>s%#qD)&)!\E!)&8()2&)*O)u)K%>9!p(,-XDJ)K>#C&*/m)2&!XDJ)K&1qG*4)5P>/_PE!)7E]0@XL]k%!T6{*:TE%#:
PP_SP2UK_!D$>9%7)*X )0GHI*)9L]!HIp*)K9*D6)M%q0$]0,7[&HIGgI5`
L+MN!T)7 XD2Te:U#)#S"#$%&
2z)TK_a`)t&1);4:U2z!sDv)J$$9%)MDPz)#!={(/2NF!.$;0
PsD8)7u8{RX!TK9DE6]+$$./.)X)f)K%2DqcPJBJ!)yc$/8)7uX),-!'!)E!)7)!)#q`
qEEv_.)#S5)/)m./.)01X>A#)2!()>%Jq!D6)M%)K>@06)D!0)?HIT)]+86 A.)#ST X$!)* +(,-`
#C&*/p*#)28){/:AP;)&X(,-0G i*)t&)Rj )R!0)?HI$DB%*O,;O~~%*S*/8){/8IR I!E%|2C&*S
.)DJPV)KN~*0)?HI$]9MD *p*t.)%Z/*OS0?NL%HI5)/:)e)b{%Ro9(gIS!(,-0G0)a/7*
)e@XPE%3%@ )Kz))!0)?`06C&9S)#Sn]ri)G)V _)*j0G0)a5)/C&*S)K%/A(,-`
LcUD)3$D)* +(,-./.)00@XL]k%c6$>PsS{t%#q{RX!)Kz)9*S9S/&b?p2:6)5U/2*/8)$v3(
!T6{*)fRBA/7!TKDC&P>/])6):)%AD6)M%q8q):8)>s%#q.IJ8)>s%#q$9!)e)N$$9%*)%!*/US:2%ADM@)2):)>s%#q)R
,]%!)f)> X>DA7NSHI:%2C&@)20)a6)!1M)>(06)(:6)J9%)K77R:oJ$%I:*/Z/*8 *!g)M
6S!)ij` :?9*// E]|A2NXPE%:T)2A)R!D$>9%)K*8)D$
D>%#q!TG6.)p*EsF$%2_!P>/$2*)K%{(>/%$?9&:?906)(*4!)7)2$>9$%$>9*P>/_R:`
q)%)_:)7)1z$E3(;~%!"#$%&%#mW))>s%#"#$%&)9/>2J)!)9M]O6@7C&p*0$]E )~VX!l)/s%#q
h)S!!UST?9!8)$/&)J$$9`j
-
99
N)2N_)Es()>%Jq8q):;)cN&8)/>%p*6)%`8)/D$MN*/KQ@!l(V,-lED7*J)KDXDIW/.)(6N$N)
$MN6$J=/Te).))tDI!0)?HId)>_O)N$N)O)-_O)$MR.t&6{*6!O)$>(Te)])kT;)N$N)`
($8{>=)E!U()>%Jq"|8)2#{RX4!(,-0G3(=0$7R+,]%kC&={(Pz)#>/%8)2#&!0#S);`
J)K&De>/*=$ED !PK2D !D !h)DXP;3(0,;)8)-068)*$E(|XD(,-`
P9&?E+Q-ijW-!>u"#$%&Z*SE79:(,-0K9S8)D%cO)J4$ zB5
6/!N)2N()>%Jq8)#Y6);S!L!U($*X*2@/)J!!`ij'()*+,!-!.!!/!0".1!2
3 &! %! !+ 45!0 45! 65!
/! $!!7!,)* ,! ! 6 . !
" ! ! -!.!!0 ! 8 &! &
&&!+,!"!98:(+;!+"!+
ij3]7M>u!BDB/((,-0G8)J$M)K77R@$)* $3(c0
-
100
Uz)/>%)y:0G`.z)290G` 81)]0`6(,-0G`
?NDB>cz!gB/./ M(,-0G$3(c*)2=$]222&u!06$(G0)E9D+0!(g6)v!()>%Jq!!!` 2!2v9D&!0)E!D$%.)%6!gv)>%JqT(:#6!`>u!)[)* +(,-0G.)# $3(c
222>!!! - Meadows+ Donella)*+/5!3!/#23!
/5!+
ij Donella Meadows Institute,;!,USA.ij0
-
101
ij)>;*!)D+J$$*sN#6))7D+p]DpDM&0G_)Es()>%Jq6)/*S=$]?_)$7!p(/)J!)>%JqT(T2!0$9H$%;6)#!`
ij>?N DBcN%gM]-%(CDXy$/>201)#.))(,-0G
6/!$D)`W/K/&(,-0GcWSPR%XDB'!)7)!)N$))7D$3(c
222.!:0G&M%DWS6)06)
$N$D6/!*)#J!`"#S0DJD2PR%]*0G*)*S7[D)9D6/!!
*)#J`ijLR!D-W/Xy$:DM@)2$~&$9PD96!)>(!D$%G`ijS&:o9gIN$V*{(:U7#$%'>_$N$&3(!c
0
-
102
!"#$!%&'(!)*"
%+,-./%,-01234/5 -2%6'!"()/7)-89:4/; (!5*1>
!"#$%&'($) '*+,-.
/0%12$*34)56'7/8'9.:;%?'#$%,@A
BC3!D.EF5GH38)I/B#$%8'9J%.:R2)9>6,)R
$ kl.%B3S'+YMJ/8DA!JD'.%'mn,6'J,6T>'eo)
6kPX'L6-Sp%d>9T>'eq@2GS,PE2!r2!Est)>6PumJ'!i
2!$%>3
:vP$E_R$s '*+R= Abstract This study aimed to identify the reality of continuous improvement in Jordanian
universities developed for quality assurance certificate from an accreditation body
of higher education institutions in Jordan. To achieve the objectives of the study a
questionnaire consisted of (45) items was distributed on four magazines.
Questionnaire validity had been verified the sample was applied on a sample
consisted of (59) academic head in developed Jordanian universities to get a
certificate of quality assurance (University blue, and Petra, and Philadelphia) and
after collection the data and analyzing it, the results showed that the degree of
implementation of continuous improvement is averaged, and that the Jordanian
universities that applied for a certificate of quality assurance standards are used to
ensure quality issued by the Higher Education Accreditation of Jordan as a main
method. And that the main drivers of continuous improvement are: to improve
departmental image or prestige, to improve product or service quality, and to
become more competitive. The main obstacles for continuous improvement
implementation are: lack of individual employee rewards or recognition, lack of
training for administrators, and lack of staff time to commit to the program. and the
result showed that the main result achieved of continuous improvement
implementation are: improved departmental prestige, improve quality services, and
awards or recognitions.
-
103
the study came up some recommendations such as; provide financial and moral
incentives for faculty members and stuff, and to tie incentives and rewards
according to individual efforts of successful implementation of continuous
improvement methods, their contribution, and their efficiency and effectiveness.
(Keyword: continuous improvement, Jordanian universities, comprehensive quality
assurance)
!"#$%'()*$+,-
%,-
!s6wZ'%'C.\x6#$%R D>Eyz`8DAE'{z\x.
?@A($7 RZ'\x {z| @m/B@ 7 !PD'@J+v R> 2$(O//
R/6k>)b69Pg[J)@}6zx~/lF !v'I!>A4)W2SJ
>A3
tPX'j6A'7.lU.!$)M)>#$%>R[\GI
}aR(Z'$BCL6&Cm$O$fsJ`U'((['E%k
J) : R~&}=3??T)72P. ' `v7 lXO2$ rA
R>C9{@6'B'W.%2R'$&(B%'7L>Jl)
.sER !$U!m/\9P..9 G#$%\HF `F".lE!
>J&' ')@:R'6U=3
m)7NE\6j'p9/'$mOGZ%R$%#U[\>'
PRl'/!$76P9|O'9el6'/0$/'{B6TRRL>J 6?
J@! '%!X6 {z !U' O 2$/0 '\6.A v\>'R)> `$%
Q^6yzO%B@w&8*+l. ' 3/0%\6'Ur
2$&.\b9F)>112$%'#$%P$#$%%BR-8-sAlUA.
%B-8:R1'e;3=
) DA'6 1 2$ 7 $ J u 47 R#$% TE
RP$>-7@8?B$/0R2+.6PU6> ''UZ%
\x$R12$#$%"l9s@H0Ua\x@O%'h):3=
E \@ "A: = *A '7a . %'C
JrA$bEA`U'2(7@36M)$$6TO.W`A#$%R#$%TE
zJ D l9s@ ( SOs l>PX' V #$% 0 ' R Rv k #$% L
:3=YJND:=.*'9P$>`F@
[email protected]/$%`AO3F@66UY!J`
Z''/>J T4)W@k.:
-
104
^% 4) $s ' >A V EsJ2'!UR(! >)H
V|.h$[$R&Q.4)6.%$(([J).%'C
Q9s(l/.6|!J$:A.*'9>b AR62pz
R2J6' >E.PX'.6646P*'960lv@9P6 R v $9slv#$%TE6
$9s3l%''+'*'96 %R'&%2J@2!>bA%'}R@46PzPJ6B
$9slv3
#$%/046>.Sp%A-L66k]DA$0 ^a )
'$#$%l9"46>8W $0gER SPE ^vD*ApSp%A46P 6+'2|
//2PSU47l3:6UCeR=
A7@S*?'^>Z~)SR#7x@ABCJ_SR1Q%R.6P
$xs $R$7sA2$9@B 'J:=3.p6lE&CJ !@ADJ%
//A_RR>!R"0R..9NJ!ZJE~l9PL6)@
SO+RE>'6SO$):=
;3
ZF@*?'S7@l"S~).'Jm/O26U'nVm/2J
&%m/ ARL6)2>!'7MU6!c+ 3 6'U \x lbc O!>
&'v//+>B m/k 6#$%TE% S~: Zp>'@A RK3=g$76
l $ /0 *?' S 7@ &6 -| Sp%A l .R! . A O
JD.%0$>"kzPJ/O|l$37@lU2//AJ
.STmE*?'Sm/kORJ$//=:_
Vm/k ZS' J '!U 4J R6zPJSU!$U R! . STU ' PX' Z!
$URPX'! )&Q.\x R $%3
-
105
AU)> AO!aJ%J(&C/7#$%Z[RJ(JzJ
k*'J%U)8DAJRT 'sJ@9J%6|'v/U)
\>JJMS"0)#$%Z')m!J2&CUlp>*6.R
.6$%AYJ)$/O% \6:3=
Q//^ t)>:=>12$Z[U )*FR sJ !J9
$7 PX' NE g'@ )$ 6zPJ \ @ l9" #$%RA RT 6^ '% Z[
#$% &'($l6' . 6T Rv'g7$ 6'@ $xs)PJ 6'J| 'JE 6$)R
RP(x 2mv R'6umJg R9J) R$7L6 - Sp%A
$7.X'B{zlER$()HA.2#$%6D"l9s@ 'WF&J3.
'W\El9s@2!*A.9NU)/lp>A47*>J3
J Es DJ . 6O$6 > lb R( U ) Tc
: _=26 R) (J%#$%O//Al9s@ 6 ) Z')
y'7J R/0Y^ 2) Es \6 %'Clb REs Uf) &Q. !$% &'(e
2$(J%#$%6)E"Oz@Z)$ v')67RDa/ZTB
rGQ6'Ix $%O6)R!J2$6*AS$.9NDJ6W
$ (J% #$% &'($ R J &$@ r @ A ZTB *> U ) $% 2
!$%4P>P"SUJ*'9*Agm>RU)s.STU'J(*ERJI
*9k %'+'J( $% *'9 *A *pRJ(SU q .9N46I .% P )67@
->/0J(Ue*M"0.6Z[/3
g'@ U ) / lp>A 4$ =
_=m!Jg'_/0#$>+l9s@6xERY@4P*Ag
G6 !>A /0Rs/B' R2) 2$L6 RNE @ Y^ {z 2 *A
k2JR'7g72%R2$(JR"k3
$21&@ Z' `U'6).IA % {%@&?*{\.&)
:Ry^DK3=O$ % \>'lE')2$$'7E'$U''J9R
SU'R}R6'7SOROS)Bj'T )>JR
tQ%Z'!P@6e ' s$:*eR=3
A@2*$@@Y@47%B '*p%sRONEl9s5-$)
%Q '*+R2$v5/v*1'v=:-AL$Cl)*+%Q '
@*$@lb_R*R.6R(R*'R*%R7$>kR6'R@R
L'R.:yRK=38J/0%-*12$U'p6 '*pHA.
>+s%"0S4MH'\6{z47R!$%@BRP$E!U8*AgE'6
^6 .W38) . %'C !"#$% &'($ *+ '.% -
-
106
R*12$/0w@m{z.9{Bz6/'7/)26zR!IkSU
/{z\/#$%${zz{B3
' ./,01
/$9sM&0@O_23/)*$+,-
#'(#$%& !"%4P&0z.%$-/%P_ $%[g/ 'm$:=NEZ)
!"#$%&'($ '*+12$/0%-.*
U47 !"#$%&'($) '*+,%,-.
0*12$/!>NEZS/!U.
^ !"#$%&'($) ',*+,%,-.,
*12$/0!>NEZS/!U.
' !"#$%&'($) ',*+,%,-.,
*12$/0!>NEZS/!U.
YM !"#$%&'($) '*+./0%-
*12$!>NEZS/!U.
,5,!.#$%/{z8> !"#$%&'($)*,+
'12$/0%-.*R[g/ 'm$$%>!RU
47^`'`mM`!U.NEZS/3
,6.^.O//AAE'+'/#$%TEb/{z$s '
12$/0R(6#$%M)`J P/QXZSQ6n(,m,!>
`\xR7$/8,,/.,6TSUk!/bvZ\b6'+'#$%S'p
&'D'$,}>!>O%'J'Jt/RGU6'!JWR/0SA6'72!YM
$0'9@J6'7$% )3
789:;$7(65/{z6x_
E'GUG$%GQW6'7Z')SUk$3/{z()6_![lM/g/A !"#$%&'($)
*12$/0%-. '*+'R,4,7j,^R,`R
'`mMR`3
,-#'()*$+#$%&% !"'ASJ@vZ/4):_$s ' $7_
' m/g6 RumJ . 4) R Rl > R$ k ZT R =$$ @ \x
EF@ $: _- R k R M 7s g/ R6 -| R/ ) RYJ
7=/J%8'9R.: / =:*'J@ 47'$s '1 2$Y@ 3
$$#$%TE62$$s ' kI2(8>3vZ[/
$s ' @Om!J37u!rAYM %/8$D' ' P$>4
12$$s36'UDJ% %.*'912$$s ' kI2(@vZE
l>RURzPRq7YJN M&Q. 'm$:3= +#$%vEA
P$>9> SP9@12$&C!)7umJg/Jl9s@$s ' 3
y>U/:=*'J@12$$s ' _ '47Rv/
~'@ $E 3 #$% S'p q$ ' / {z| Z |.9N E R$s ' k
$/0 '![/3~'@$E/{z4753>8/ 'U2)
-
108
/0 {zp ')f)#$% {zl 3M)lEs6WD'@u
6'7$ &'$e 3$s ' kY!Jv 'I )>x z|R)> /A lD'$
$ B) yJ ] . 6'b '$ Q@) . v Z[/PD g9
8B3
>'@'E6 /:K=*'J@{z8> R*?EO2$\x ' Z'!P
/*?E $7 !U 6k vJ .1 2$ ' Z'!PD 3Y!J Z[/ 5
'/*ER/ {zOPD'*?E$vQDk&Q '\62!>3
1 2$ &C '$ /U 3 P l$W'$ D. 4) 5
6'#$% '&'vJ!UEs6k/0 $$7 3/ {z*> >+k@
6$7yA&rNE($N)&U$)EO$uQDM)v
/0Q)/BR$>)>B6-|Sp%A&P2$YM#$%TE]
NE6e6$73
u'P'@A/:=*'J@/0%B2$ 'U*p FE*?'SlZ[/
lZ[/$7/{z8>RO2$"0+2$/0SA
*A/8($R6J9/kU m$E`)7"+R!>S 'U#$%29$O
@GB/0 SA2)@6*?' S':'9e=$ !MQ%'J.
*?'O$%PO%Vl9s@!$%TE/0SA H0DJ>ER PI>EUa
1AO$kAO$j'#$%S'/>J#$%/0 6?a '[email protected]
Z2(*?'Sl47R6kG%7$l9E$/0j'#$%*?'S
7@@A#$%ls6O2$/0:_O$xs'J~)7@R PI+~)7@
'J6'7#$% )~)7@1'J~)7@R@k3
/E>' 'E: =*'J@2$/0 Z[/
1'9e/{z8>R'9em$.9NE>A$%2P47*A
'm$ $s ' lM/ Z[/ j R /0 1 2$7 #$%
l9E /0 3 /8> E {z8> ]/ #$%R $%
!!U)YMJR${z.%83#$%/{z8)I:;='p%-.L6
lDA:=l9s6 yA:3='9vUA /8$D' R*A]'$/A>
]'$/At[/bErU)YMJ8$D'ERUW*Aa '> 6?$
>2AOGSPEZRAO)?@(([>'Z%>93
-C,)D-EYJ.4@/$ >'&'v'+'$s ' VA
8HW.%47 '$s&}ONEykR8)P%#$ +rAln
'$s/02$DR1`$bc.rAx@6'7WS34,P,/
e)@/.vOOPD'Y!J$![/![/ A/B!J%$R
-
109
.v|R/$OMv8>{z/,,#$%
!"#$%&'($)!U. '*+*/&AOR!>NEZS/#,$%
bv2$%v'+'z8J3F89/-;G
OOPD'Y!J/83
,2H'I/2%:=>RC>A#$%/ A6?'@
U/5R/:NEZS/:3R#$%l"YM:= )>R
L)6'.*'9 )>lE.%@Uk8E&'($)
!"#$% / !U. '*+O !> NE Z S _@ Q#$%l(W U \E U:
-
110
@Q#$%l(W \EU:;=R@Q#$%l(W7/'U:=R@Q#$%l(W$$U:=R
Q#$%l(WU$$U@:3=56yzeq/'%@):=RpP[Jj'lbN
@ )6yzeq/':; =7/'j'lbNeq/' R: =j'lbN#$%F>
P3
#R,S AD.4)$/j'D%: =/B%5)>RG'(@
#$%:=t9L6-Sp%A.ROPX'12$/0%-3g$I.,
~)!/J)P{zDj&'v2!M2GvQS@9,
$)*+ !"#$%&'(@5R/J6 )>6A>+R!>NEZS/!U. '
V#$%8$(v )PzA5R29/6P:=9RAE,%B,@z
/>+kvQQ6!$%4>'6w)P3
#AT AH.EF$/5E8[/vO$B)67@b]vPAR6
&:=O$BQB} 3
2&U:=_O$Bl:EPA= B} O$B
473
^3
'3K
YM3K
,F8U'#$%&'(e/B6?'J%#$%/2%:=R>A@m/#$%&'(eJ
A#$% /3v56?':=/!JU/:B@e7/'3
V7,'13I/-V7IC89C"*/*'13I/
-
111
6'-gJ9[/5&0z.%@Ug/$%Z[Z
NE !"#$%&'($)&R '*+:=+'63
*/,J]L '*+ !"#$%l(Wm$6T
6?%#$@/B7R#$%&'(e/1@Rt!J%.$/ !s{z#$%l(/*AE
6?lX{z|46'Y6 @bn !s {zDa@>J{z#$%l!6
.$7]7)/!U*lR{zl06 '*+ !"#$%&'(e*AE
#$%AtI"g$7\647'Q7Q3
Qb9@U):=8x$@6'-J@:3K=RjT6I!\6n
\6{zS'+ '*+R9@>Q:=8x$@6'-J@:3=J@R
SU@ '*+\6@WSp%A9@ \@:=8x$@6'-J@
:3=6TPSUkZ%R!$P\6{z|Y6@Wfs$z'6
{z47m$\63
MJ{z8)PYMYJH/:'E/:=)>!XA*A
U)]'$/A>]'$/A*'[6m23*AU$>'E/OP>: *'[6:; =6 )]'$/A *'[UD'( %B@ z R\6
+ ( '*.%*12$/0%-3
-V7IC89C'13I/de*"
-
112
*/,8JiL
-
113
-V7IC89C'13I/me*"&0z.%@U^
!"#$%&'($) '*+.+'6{A&R!>NEZS/!U3
*/,8JbL
-
114
@>J!U'Tc!MA#$%>$?Q]7)/)$7 T$o3>
}!$76`>A4)OO$ZJ$> ')'3U"0zRL96Z
PD'47`'U*+12$@*DaDaL6) '\6,#"
T4)/>J/0{z|3/mJ{z8)PJH:
q/'nbb )P{z:3=R7/'U@$>'E/:=v{z,S,U
)Pq/'nb:3K=7/'U@3
SU J@ )P 2: = !()@/.% + Z%g@ $@vq/'n \ @
:3K:=+'63
*/,8JoL9T>'efZ%6)
2)'!i 3K3;P
#$%0g6h)g/A 3O%j'
33
7/'
,7@0,,>O%j'
3K3
7/'
-
115
2 )P q/'
e
B
y j'
2)OPX'9) 337/'
$ k2%j' 3'ef Z% '!i $@vq/'n
:3K=RJ%$/mJ {zjT2%.Da{>' {L6-Sp%A@
$Ry'Jyv#$%Dao)Zgg/Jd>9O{z*A !PX'
PX' !Jc 6 T>'v6? 6 a@ ) %B@ zF /0!3b Q
2 )P:=!(#$%0g6h)g/A$@vq/'n:3 SP9@!)7.09?Q6P9!.6Wb6e3Q
2 )Pbb:=!($@PX'$98'>'Z%$@vq/'n:3;=RSUJ@
)P2:=!($ k2%j'$@vq/'n \@:3'$%>// 'm$47 p@{z$ k%JvE0
SUk$W/Ja\xE'$v'I2Gv'I2mJ6n6k
$( 4P6 n 34) lD' l O &Q. ' *+ !"#$% &'(e
@ L>J 6? lX 2G T NE 3 . lE m mJ {z 8)PJH
:'E:3=l9E'eq/'$@:3K3=
-V7IC89C'13I/pq*"NE:=+'63
*/,8JrL ;3
-
116
2 )P q/'
e
B
y j'
SA 3;37/'
; 2)OPX'9$6'Ju> 337/'
;
-
117
3 L6 - Sp%AUvB t)>lJ)%9g6\>'
PX'6k*@12$/0%-3
;3 z2)$@Z)SJHAl>TPW46Pu@lmsR '*+\647
'!{zu?@.`3
-
118
=
-
119
!"#$%'!
()*+,%-./-$(0.
!"#$%&'(&)*+,*+-.*/ (0(."(,12
*-*3/4"5+$67.8+9:;=?75@A5-1"B*C.8+1"D7E7=F?"2G-FHI2>JKLM"D2= GN(2OD7:PQ"3R!5S=,"ST.7E*
G=U**V-7 D(*= 2= WD7MX*4!YZ(!["*.8"D\U8P1"/@]^*-!,9:_=$3Q"`8(!*=U2=UaF(,)STb"12c+
"8.8D(_S)STb"G*7"R:*-*3/4"5+$dEHeD*Z;T*S==/+(f*g*+,8*+-*/ (.hA#2*i/(*/3=.D(M(X7(*/0.0H="8-XD"Q$
/c!=5*-*3/4"5+$Q/]D&j(@\Abstract
The Legal Protection from the Mobiles Electro-Magnetic damages Due to the
usage of the modern means of telecommunications that opened new great horizons
with regard to the human development and progress but in the meantime, it was
accompanied by so many problems which are not so easy to solve soon, such
problems were represented in the electromagnetic damages and its harmful impacts
on the human being health. Therefore, there has been a need that necessitate
responding to these chronic problems to avoid their damages as indicated taking
into consideration the general rules in the law of the civil transactions procedures
in the United Arab Emirates ( in the Emirati law) which requires some changes in
the legal rules related to the civil responsibility.
We try through this study to throw the light on / and explore the need to create new
legal rules that comply with the modern technical dangers and the special nature
concerning the damages referred to earlier as well as to explain the scope of need
to undertake certain amendments required in the national legislations to regulate
the working of the telecommunications companies in order to set up and act toward
preparing safety criteria and technical specifications as a precautionary measures
to avoid the electromagnetic damages of the mobiles strictly speaking
\k(,j/ZG/,G= 2-lM."M*+"D"m\\."M*+"D"mM2-jn(G= k(,G"D#o\
-
120
"
.k=(-"I2=#pc!=q"PM.(hGagd"=0h47rDb"jNs(h*"
rDG+,c?=t]D\G="(-1"2u7*S==/+!vwS\x\yG*"=#pc!=52=*h;
=*"0Nw"(-"Z7 &?hvwS\x\y*Dz\
u72O(+!i{NlKMwS==/DM=#pc!=5r=vw,\j\\Ey"s("G=*]={#(,]=g\
I2.|"1"}.,e:~SC=?.=K2.=KO7"$A+7]=#pc!q12/G1`j7%ZPjM8("8.3*(@:PNYS=1"G*U\*3*@1"=?e:~"U
_S /c!=5#(p>V>JKR!F(SfF]a=F1".D*2#(S.H=F0#5JD!.=*T1"DI2{.S==3>(0\jJ1"G+&2=/("`(/
.KI2> G7#2J=S.KGN*S==*KNG3-5/2n/>$.S="w.S=9:>Ze\
5(@8(PI2Q*#m]/("M'H5/24(-C*"=*>*T.$1"] /c!qIF$!]=#pc!q312.?!&D."e1"D EN128J&T)*-*`"eYS
@j=0]?!7;#(6 * "
*,
*7*/ !A+GN.0;:"DF?7>J"G=+!U$TU=M]m]=@c!=qXK! /$69:12*= *V-b"G-FHI2\
*fF1#+!*"]/(!M,+=UFHI23*-*3/4"5+$(n*(9S*
*= .,G)&$/D7r*= +9:??(>]:M\$6&}A;j:=G-_:)jV! /c!=5*-*3/4"5+AP(1"7G:E(=S=7G=
(wD /c!=q1">?*-*3/4"5+Dh6.XK!1"O/3=##TX&=(\*+hfF
]=rD/=@1")Y-7> D".8+"X;!*-*3/4"5+$FHQ,w-*3/4"5A @25i!KG#*,>X5-!C$FHf*g*`"X}=+5*2>Z*-7=DH5(D*3I
Dr&,+"{!/A=Zb.8+c!=q12>?*-*3/4"5+.
-75i!Cj-m7$F!.7:7k*-*3/4"5= @=!C /c!=q7>;n*(?!CR! /
D1:R|W=D(*= #T&=!*=U=?/7EP!w2(-&9:1"X+Ze1"G=;T*S==/+(\
.*$&fFY?/S
7(5 /c!=5*-*3/4"5+$61"*= #TI2fF=$="7D121"
5/".-(? ="=5?`?Pw"*-*3/4"5+$67"=w"] /c!q7=?
c!=q821".:^,rDG+,c?,! /5(UG3-72\}7ji
http://www.saidacity.net/_Common.php?ID=443&T=Health&PersonID=12 http://www.caducee.net/DossierSpecialises/santepratique/portable.asp
-
121
l= x,6="E *Z!hw"j(@Z*TN=? ="E/2>?*-*3/4"5+$6-E/2n/!j:l= (:~]8PQ c**V-9:E*2= !j:*V*.-(9:Q*S
,9:]8P1"5*27SI2G;@A#D*,\*+*fF
I2[6=F/I2O;F"M+9:82G;@b21","_=$fF]5+$=50"*-*3/4"5?`?PYZ]$7cD(] /c!qcD! /c!=5*-*3/4"5+\YZl;*-*3/4"5+.S=12>?$=c!5] /\YZf;\K*F?"I2Y-7 /c!=q.S="\YZQ7$`?P*-*3/4"5+c!=5 /\YZB"e(,(@X7( /c!=q\fFl;*V-*|h/(,n*(J12c!q]=#p\YZ]**V-MZeJ=50"\YZl;1"]=#p(,12/$QU="J (-#(@Vw\YZf;U8D*-7OJZe\
j=ec!qDE@A,X&=!MX+K2-(*S==/+(.=Z(G v]=my@
C*#DagG.+(79:bOTO7P5+.S=GO!*-*3/4"(/!Cc!=q9:12F?7J!ZP9:Q"A"D(1"7GR:"D.2Z O7GD(>$)&$7=F(1"
ZP1"#F*=U*LQ$5/"DM8(*/D\ !"#$%&'($)*$%&)($)!\
n*(2=*@rD5*S==/+(.=Z($65N*S==/+(_/"+31">2q1">?*-*3/4"5+c!=G*@6WD7M>=? "X}DU=("X}KF(-" /1+qG=+GN
(Z6X*-(=Z("n39:YZ(!"DF?7>$YU=2.D$5S="+#$%&'1+/4"5+.S=I2NZX*4!A7*-*3/4"5+$cD!FHI2>$KY-*-*3
E!+(I2@NG-\3S=ZPN*+,8*+-.?!8*F?.*F?3w] /c!q3N*-*3/4"5+
"5+Dh7?(w-*3/4>h"=!C*-*3/4"5+.S=;"*+,8*+-.?!5S)A
j=**+,8c!=q /c!=qM\.*`=q\
-
122
Uq(P_Sc!G 1"./*D76w0&5#iD"M#(#` .*S==/+(=!8(Pn*(]=#p
w$\7=1!"=(312E2(P hM*#/(a=F"
G-*Ms==*=hME7bj:=!="A7N\,j:=!="=]=#oc!]NGA#D(
x"M>"] !!!"\+,-./$)*$%&)
!q.*#-!D(!c+*n7MxNwSN*7D]Mj=*ec!qN]=m#A7=7N]=#pN-&MA7!==(E7(AHj"QU=")s8,NA*+78?("G=+GNGc!q312x/O7\]
/*D"+hM*-*3/4"5+.S=7.=H6\P)5S1"1+E7]=#pc!qcD!N@N7N1"+h312w+,8]?!I2#(Dj:]?!.N]+h
/*D"@-"1#$2=f\=Z!Q",=B*(-!c!q>5SNFHN=D*FHNA7Y-F&[=H]?!(-!>5S
*#U.X"+=$_ B0/7=?((6'0?![=?{] (,*2=#!=*#\B&/(Y-7Q#(.|&Q*]/("M.*ZD]!.+0+!FHNc!q>5SNw4"O7\Q0!&2
5S69:w"(-">DM(7;]?!>5SNAoAF*w"=A+7r\ !",-012345+6($)!
(75/2fD/!C*-*3/4"5+.S=Y-7*FH3A+!*+,8*+-.*/ (FH"FEF"ESTFH1";D/*-*3/4"5+.S=#D(G;T.,.5U39:1
1"2=Y-!k] /c!q>5S] /c!q7.Zoa=(w-*3/4"5+E*2G-F?7J!*3/4"5+$=YZ:MD(=,c!q>5S1";D/R!] /c!q71"fD/!C*-
(=F/I2k] /+7($)*8#
#@ND0!l%=&] /c!q71"X2(5#D( /c!=qGD"1"M
] (,],*Z4(f7G+-7="*&4S@-"{*Z4!~RkAG+-7\
1 Martin "Marty" Cooper (born December 26, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois, United States) is a
pioneer and visionary in the wireless communications industry. With eleven patents in the field,
he is recognized as an innovator in radio spectrum management., Chat With the Man Behind the
Mobiles, BBC, April 21, 2003. Meet Marty Cooper, the Inventor of the Mobile Phone, BBC,
April 23, 2010. Cooper, Martin. Encyclopedia of World Biography | 2008.
2 Marshall Cavendish. Inventors and inventions. Library of congress cataloging in publication
Data. 2008. Volume 2.3 Global System for Mobile Communications
4 rD_tN1"*-047 3/3/1"*/ (.01"=R**ME"(,Q*C'Z?:G@8\c!Gf*@
]=#pc!q=1"=j=*e\ /c!=q1"I#iD*4GDB0O(#+1".:C=ec!=q\5 Agence nationale de scurit sanitaire \Les ondes des tlphones portables sont-elles
dangereuses ? Le point de lAnses\Publi le 15.10.2013 - Direction de l'information lgale et administrative (Premier ministre)
-
123
D"A"@E7{lD7J2;NNw`=AE/+E.8 (-.8,1"2=#12>2."21"G=+(!wWD5JD7Q"5Z7!6 /c!=q.+hY?2A+!w5&(7=="d
2(;"Z7("*+h@I*;!M(-!bP>/"1"."2NG7#`U (-"*$>2UN>5S
] (,.(],*Z4!I2U@={G=+f*@("G=D-!)A?!.20!7G=+!*+,
:|/*@wZ4(&bP676A#2.Q"7AA#2]AP(.("=*DJ7ZUc?>`M] (,&5(-3/"q769:]8P1".?!+7] /c!z\
D!=q.+hc!^,l'Z,%=&] /c!q7N1"X2(5#2M(f*@> D" /-*3/4"5+.S=Y-7q=@Z]mK*/+-_*@6*I2*FH$N1"E-!"E/";D/
.8+1"DKNj:"6=G-*= s/*@1#&}"P1">0(,M./c!q] 1"-G.*7E"(-#&9$NG7>2b+hs/bPN*@.*w0 /c!=q.h
"=D"N,N.9:5-!C$612#(o>5S6\
MA(QU=1" "AD07:(]=#pc!q!1#J(!rDG+,1"`MUD!'->=
=#pc!q=ZP]@=s(#\N"e(-.7!!S=f*@G+-1"`^PG=*"c!5]=#p\
1+=Z]V-A#*&$s/G.,.5 "G3,Y-!GN1+ /c!=q-"=5>:I2#(pK7D(-*"@)]=#p1";D/.(=RkMY
>o\\1+D/?._#DE/"Ij:0G &w0?/?A;"F?I2ZP=S*+"=
|(YD(>:>+"7@G3-\\\C*mK261"WD7w9:c;+(,)~,_#DWD7D=#pc!=5\G-,=s=+9:AHN1". * F(
*+"6=-*Z{\A*,I2Z2C];G1".UXI2bPG|0I2@G(,13-"XK!'?!8eG)"n*()=H\
]-( G-F?7$F=3>(0w-*3/4"5+Dh8D(B*=]:MZj:
G3-a=F*= !&v #$%yD7((7?*DEF?#i/="!\G7{(w0+=U(!]!c!q712/*-*3/4"5+]= TG] /Y-!GA#(
G-8G3-
1Sylvain Collonge. Caractrisation et modlisationde la propagation des ondes lectromagntiques 60 GHz lintrieur des btiments. Soutenance de doctorat. 17 dcembre 2003.
2 x7"\]=mc!qG=+rDG+,c?\B*#e228=*=G@2007\3 Science actualites - juillet-aout 1999. Revu de presse.
4 Indique a l AFP Jonthan Smet president du groupe de travail reuni par le centre international de
recherche sur le cancer ( CIRE), une agence de l organisation mondiale de la sant a paris
oficiellement position : ( l ussage des telephones portables pour etre conciderer comme
probablement concerogene pour l home.
-
124
#a=F7?(*Z{Db@NC;T.,b@J(KG3-GN/.2Dh127G3,Y-w`"X}*-*3/4"5K=!Y-!c!qN_75+A v*#*=y"61"D
1".@Y-!N#5/"j?D5m"N_-/bj;G3-bP6>XZe% />T]=#p.Zo12>?.(bP6*-K1"%6!=(]D(_S1"
5/2n/UO/m==Z!MKV!*/:*> M? Y-!Uj=J* P7=*2w5&MKV!
qGN128J&_-/7=?P-SM*`*#*+820!*eI2XK!G-z\
,-+($)*2-&fD/!E F*,] /c!q(-"GG-FHI2Ks(!G7*-*3/4"5.S=" /c!=q1"
6=- I28e0@)jV!.S=9:G*-=3*/">(&D7J1"_S"j:1"IVGNj3-8e- 2,)*="*26I2KVG--S1"] /c!q5SUG#
-*3/4"5+.S=#$D8eM*/*S.X4!)jVj=/W#T"n-*EE/";D/
S=G3-Y-EI2NG->kI2] /c!q>5SNXK!I2Q3UA*G@\D7EGQU=MK &H=(,1".=/,s/] /c!q]#D(,n*(mA"=O7=UH\
C,G&;NA+7.{#-M|76D*+"6M!!=77HZPGNO!
1"l3,-/7I2Nw49:!] /c!qw"(-">;Q" !\ZPR/GNJN,5i!!qw"(-"I2{NcGk6I25mQ$=7\G,O(DhF?I2XK!E*-*3/4"5+.S=
O?(AU1">V"$*-*3/4"5+="XK!=$=Gj;@D9":\?7XK(& /c!q>5S1"Dh].S=I25mQ$G1"1">(&D7G-FHI2KV!*-*3/4"5
=3>(0GkKV.S=#$D8eM*/*S.X*4!)jV"n-="*2I2>?*-*3/4"5+E/"\1+#1"GNf*@5,JA/2xNn-6E7=#-1"I2NU3E*&fD/!
!*-*3/4"5DhNw#U]=#pG=0(1"fD/&''n*")J/1"A?.JI2!()*
K+*"J/+!]D"*+,(!\ !"-9:;
-
125
*$AUN="5m"I2,XK!)jV!f*@"-=1"")A (/!GN1+RkD7
?DzK&O2=)- !*-*3/4"5+.S=_SG--SI2>J=/]\*DZ I#-"AS6>X? Kv]SbUV D=#JiDX7Dh
1=G*;4y\\\*(f*@1".2,QJ71";N5i!&)"X;MQ*D(D7NDJ71G*@6\=/l;\w`=2AS6=3Kv*K=.=(G3-yD7.=/,N5hN>2aQ*D(\K&
/*D"(2n(!S>X4("F?I2DhDhGN1+X? bI2KLY-bA=Zv DG*;4UV\y\\\*K.=!Y-!NDh.3,=5i!G1+\G3-77HZP>)G
);(5S1"]03O+.H &
D7=#pc!=q*S==/+!>=ZPD.K\1,]03d'#-:M] /c!q(,*"/>5S6G=Z.@bvA0ZNO/myw*-*3/4"5+]= FD(1"K(*,-@;N\
\ZP.S=O/mA"T>NFHI2c+*76]7*#Dn(1"DPV"SN &>=?7@APO/mI2] /c!5A"=T_-/(,>=ZP(KU/S6I2] /c!q312
(!f*@>XD)/S61">X-12A !-/79=(N>&=>*@I247>=ZPA;j:"6)65h6]8P#*,A#T]#(D15$D] /c!5A"=T_-/(,GN)&$7/S6\
!">#($)!?
#G=+!G.#(-"A+7c2J(*"=5*"(-"2;@*#2*/ !=#pc!=qD!=D"=
A7x/O7AH=(9*@=*,=ww* D(M}*-*3/4"5+$$T/(UM9*TY?2*(`?e7 /c!=5*-*3/4"5+$-(!=A5U=2!>JKG&R:
@ABCDAB($)!
KV!(7w5&K1"#`A =e)A7G/|#3)=2!&*`"X},=-oX}KG
7O7U8Di/l=UQ!,"S@R/G7]= 1+$9:"-m-m8PI21`c!=q7?(.:1"G=#pZPwh8(7=ZG"&-"Ze\
69
@4E'FG($)!
1 http://www.protection-ondes.com/dangers-portable/5-telephone-portable-attention-danger
2Belgiquemobile.be/actu. Les dossiers de Belgique Mobile. Les ondes GSM sont-elles nuisibles la sant?3 Florian Gouthire, avec AFP. Les tlphones mobiles bientt interdits aux enfants? rdig le 17
octobre 2013.4 http://forum.mn66.com/t149249.html#ixzz2eUNNH1Vr\
-
126
f*@5#*U>h*Z4(Y-7Rk7AM_tQ*wZ4!CD,=.@-A#!z\(7Q*D(&E*2] /c!q(,>h">=?7N*UI2=S=7>h"X}>=?7$9:qG+-Y*?!
x/1"X2\-9HG9I).J'FG($)!@
7G-FHI2K=5i1"1"U)(=&5/2c+1+$GDjUD("
PA*S1"(V"$\*D12>H92.,=S1"}7.iD"G.S=9:ZP1":*#2] /c!q.S="Y-7G-Y*?!C$Q3UA+7V!r.,\Dh8*,-T&G
I2XK(*-*3/4"5+-F?"8*-*3/4"5+*,-T&NvJNI#-!%-.yZ$=-&wS==*XK6.S=*,-T&A+hMw-*3/4"5+Dh7^!"\=?Di/j:A*4(7=
*`75+.J/v,B* !CQ&w9:\yWD7G&RkQ"=!Y-=#pc!=qA;">5S6-7"I2Y"AZD!] /c!q(,_/KNfD/!.S="\*-*3/4"5+.S=&
/3-"F?#i/" 2CA#D2=#E(/*7":*DG3-a=F*=v# $y1"
G=*M="\1"2OK8KD(,7.S=#G-D!KL12*#D.0VQ*M7*-*3/4"5+"A;*+,8*+-.?!.*`=q *U.S=v.?!G=0(=
*0!qyj&j,8>5SN /c!=q(,w+\J=SG=(;2G=K8Ks/G=+GA D8&w2Ze] /c!q(,1"$S=EGP\FHI2>X3s/i9:M
(-"w"(@X7(WD7)(] /\2!E,":\
1Alexandre Boyer. ANTENNES. INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES DE TOULOUSE.5me Anne Rseau ET Tlcom.Octob.2011. P11S\2Les ondes -ou radiofrquences- lectromagntiques sont peut-tre cancrignes pour ltre humain, conclut le groupe travail runi par lOMS et par lAgence internationale de recherches
sur le cancer (IARC) du 24 au 31 mai Lyon. Une trentaine de scientifiques issus de 14 pays ont
pass en revue toutes les publications scientifiques sur les effets de lexposition de lhumain aux
ondes lectromagntiques: radar, microondes, antennes de tlcommunication (radio, tlvision,
tlphonie), Wi-fi, usage des tlphones mobiles et sans fil. Ccile Dumas. Les ondes "peut-tre"
cancrognes selon l'OMS. Publi le 01-06-2011. http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr.
-
127
!"NO($)*F(*7D."N:*Z(x,52=1")w.2*3*(@.,Mw-0_J RkM9,w-0\
bD&(@X7!kDj(@Z*TN"GG;@$6=UQ/2",/">XZe*F?2O 27S=5!1+CN#(pw#7* V"w#2A*O(@@\=#
XK!G&=D"DhSNNn-68PMaC*S==*.*#Dc(I2G=+5>-m\X*4!I2A#D(&N*e.="N$a@MY-(*=+H/D*`*#*+`?eX*4!>*K=\\\\G:1"
j:J*ND*3I2#(D!CA"=DQ*1"ZeRkj0("8.3*(@&:PYS=Y*?#(-*#+]D"DhD*3DhD(2S*#f*@1"*ev*/">(&M> (.2mB0
]=3UMk$;N>X?Uy*,-@I2KV!CA"=D1"*`*0N*`*#*+=WD7R:*ev>TS*`*#*+=WD7=S\y+,-V($)*
-
128
*+"61Z/hD"SM_#2NG>7c!)&$G*-/>:G &Y-Uj=ec!50(,
*K=/ \G="A#2I2KV]=#pGN.,(KNO=!8* !C7=/?>412]=|-;*e"6\#.:@*DF?#i/"-*`v/!7Oy]03d#-31".5"6_7!q(,7c:=3.(0]=#plZ{XeRv.X(,*yDh1"U=13=B=J2\
$qG=*T./G-I2KV!C*-*3/4"5+.S=&-U|*I2>XI2,
=j:_JeG=UU!x7B&M\M*/3=*D#mi/(/
!"G=U-*3/4"5+.S=I2w3=F(N*Z(|*12D&2#m*\G*]U=(7X&"H;NUx,N1"w-*3/4"5+a=(?"Q*\!jNG4S=f*@QFHG7
*-*3/4"5+.S=#D(12/#(p3#G+-z\
'?/!qD(1"F*`U=X7(WD7kF?>UGkI2c!qQ$D7'#-j:xN.22=#(,xNqD(1"X@)U &\pc!q(,]=#D(>"1"F](2Q"\O41" 7*,-@;N]03I2G=+"I29XK!G6]03dc!q(,1"T\
#>*->*U_/K] /c!q(,iQ"Gk2G7N\J=UZPY/n(\(,1"T
qc!!#*U0)jV*] /9XK5S312,* 7Rkv. $yUZ I?U6TO!>@=#U63125U(P1+C\
+-SQ'R"T
-
129
5!YD?DH$6&G-FHC3#*-Ki(GkY(@
01""Rk. *Z!."NX(#+oE7>"]6=7-&Mw`#pc!q=]N"=$=7*/1"D7(7(X(@Z*TG+-FHI2#(o3s/GNng\ 7,A+GN1++T:8*;"q1+r
*-*3/4"5+Dh12/$=?(@X7(M\-9 *7DJ5/|*M*.#i/jq2#*D2198668\5\47DDZ"(6]=HNG=:w21-@1997211\
6Le dommage est traditionnellement dfini comme l'atteinte un intrt patrimonial ou extra-
patrimonial d'une personne que l'on appelle victime. La victime peut tre immdiate , c'est--
dire lorsqu'elle subit le prjudice de faon immdiate. Elle peut tre galement par ricochet ,
c'est--dire lorsqu'elle subit le prjudice de faon mdiate, donc par l'intermdiaire de lavictime
-
130
h"A+7bk6x-#D(!"/2h"A+7*FJ?!\N1+#G^*,Z,=7 T7H7G=+$61"=NK8K=SQ"*"X}*"$N*?7H\/= (:5&E*/!A j:l= _
=UP>J7l= YmI2#(D_5 0WD7(pQU=Q";&;2.=Z(]=@-!>S0(\E*212S/JGN]= 1+c!=qjVbk12>2==;*-*`5S7N /gG-7H)
5/2>?/VX}*2Dh.XK(_S./G=*Tbk6:Y*?R:EU= @1"\ !"
6=? X-+(*\#_whA#!G-]1"G=*@.\#]P E*28!WD7E`SNA;"8!=J21"_J2G-\? J70?7"2x-gNF?"2",-"Y!(E*2ADS9"N=,NGE*2AURkE6 (1".Z-Cq=:TNR!F?E@?7\
(=U=JK8Kh
iU@U@%gi((Df*@ENhM}*6f*@GNJM;NE!@5i9KNMAo`U=S="8D&AD"NE G*DA#(SENMWD7G*@6M>=H=0!@]=""D0/">"&Q JMAo`U.=&I2_ @GE"\i69X'Y@Jgi((RD"RkGNAPJI2Apj:QUE*2 A#a8K.@)6GNA?Q01"?(A7 J*@(/1"?($(/E/"Q0j=JAHTEN
d'un prjudice. Il existerait trois types de dommages : le dommage corporel, le dommage
matriel et le dommage moral. Mais parce que cette prsentation n'est qu'une construction
juridique qui s'avre tre de moins en moins adapte la ralit qu'elle entend rgir, certains
auteurs s'appuient sur l'aspect juridique et ncessairement artificiel de la notion pour la faire
voluer et proposer ainsi une conception different\Ch. Broche, "la notion juridique de dommage en droit de la responsabilit civile extracontractuelle", thse 2010, Universit de Grenoble. P
224.1,=$="=*V-E*2= !j:Ze"N=?$="I2AD01"#D(r"I24MZeI2Z
En`(? !rE2=U? r?!AE/"A7E/"9=? En`(?rsw2=7G( AD0E7\:Q,==50w"8,Q(~*2UwED!1"J(kY-(G#$E/"J]=?@nhG#J7>2 E$0!"=Z
Jg5*&^0!D1"x,NI2*=|-* !62\8-2*D,\*7D]w"8,E 0wD$=G= MB0/$12W=D(\)6DZ\1990\h-,V"
D"m\?"/+,\34\
-
131
E*2/5&$w * @"A?@1E7HN$Q0EDNE/28&Y*=|-I21"QUE/"?(\*KNG=+J o=U==raZPk&GJ o=U==raZPG&J:|/*@B*n*(
?(f*@GNApGME*,)c(]=rQ :?(\"NT;;GNG=+]TCLE*OD>=? "5+f*gQ 1"_X? !jV)]@? Y@H:]GQZ @NPG
5@Hj=/ED*Z !_/N2/H\i-9@U %gijDi('i'DjNGNY*? @"(oG&G @X}(o8&*=|-"#2E*?1"$
8!.+/=#eN.2=ZJz\>&vy1"G=U.8"D*/!I2ENvW=D(12_:j:Q I2B0/\yJM_J ["?/21"H/2Jj=DE/20/"W47i/129KL*D(*"N*7N\:JA#"w- .7H(*#Cn/5/2%B0/"(p\- .7HX}(*#\A#!=H>2_:(!Y-g"w - 8!w+Nw`m_J2d 0NO2NQHNNDhNS\ - .=0w+Nw`mQ&/_J26GN* 7I2q@ 0A DN?N> I2wN#mN
=t\ - .=&]#mE=(ES=`,_J26\ - m