1814-1815 –european leaders led by austria (prime minister metternich) goals prevent french...
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Congress of Vienna
1814-1815 –European leaders led by Austria (Prime Minister Metternich)
Goals Prevent French Aggression Balance of Power (No
country is a threat to anyone)
Restore royal families to the throne
Result=5 Grt Powers (GB, FR, Austria, Prussia, RS)
Unintentional Side-Effect: encourages Nationalism
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European Map after Congress of Vienna (1817)
Napoleon Empire Map (1815)
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Nationalism
Nationalism – belief that people should be loyal to nation not king share a cmmn culture & history Can identify better with own gov’t People have the right to self-govern Nation-States—independent gov,
represents itself▪ Ex. England, France, Ireland, America
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The Bonds That Create…
Nationalit
y
Lang
uage
Cultu
re His
tory
Relig
ion
Terr
itor
yNation-State
Defends its territory & way of life
Representative to the rest of the world
Embodies the people & ideals
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Nationalism
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Beliefs
Conservatives
Liberals Radicals
•Wealthy & Nobility
•Argued for traditional monarchy
•Middle Class
•Power to elected parliaments
•BUT only the landowners and educated
•“Fringes” often students
•Extend democracy to all people
•Drastic changes
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Nationalist Rebellions 1821 1830s 1848
•Ottoman Turks (Muslims) control Balkan region
• Greeks rebel
• Popular with scholars, Russians, many Europeans
• British, French, & Russians ally and crush Turks
• Grks win indepdt
•Belgians declare independence from Dutch•Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed•French king Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy, students in Paris rebel (put down)
•Paris mobs overthrow Louis-Philippe, reestablish republic•Louis-Napoleon wins presidential election; takes title of Emperor Napoleon III
• Encourages reform
• Experiences economic prosperity
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Break Up of EmpiresAustro-Hungarian Ottoman Russian
•Control Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians
•Prussia gains control of German States
•Split Austria & Hungary, but both under Emperor
•Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians
•Grants equal citizenship to all people under rule
• Angers conservative Turks—causes tension
• Ex: massacres of Armenians after a revolt (genocide)
•Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, & Turks
•Loses Crimean War v. Ottomans
•Russification—impose Russian culture
• Strengthened nationalist feelings
• Disunified Russia• Weakened czar’s
power
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Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini Formed “Young
Italy”—youth nationalist group
1848—Rebellions broke out, Mazzini briefly leads a republic in Rome
Driven into exile
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Italy
Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of
Italian State Sardinia
Expanded borders of Sardinia, unifying most of Northern Italy
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Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of
nationalists rebels in Southern Italy
Supported by Cavour Turned over control
of Southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ▪ United all of Italy
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Unification of Italy
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Germany
Otto Von Bismarck Prime minister of
Prussia under Wilhelm I
Realpolitik—politics of reality ▪ practicality >
idealism Encourages
expansion of Prussia through war
The great questions of the day will not be
settled by speeches or by majority
decisions—but by blood and iron!
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Germany
Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) Prussia had superior
training and equipment
Austria humiliated Territory turned over
to Prussia, created North German Federation, led by Prussia
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Germany
Franco-Prussian War Southern Germany unsure of
Prussian control so… Bismarck insults the French so
they would declare war on Prussia
Prussians overwhelm Paris & capture Napoleon III—force surrender
Everyone is proud to be German, so Southern Germans accept Prussian control
King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany
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Unification of Germany
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Coronation of Kaiser Wilhem I Bismarck
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So…What happened to the Balance of Power?
Think about: Congress of Vienna & its results Who became stronger? Who became weaker? How did Nationalism affect those
countries?