1. Describe the difference between the Deciduous Forest and the Coniferous Forest Biomes.

2. How are the TUNDRA and DESERT similar? How are they different?

WARM UP 10/18

1. Put ANSWERS INTO I-RESPOND…. (I will call you up to do so.) Not everyone can use an

i-respond at once.

2. While we are waiting, you should be working on the AQUATIC BIOMES WORKSHEET if needed. It needs to be handed in when you are finished.

3. BIOME PASSPORT FILL IN– We will work as a class to fill in any gaps in your passport books.

TODAY’S AGENDA…

BIOME PASSPORTPlease take careful notes!!

You will use the Biome books for your upcoming Biome project! AND for the BIOME

EXAM on 10/23 & 10/24

IF YOU RUN OUT OF SPACE, PUT THE INFORMATION IN YOUR IAN!

1. Deciduous Forest2. Coniferous Forest (Tiaga)3. Tropical Rainforest4. Savanna (Tropical Grassland)5. Desert6. Tundra7. Marine8. Freshwater

BIOME NAMES….FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU ARE MISSING…

You need to be QUIETLY and

independently working

Temperature: Summer: 28 Deg. C (82 F)Winter: 6 Deg. C (43 F)

Rainfall: 75-125 cm (29.5-49in)

Soil: Fertile (Allows many different types of trees to grow)

Common Plants(Flora): Trees-oak, beech, maple, elm, willowFlowering herbs

DECIDUOUS FOREST (Temperate Forest)

Plant Adaptations: Leaves fall off

the trees in order to conserve water

Common Herbivores:◦ Possums, rabbits,

squirrels, raccoons, deer

◦ Common Carnivores: Bears, snakes,

woodpeckers

Animal Adaptations:◦ Some animals

hibernate in the winter

◦ Animals gather food to store to make it through the winter

◦ Many grow thicker coats to keep warm in winter and shed in summer

Deciduous continued…

American Bald Eagle

American Black Bear

Duckbill Platypus

Endangered Species of Deciduous Forests…

Description of the Biome:

4 Seasons (summer, winter, spring, fall)

Found in the eastern half of North America, middle of Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia

Losing land due to farms and humans building (some areas protected)

Coniferous Forest (Taiga or Boreal Forest)

Temperature: Summer:14 Deg C(57 F)

Winter: -10 Deg. C (14 F)Rainfall: 35-75 cm (14-29.5 in)

Soil: thin, nutrient poor, and acidic

Common Plants (Flora): Conifer trees (have seeds, pinecones) Pine, Fir, Spruce

Coniferous Continued… Plant Adaptations:

◦ Conifer trees have a waxy coating to prevent them from drying out, and protects them from cold winters

◦ Trees stay green all year round– called evergreen trees

Common Animals:◦ Woodpeckers, hawks,

moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, deer, chipmunks, bats

◦ Animal Adaptations: Hibernation Migration Storage Body and Color

Adaptation (thicker coats in winter, different colors)

Endangered Species of Coniferous… Grizzly Bear

Great Grey Owl

Siberian Tiger

The Coniferous Forest has cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers; well-defined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months.

Description of the Coniferous Biome…

Temperature: Daytime: 34 Deg C (93 F) Nighttime: 20 Deg C (68 F) (Doesn’t have distinguished seasons)

Rainfall: up to 400cm per year (157.5 in)

Soil: Nutrient poor, acidic, topsoil is only 2 inches

Where rainforests are located:-Central America -Africa -Indo-Malaysia India -Southeast Asia, - New Guinea and Australia.

Tropical Rainforest

Common animals:

◦ Jaguar, many tropical birds, small mammals, Insects make up the largest single group of animals

Animal Adaptations:

Tropical Rainforest Continued…

Common Plants (Flora):

Highly diverse plant life, has more kinds of trees than any other area in the world, Only covers 6% of the Earth’s surface, but provides 20% of our oxygen.

Plant Adaptations:◦ plants shed water off

their leaves quickly so the branches don't get weighed down and break

To absorb as much sunlight as possible, leaves are very large

Endangered Animals in Tropical Rainforests: Jaguars

Orangutans

Macaws

Sloths

Savannas (Tropical Grasslands) Contain the greatest number of grazing animals on Earth.

Location: Found in the tropics…near equator Amount of precipitation supports tall grasses but only

occasional trees.The word savanna stems from an Amerind term for

plains http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html

Tropical SavannaAbiotic Factors

Temperature: Dry Season- 34 Deg C (93 Degrees)Wet Season: 16 Deg. C (61Degrees)

~Rainy and dry season ~25-150 in/yr precipitation~Fire plays a large role in this ecosystem

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/savannah.html

Whistling Thorn

Umbrella Thorn AcaciaTropical Savanna

Plant Adaptations

Grows in TuftsResistance to DroughtMany plants have thorns and

sharp leaves to protect against predation.

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_plant_page.htm

Kangaroos Paws

Baobab

Adapt for short rainy season—migrate as necessary

Limited food leads to vertical feeding

Reproduce during rainy season—ensures more young survive

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm

Zebras

Chacma Baboon

Tropical SavannaAnimal Adaptations

Threats to the Tropical Savanna

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm

Invasive species

Changes in fire management

Because of their low elevation, some savannas are threatened by minor rises in sea level associated with global climate change

Koala

Elephant

Steppe (Temperate Grassland)Dry, cold, grasslands

Location: Found in Russia and the Ukraine

Temperature: Summer: 30 Degrees C (86F)

Winter: 0 Degrees C (32 F)

Rainfall:150 cm(59 inches)http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe.htm

Steppe Abiotic Factors

www.plasmacy.de

www.wsu.edu

Precipitation: Less than 50 inches per year (50-90 cm)

Soil: Deep Dark, fertile upper layers. Nutrient rich.

Mountains often play a role in climate characteristics

* Most abundant are plants called Bunch grasses, fine bladed grasses that grow in clumps to preserve water * Trees such as cottonwoods, oaks and willows grow in river valleys.

Tumbleweed

Sweet Vernal

Plant adaptations of the Steppe

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_plant_page.htm

Many migrate, hibernate or burrow during extremes in temperatures and precipitation.

Types of animals: gazelles, zebras, jack rabbits, coyotes, badgers, skunks, blackbirds,

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_animal_page.htm

Adaptations of Steppe AnimalsMongolian Gerbil

Saiga Antelope

Gazelle herd

Threats to the Steppe(List under description of biome)

Overgrazing…nomadic tribes have started to spend more time in one location,

Infrastructure development (roads, buildings, etc)

Unmanaged hunting and poaching is destroying herds of animals

Corsac fox

Lynx

Milk vetchhttp://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/

steppe.htm

Desert Ecosystems

Location: Depending on type of desert, you will find them in various locations.

Desert Abiotic factors

Less than10 in/yr of rain (Less than 25 cm)

SOIL: ~Shallow, rocky or gravely~Little to no topsoil due to high winds.~Minerals not deep in soil.

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html

While there are many types of deserts, they all share one characteristic: They are the driest places on Earth!

Temperature:Summer 38 Deg C (100 F)Winter: 7 Deg C (45 F)

Joshua Tree http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_plant_page.htm

Desert Plant Adaptations:

Spines Succulents Thick, waxy

cuticle Shallow, broad

roots All adapt to

having little water

Barrel Cactus

Ocotollio

Desert Animal Adaptations: Get water from food Thick outer coat Burrow during day Large ears Smaller animals =

less surface area

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_animal_page.htm

Javelina

Bob Cat

Armadillo Lizard

Threats to the DesertResidential development

Off road recreational activities destroy habitat for plants and animals.

Some plants are removed by collectors, endangering the population.

Sonoran Desert

Dry Desert

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm

Joshua Tree http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_plant_page.htm

Desert Plant Adaptations:

Spines Succulents Thick, waxy

cuticle Shallow, broad

roots All adapt to

having little water

Barrel Cactus

Ocotollio

http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html

TundraTemperature: Summer:12 D Deg. C(54F)

Winter: -26 Deg. C (-15F)

Location: Found north of the Arctic Circle

Tundra Abiotic Factors Rainfall: Less than 25 inches per year Temp rarely higher than 100C Permafrost layer Short growing season

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html

Tundra Plant AdaptationsGrowing close to the ground

Having shallow roots to absorb the limited water resources.

Trees grow less than 1 m high!

cottongrass

Reindeer lichen

Perennials

Woody shrubs

http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html

Heaths

Examples of Tundra Plants

~Breed and raise youngquickly in the summer, ~migration~Few predators

Small earsInsulation, thick

coat

Arctic foxsnowy owl

Grizzly BearTundra Animal Adaptations

Other animals:~polar bears~salmon~caribou~ falcons

Threats to the Tundra

One of the most fragile biomes on the planet

The tundra is slow to recover from damage.

Oil drilling is proposed in Alaska and other areas!

Tufted Saxifrage

Polar Bear

Freshwater Ecosystems Salinity <0.5 ppt. Lake are the deepest of fresh water systems Lakes are fed by underground aquifer or stream Ponds are fed by rainfall and may be seasonalhttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/

Ponds

Sun can reach bottom

Fed by rainfall May be seasonal Algae and plants

throughout

Microscopic Animals and Algae

Lakes and ponds—Abiotic Factors

Littoral zone: nutrient rich area found close to shore

Benthic zone: bottom of the lake where no sunlight can reach.

www.dnr.wi.gov

www.uwsp.edu

Plants are floating algae and plants along shoreline

Animals live in or near water

Lakes and ponds: Plants and Animals Adaptations

Threats to lakes and ponds

All water systems are being polluted and degraded by human impactwww.aquaticbiomes.gov

Marshhttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/wetlands/

Uses: Animal/plant

homes

Carbon “sink”

Water recharge areas, removing pollutants

Types: Brackish and freshwater

Marsh—Plant adaptations Very shallow with

land occasionally exposed

Saturated soil Low oxygen in

water and soil Emergent plants

http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm

Heron

Swamp/Bogs

Location: Found on flat, poorly drained land, often near streams

Swamps/Bogs Abiotic factorsLand soaked because of poor drainageDecay is slow - Soil is acidic

SwampsLarge trees/shrubsAdapted to muddy soils

Bogs - sphagnum moss is dominant

http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/wetlands/

Threats to Wetlands

Previous backfilling and clearing for farmland or development has been a concern.

www.kathimitchell.com

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html

River: Plant and Animal Adaptations

Will vary based on where in the river they are…at the headwaters, organisms need to hang on!

www.3d-screensaver-downloads.com

www.cs.dartmouth.edu

Threats to RiversIndustry uses

water to dispose of waste products

Runoff from homes and other places causes changes in acidity, pollution, etc.

Dams alter the flow of the water

www.nwk.usace.army.mil

Estuarieshttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/sandy/

Fresh and salt water meet

Plant and Animal Adaptations of Estuaries

Very productive biome because it receives lots of light and nutrients

Often used as nursery for young

www.lookoutnow.com & www.visualparadox.com

Manatee and goose

Threats to Estuaries

Many ports are found on estuaries—pollution

Human population

www.davenewbould.co.uk

pers-erf.org

Coral Reefs

Close to equator Consistent water temperature Shallow water Low in Nutrients

Breeding area for many fish

http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/coral/

Animal adaptations of the Coral Reef

Threats to the Coral Reefs

Temperature is important, too hot or too cold and the animals can’t live there to create limestone

Human intrusion (scuba diving) is damaging if you touch/step on the reef

Pollution is also a concern.

www.calacademy.org

Oceanshttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/sandy/

Ocean Abiotic factors

Open ocean is one of the least productive areas on earth, too little sunlight to support plant growth

Covers nearly ¾ of the Earth’s surface.

http://www.worldbiomes.com/biomes_aquatic.htm

Plants are micro and macroscopicHave floating plants (kelp shown here)

Ocean Plant adaptations

http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/onfrm.htm

Ocean Animal Adaptations

Zooplankton—sea’s smallest herbivoresDeep ocean

animals feed on detritus—floating debris in the water column.

http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p1951.htm

Hammerhead

Lion fish

Threats to the Oceans

While the oceans are vast, they are becoming more polluted

Overfishing and some fishing methods are destroying fishing grounds.

http://www.worldbiomes.com/biomes_aquatic.htm

Polar Ecosystems

Can be considered marine ecosystems since the base of food chain is phytoplankton

www.defenders.org

www.awi-bremerhaven.de

Arctic vs. AntarcticArctic

Relatively shallow, lots of nutrients for large variety of animals in food web, People, seals and polar bears found here.

nmml.afsc.noaa.gov

AntarcticPenguins live here—only continent not used by humans (exc. Research)

Threats to the Polar Ecosystems

Reserves of minerals draw humans to these fragile ecosystems.

The main threat to wildlife has been the increase in tourism—garbage left behind

newt.phys.unsw.edu.au

Oceans Photic Zone– Portion of marine biome that is

shallow enough to penetrate sunlight (coastlines-shore, beaches, mudflats) Aphotic Zone– Deeper Waters that do not

receive sunlight. (Deep, least explored oceans)

Phos- Light (Greek) A- Without (Greek)

MARINE BIOMES…

Largest amounts of biomass (living materials) though often very small

Whales, seals, sea otters, sea cows

Kelp, algea, sea grass

Marine Life

Bay, sound, fjord, salt marshes, wetlands Freshwater mixes with salt water (some

land) Brackish Water (more salt than freshwater;

but less than marine) Salinity ranges

◦ Amount of freshwater vs. Saltwater◦ Tides◦ Biodiversity

Estuary

Eelgrass, smooth cordgrass, sea lavender

Shiner Perch, Starry Flounder Orange Striped Jellyfish, Purple Shore Crab, Scallop

Predators– cranes and other birds

Decay of dead organisms is quick, nutrients recycled through food web.

Estuary Life

Major abiotic factors: temperature and light

Not enough sunlight penetrates to bottom to support photosynthesis◦ Few aquatic plants or algea grow◦ Population density lower

◦Bacteria break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients

Freshwater Biomes

Concentric bands or clusters of species

Cattails, sedges

Tadpoles, aquatic insects, turtles, worms, crayfish, beetles, dragonflies, minnows, bluegill, carp.

Freshwater Life