1 . .

. (species) . , , (diversity) . () 200 , 50 , 3001,000 (Mayer, 1969). , , , (sex) .

. 1758 (Linne) () 4,162 1898 (Mobius) 415,600 1969 100 , 50 5

: 3001,000

1953 (Sabrosky) 685,000 1969 75

(), (), () 90% (arthropoda), (marine invertebrata), (protozoa) 10%

() , () ( , geographic race) .

1-1. (Phylum) () (Meglitsch, 1991 ) (Phylum) Mesozoa Ctenophora Gnathostomulida Gastrotricha Rotifera Kinorhyncha Priapulida Nematoda Chaetognatha Nemertinea Pogonophora Sipuncula Echiura Tardigrada Insecta Crustacea Phoronida Brachiopoda Hemichodata 85 80 80 450 1,800 125 10 1,000,000 70 800 120 320 130 550 750,000 75,000 13 330 100 500+130 5001,000 1,000+ 2,500 3,000 500 1525 ? 100 3,000+500 330 140 1,000+ 1,000,000 10,000,000 90,000 20 400500150+ (Phylum Protozoa), (Phylum Echinodermata) (Phylum Chorodata) .

2 .

. 1. 2.

. 1. 2. 3.

.

.

, ,

(), () () ()

() ()

. (higher ta-xon) (characteristics) . (traits) , . (, taxon) (, variation) . () . , . (Simpson, 1945) " " .

1. . (field study) (Elton, 1947). (geological chronology) (geological stratigraphy) , (experimental bio-logist) (key character) , . (comparative biochemistry) (enzyme), (hormone) . (population) (population genetics) , (mimicry) , (ethology) .

2. , , , , . (fern weevil) .

(, reconstruc-tion) () .

() , () .

, .

.

. 1. (analytical stage, alpha taxonomy) : (identification) .

2. (synthetic stage, beta taxonomy) : (clasification) . , , , , , .

3. (phylogenic stage, gamma taxonomy) : (intraspecific variation), (speciation) . .

1) () : () . (, sorting) . (; phenon, phena) . (species) .

2) : . (category) (hierachy) .

. () (, classfication) (, identification) (, key) , ( , evolutionary divergence) 1859 (Darwin "The Origin of Species" ) () . . .

(, taxon; taxa) : , () . , () (Simpson, 1961).

(category) : ( class) (hierarchical level) , (rank) . , (category) (class name) . (species), (genus), (family) . , 20 100 .

(phenon) : .) - , -

(identification) : .

(classification) : . , (animal classification) , (, ) .

(taxonomy) : taxonomy taxis (=arrangement) nomos(law) . 1813 (Candoll) . (Simpson, 1961) " , , ".

(systematics) : systema( ) . (relation) (Simpson, 1961). (taxonomy) . , (classification system) .

(phylogentics) : .

(evolution) : .

(, species) : . (), (), () .

(penetics) : .

(, numerical or phenetic taxonomy) : . (OTU) .

(, OTU; operational taxonomic unit) : () .

(, character) : .

(, character state, characteristics) : () () .

(, , primitive, plesiomorphous character) : .

(, , derived, apomorphous character) :

(, monophyletic taxon) :

(, paraphyletic taxon) : ()

(, polyphyletic taxon) : ()

(cladistics) : , .

(, homology) : , ) , ,

(, analogy) : . )

(, convergent evolution) : . )

(, parallel evolution) : () .

(A), (B), (D) (C) () (P. A.Meglitsch, 1991), , (homogenous structure) (analogy).

2-4. , (ichthyosaur),

, . (paddle like flippers), , , (homodonts) . (hypocercal fin) , (heterocercal fin) , (horizontal fin) .

3 . 1. 2. 3. 16 17 4. 18( ) 5. 6. 7. 20 8.

(, description) (, nomenclature) . . , , . () . , .

. 8(period) (; , ) . , (: , , ) () (, Arthropoda), (, Invertebrate) () () .

1. ()

() , .(Papua) 138 137 , 1 (Mayr , 1953). 102 98 (Ross, 1974).

2.

67 (Miletus) . (Hippocrates, 460377 B.C.) (Aristotle, 380322 B.C.) . . " , , , ." ( , , ) . 520 (, category) . , (, anaima) (, enaima) , (; , ), (; , ), (; , ), (; , ) . (; ), (; ), (), () . () () . (Scala Nature) .

3. 1617

. (, fauna) (, flora) . , , . (Wotton, 14921555) "Zoophyta" (Cesalpino, 15191603) " ()" ( ) .17 , (Leeuwenhook) . (Ray, 19271705) " ()" , . () .

4. 18 ( )

(17071778) . . (,category) classis(), ordo(), genus(), species(), varietas() . 4,162 , . (, binomenal nomenclature, Systema Naturae 10. 1758) . () (, scientific name) (, generic name) (, species epithet) . , , (, , ), , (, ), 6 (, class) , , , () (), . "Systema Naturae" 10(1758) . 10 "() " , 12 .(Gmelin, 17481804) "Systema Naturae" 13 6 (Class) (Infusoria) 7 . (Adamson, 17271806) .

5. (empirical approach)

(, evolution) . () ( ) .(Lamarck, 17441829) (, Invertebrate) . (Cuvier, 17691832) (Scala Naturae) 4 () (Vertebrate, Molluskus, Articulata, Radiates). (, local naturalist) (specialist) . (, phylum) (classification) (, method) (, principle) .

6. (Darwin and evolution)

1859 (naturalness of the system) (nominalist) " ." () " (, type) (, type) (, essence) ." . 1859 "The Origin of Species" 3 . , . () () . . . (, comparative morphology), (, comparative embryology), (, comparative taxonomy) . (missing link) () . (, recapitulation theory) . "(, ontogeny) (, phylogeny) ." (, phylogenetic tree) .

(Ernst Haeckel)

7. 20 (population systematics)

20 (), (), () (, population systematics) . , (, specimen) (, sample) . . ( , biological classification) ( ,experimental systimatics) .

8.

(, numerical taxanomy) , , PCR(polymerase chain reaction) ( ), (video) (, comparative ethology) . (, ) .