*

K.IYYAPPAN M.Sc.,M.Phil., B.Ed., GHSS., V.PAGANDAI

23!-bx<hqbz<!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U23!-bx<hqbz<!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U23!-bx<hqbz<!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U23!-bx<hqbz<!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!!!!36!lkqh<oh{<36!lkqh<oh{<36!lkqh<oh{<36!lkqh<oh{<!!!!uqeig<gtuqeig<gtuqeig<gtuqeig<gt<<<<!!!!

!!!!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!2dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!2dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!2dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!2!!!!!!!!

I!WOkEl<!WOkEl<!WOkEl<!WOkEl<!4444!!!!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!!!!3×2 = 6 2/ %Zl<!uqjsg<Gl<!Huq=v<h<H!uqjsg<GLt<t!OuXhiM!

3/ lqe<Hz!hibl<!ujvbX!4/ lqe<-VLje!kqVh<Hkqxe<!ujvbX/!nzG!5/ -c!lqe<ezqe<OhiK!lvk<kceqz<!fqx<hjk!uqm!OhVf<kqz<!-Vh<hK!sqxf<kK!We<@!

II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9 6/ lqe<Okg<gq!okimvqj{h<H!7/ sQvie!lqe<Hzk<kqeiz<!lqe<-VLjebqe<!lQK!kqVh<H!uqjsg<gie!Ogijujb!uVuq!

8/ -j{k<km<M!lqe<Okg<gqbqz<!lqe<Okg<G!kqxEg<gie!Ogiju!ohXg!

9/ lqe<Hz!OgiMgjt!ujvBl<!OhiK!hqe<hx<xh<hMl<!uqkqLjxgt<!biju@!

III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10 :/ lqe<-VLje!ye<xqeiz<!nke<!ns<Sg<Ogim<cz<!Wx<hMl<!lqe<Hzk<kqjeg<!g{g<gqMg!

21/ lqe<-VLje!ye<xqeiz<!Wx<hMl<!fqjzlqe<ePk<kqx<gie!Ogiju!ohXg!

22/ uie<c!!gqvih<!-bx<xqbqe<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!Oujz!osb<Bl<!uqkk<jk!uqvquig!uqtg<gUl<!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!3!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!3!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!3!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!3! I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6!!!!2/ -Ph<H!kqjsOugl<!lx<Xl<<!-bg<g!w{<!OuXhiM!

3/ lqe<Oeim<m!nmv<k<kq!ujvbX!4/ \|zqe<!ouh<h!uqkqjbg<!%Xg!5/ ohz<cbv<!uqjtU!we<xiz<!we<e@!II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9!6/ lqe<ePk<klieqbqe<!kk<Kul<!uqtg<Gg!7/ lqe<kjmgt<!okimvqj{h<hqz<!

-j{g<gh<hm<miz<!okiGhbe<!lqe<kjmjb!g{g<gqMg!

8/ gqv<g<gi0h<!uqkqgjt!%xq!uqtg<Gg!

9/ Ouiz<m<lQm<mjvh<!hbe<hMk<kq!lqe<gzk<kqe<!nglqe<kjm!gi{<g!

III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10 :/ uQ̂ <me<!sles<Sx<xqz<!sle<osb<!fqjzg<gie!

sle<him<jm!ohXg!21/ lqe<ePk<klieqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kq!-V!

lqe<gze<gtqe<!lqe<eqbg<G!uqjsgjt!yh<hqMg/!

22/ Yl<!uqkqbqe<!F{<likqvq!njlh<hqzqVf<K!Yl<!uqkqbqe<!hbe<him<M!ucul<!ohXg/!uvl<Hgt<!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!4444 I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6!2/ Nl<hqbv<!Sx<Xuqkqjbg<!%Xg!3/ hObim<!siuv<m<!ukqjbg<!%Xg!4/ %Z~l<!wkqv<k<kgU!-Vlc!uqkqjbg<!%Xg!5/ olb<sev<!uqjtU!we<xiz<!we<e@!

II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9!6/ mbi!hivi!lx<Xl<!0ohv<Ovi!gif<kuqbjz!

yh<hQMg!7/ giz<ueilQm<mjv!wu<uiX!nl<lQm<mvig!

lix<Xuib<!we<hjk!uquvqg<gUl!8/ giz<ueilQm<mjv!wu<uiX!Ouiz<m<!lQm<mvig!

lix<Xuib<!we<hjk!uquvqg<gUl<!9/ Nl<hqbv<!Sx<Xuqkq!dkuqBme<!fQ{<m!

uvqs<SVtqe<!dm<Hxl<!lx<Xl<!outqh<Hxk<kqz<!gif<kHzk<jk!g{g<gqMg!

III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5=10!!!!!!!!9. jsg<Otim<vie<!-br<Gl<!Ljxjb!uqvquig!

uqtg<gUl< 21/ sm<m!gif<kolie<xqe<!ns<Sg<Ogim<cz<!

WOkEl<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!gif<kh<Hzk<Kg<gie!Ogijujbh<!ohXg!

22/ lqe<Oeim<ml<!hiBl<!Lcuqzi!fQtl<!ogi{<m!Ofv<g<gmk<kqbqz<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!gif<kh<Hzk<Kg<gie!Ogijujbh<!ohXg!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!5dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!5dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!5dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!5!!!! I!WOkElWOkElWOkElWOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6 2/ Q!giv{q!ujvbX!3/ kqxe<!giv{q!we<xiz<!we<e@!4/ K~{<mh<hm<m!lqe<eqbg<G!uqjs!dVuig<Gl<!

Ljxgt<!biju@!

5/ oze<̂ <!uqkqjbg<!%Xg!6/ lq<e<K~{<mz<!w{<{qe<!nzjg!ujvbX!

II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9 7/ lqe<lix<xqbqz<!Wx<hMl<!hz<OuX!Nx<xz<!

-ph<Hgt<!uquvq!8/ yV!SVt<!dt<tmg<gqb!hvh<jh!lix<Xuke<!

&zl<!yV!lqe<eqbg<G!uqjsjb!wu<uiX!K~{<mzil<!

9/ LC!njzgtqe<!olik<k!Nx<xz<!lixiK!we!gim<Mg!

:/ fQ{<m!uvqs<SVtqe<!ke<lqe<K~{<mz<!w{<{qx<gie!Ogiju!ohXg!

21/ yV!Osic!gl<hqs<SVt<gt<!-jmOb!dt<t!hvqlix<X!lqe<K~{<mz<!w{<!slliGl<!we<hjkg<!gim<Mg.(M12 = M 21)!

III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10 22/ yV!gif<kh<Hzk<kqz<!gl<hqs<SVtqe<!yV!

Spx<sq!liXkqjs!lqe<eqbg<G!uqjsbqe<!yV!Sx<jx!K~{<MgqxK!we<hjkg<!g{qkuqbzig!gim<Mg/!

23/ lqe<lix<xqbqe<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!osbz<him<jm!uqtg<Gg!

24/ okimv<!RLC!Sx<xqz<!osZk<kh<hm<m!lqe<ePk<k!OuXhiM!lx<Xl<!lqe<Oeim<ml<!-jmOb!dt<t!gm<mg<Ogi{k<kqx<gie!sle<him<jmk<!kVuq/!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!6666 I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6!2/ 0hqvi{i0hv<!uvqgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!3/ -mh<ohbv<s<sq!lqe<Oeim<<ml<!we<xiz<!we<e@!4/ lqe<gif<k!njzbqe<!osxqU!ujvbX!5/ ngs<squh<H!gkqv<gtqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!

II!njek<Knjek<Knjek<Knjek<K!!!!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9!6/ dm<guv<!fqxlijz!we<xiz<!we<e@!Nke<!

ujggjt!uquvq@!7/ sqXGxqh<H!!X!gkqv<!/!OvcObi!njzgt</!

nux<xqe<!hbe<gjt!wPKg!8/ Olg<̂ <ouz<!sle<hiMgjt!okijg!

F{<g{qk!ucuqz<!wPKg!III!njek<Knjek<Knjek<Knjek<K!!!!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10 9/ lqe<gif<k!njzgtqe<!h{<Hgjt!wPKg!

K.IYYAPPAN M.Sc.,M.Phil., B.Ed., GHSS., V.PAGANDAI

:/ outqbqM!fqxlijz!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!ujggjt!uquvq/!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!7777!I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6!2/ ytq!wkqovitqh<H!uqkqgjtg<!%Xg!3/ viOzbqe<!ytqs<sqkxz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!4/ uiel<!We<!fQzfqxligg<!gim<sqbtqg<gqxK!4. lizsqe<!uqkqjbg<!%Xg II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9 !6/ Ohizvib<Mgtqe<!hbe<gjt!wPKg!7/ H' <̂mv<!uqkqjbg<!%Xg!8/ jfg<gz<!hm<mgl<!lx<Xl<!km<<mMg<G!

sqXGxqh<H!ujvg!9/ h<voez<!lx<Xl<!h<viOei0hv<!uqtql<H!

uqjtUgTg<G!-jmOb!dt<t!OuXhiMgt<!!biju@!

III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10!:/ Ncs<!sle<him<cje!uVuqk<K!hg<guim<M!

dVh<ohVg<gk<kqe<!Ogijujbh<!ohXg!21/ oze<̂ <!dVuig<Ghuvqe!sle<him<jm!

uVuqk<K!nke<!Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk!wPKg!22/ br<!-vm<jm!hqtU!Nb<uqz<!ohxh<hMl<!

hm<jm!ngzk<kqx<gie!Ogijujbh<!ohXg!23/ ytqbqe<!Ougk<jk!g{<mxqBl<!0hq Q̂B!

Ljxjb!uquvq!dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!8dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!8dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!8dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!8!!!!

I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6 2/ Hbe<okimg<g!nkqv<ou{<j{!ujvbX!3/ C!h<vib<!gVKOgitqjeg<!%Xg!4/ Ytqlqe<!uqjtU!we<xiz<!we<e@!5/ yV!dOzigk<kqe<!ytqlqe<<!<<<outqObx<X!

Nx<xz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nzG!II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9!6/ ytqlqe<!uqjtU!uqkqgjt!uvqjsh<hMk<Kg!7/ wzg<m<vieqe<!c!h<vib<!njzfQtk<kqx<gie!

sle<him<cjeh<!ohXg!8/ ytqlqe<gzeqe<!hbe<gjt!%Xg!9/ wzg<m<vie<!dlqp<U!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<e@!

WOkEl<!-V!dlqp<Ugjt!uqtg<Gg!III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10

:/ kGf<k!uqtg<gr<gTme<!Je<̂ <Ceqe<!ytqlqe<!sle<him<jm!ohXg!

21/ ytqdlqp<U!lqe<gzk<kqe<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!Oujz!osb<Bl<!uqkk<jk!uqtg<Gg!

22/ wzg<m<vieqe<!njz!-bz<hqje!uquvqg<Gl<!Omuqse<!.!o\v<lv<!Osikjejb!SVg<glig!uquvq/!

dt<dt<dt<dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!9fqjzk<Okv<U!9fqjzk<Okv<U!9fqjzk<Okv<U!9!!!! I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6 2/ n[fqjx!nzG!ujvbX!3/ nbeqbig<g!Nx<xz<!lx<Xl<!nbeqbig<g!

lqe<ePk<kl<!ujvbXg<gUl<!4/ gqB,vq!ujvbX!5/ Olikz<!giv{q!ujvbXg<gUl<!

II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9!6/ yV!n[fqjx!nzgqx<G!sllie!Nx<xz<!

lkqh<jhg<!g{g<gqMg!7/ n[g<gV!uqjsjbh<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg!8/ Nz<hi!sqjkU!fqgp<uqje!wM<k<Kg<gim<Mme<!

uqtg<Gg!9/ giv<he<!gizg<g{qh<jh!uqtg<gUl<!:/ OgOkiM!gkqv<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!wPKg/!

III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10 21/ jdxm<v\e<!n[uqe<!fqxlijz!

okimv<gjt!uqtg<Gg!22/ wzg<m<vieqe<!lqe<E~m<m!w{<j{g<!

g{<mxqb!dkUl<!O\/O\!kil<se<!Nb<uqje!uquvqg<gUl<!

23/ gkqvqbg<g!sqjkU!uqkqjb!kVuqg<g!24/ Ohiv<!n[!likqvqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kq!

jdxm<v\e<!n[uqe<!Nx<xZg<gie!Ogijujbk<!kVuqg<gUl</!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!:dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!:dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!:dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!:!!!! I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6 2/ li$m<mz<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!3/ yV!jmObice<!gsqU!lqe<Oeim<ml<!we<hke<!

ohiVt<!we<e@!4/ okimv<s<sqbie!njzUg<gie!hv<<g<ogtse<!

fqhf<kjegjt!%Xg!5/ dt<tiv<f<k!lx<Xl<!Hxuqbzie!

Gjxgmk<kqgjt!OuXhMk<Kg!II!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9!

6/ zi\qg<!Ogm<Mgtqe<!lqe<Sx<Xg<!GxqbQM!zi\qg<!osbz<hiM!lx<Xl<!d{<jl!nm<muj{!kVg!

7/ H,zqbe<!uqkqgjtg<!%xq!uqtg<Gg!8/ ytq!jmObiM!we<hjkh<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!

wPKg!9/ $vqb!lqe<gze<!Oujz!osb<Bl<!kk<Kuk<jk!

uquvq!nke<!hbe<gt<!Gxqh<hqMg!III!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!WOkEl<!3!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10!:/ C!liv<ge<!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<miuK!

Okx<xr<gjt!%xq!fq'hqg<gUl</!21/ yV!njv!njzkqVk<kqbqe<!hml<!ujvf<K!

nke<!osbz<him<cje!uqtg<Gg!22/ yV!LP!njzkqVk<kqbqe<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!

osbz<hMl<!uqkk<kqje!uqtg<Gg!23/ oktquie!hmk<Kme<!cvie<sq <̂mv<!

ohVg<gqbigs<!osbz<hMujk!uquvqg<gUl<!/!dt<tQM!lx<Xl<!outqbqM!njz!ucur<gjt!ujvg/!

dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!21dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!21dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!21dt<fqjzk<Okv<U!21!!!! I!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!WOkEl<!4!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!!3×2 = 6 2/ h{<Ohx<xl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!3/ Ovmivqe<!hbe<gt<!-v{<M!%Xg!4/ gVk<Kjtgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!5/ fiOei!nxquqbz<!lx<Xl<!fiOei!

okipqz<Fm<hl<!OuXhiM!II!njek<Knjek<Knjek<Knjek<K!!!!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!3×3 = 9 6/ wf<kqveqbzqe<!WOkEl<!-V!fe<jlgt<<!

lx<Xl<!kQjlgjtg<!Gxqh<hqMg!7/ Svr<gl<!lx<Xl<!uqusibk<Kjxbqz<!

kguz<okimv<H!okipqz<Fm<hk<kqe<!(ICT)!hbe<hiMgjt!wPKg/!

8/ ytq-jp!kguz<!okimv<hqe<!fe<jlgjt!wPKg/!

III!njek<Knjek<Knjek<Knjek<K!!!!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq!2×5 =10 9/ hz<OuX!Kjxgtqz<!fiOei!ohiVt<gtqe<!hbe<hiMgjt!uquvq@!:/ GPS!hx<xq!fQ!nxqf<K!ogi{<mK!biK@!

GPS!-e<!sqz!hbe<hiMgjt!wPKg!

1

2 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs

1, ªuú]ôhP APoj§ YûWVß,

*.ªuú]ôhP APoj§ GuTÕ LPj§«u KWXÏ ÏßdÏùYhÓlTWl× Y¯VôL TôÙm ªuú]ôhPj§u A[YôÏm,

*.CÕ JÚ ùYdPo A[Ü

*.CRu AXÏ Am-2.

2. ªuRûP Gi YûWVß,

ªuRûPGi GuTÕ KWXÏ ¿[Øm. KWXÏ ÏßdÏ ùYhÓl TWl×m ùLôiP LPj§ Juß ªuú]ôhPj§tÏ

A°dÏm ªuRûPVôÏm, CRu AXÏ m.

3. ªuRûP ùYlT¨ûX Gi YûWVß,

ªuRûP ùYlT¨ûX Gi G]TÕ JÚ ¥¡¬ ùYlT¨ûX EVo®p HtTÓm ªuRûP Gi A§L¬l©tÏm T0.

ùYlT¨ûX«p Es[ ªuRûP GiÔdÏm CûPúV Es[ ®¡Rm BÏm, CRu AXÏ /OC

4. ÁdLPjÕj §\u Gu\ôp Gu]?

ªLd Ï\ûkR ùYlT¨ûXL°p. JÚ £X EúXôLeLs. AûYL°u úNoUeLs Utßm EúXôLd LXûYL°u

ªuRûP ѯ U§lûT AûPÙm, ѯ ªuRûPÙPu ªuú]ôhPjûRd LPjÕm AYt±u RuûU ÁdLPjÕj§\u

G]lTÓm,

5. ªu]ôt\p Utßm ªu§\u Jl©ÓL,

ªu]ôt\p ªu§\u

CÕ úYûX ùNnÙm ªuú]ôhPj§]ôp JÚ ®]ô¥«p ùNnVlTÓm

§\ûUVôÏm úYûX«u A[Ü

CRu AXÏ _÷p CRu AXÏ Yôh

1kWh = 36x105 J P = VI

6. JÚ ªuÑt±p §\àdLLô] NUuTôÓ

P = dW ªu]ÝjR Bt\p A°dLlTÓm ÅRm ªu§\u P G]lTÓm

dt

P = d

(V.dQ) dt

P = V dQ

dt

P = VI * I = dQ

dt

7. ¡ofNô*©u ØRp ®§ (A) ªuú]ôhP ®§ (A) Nk§ ®§ûVd áßL,

GkRùYôÚ Nk§l©Ûm Nk§d¡u\ ªuú]ôhPeL°u ϱ«Vp áhÓjùRôûL ѯVôÏm

¡ofNô*©u CWiPôm ®§ (A) ªu]ÝjR úYßTôhÓ ®§ (A) Ñtß ®§ :

GkR JÚ ê¥V ªuÑt±u JqùYôÚ Tϧ«Ûm Es[ ªuú]ôhPm Utßm ªuRûP B¡VYt±u

ùTÚdLtTXuL°u ϱ«Vp áhÓjùRôûLVô]Õ AkR ªuÑt±p Es[ ªu²VdÏ ®ûNL°u ϱ«Vp

áhÓjùRôûLdÏf NUUôÏm,

8. CÝl×j §ûNúYLm Utßm CVdL Gi B¡VYtû\ úYßTÓjÕL,

ùY°l×\j§­ÚkÕ ùNVpTÓm ªu×Xj§]ôp LPj§«u Y¯úV LhÓTôPt\ Øû\«p CVeÏm GXdhWôuLs

ÁÕ §¦dLlTÓm §ûNúYLm CÝl×j §ûNúYLm G]lTÓm, CRu AXÏ ms-1

KWXÏ Y­ûU ùLôiP ªu×Xj§]ôp ùT\lTÓm CÝl×j §ûNúYLm CVdL Gi G] YûWVßdLlTÓ¡\Õ,

AXÏ - 2ªuú]ôhP®Vp

: 12

( )

2

9 _÷­u ùYlT ®§ûVd áßL,

_÷­u ®§lT¥. JÚ ªuÑt±p ªuú]ôhPm TônYRôp EÚYôdLlTÓm ùYlTUô]Õ.

ªuú]ôhPj§u CÚU¥dÏ úSojRL®Ûm.

ªuÑt±u ªuRûPdÏ úSojRL®Ûm.

ªuú]ôhPm TôÙm úSWj§tÏ úSojRL®Ûm AûUÙm,

H = VIt

H = I2Rt

10. ºùTd ®û[®u TVuTôÓLs VôûY?

ªuEtTj§ ¨ûXVeL°p ÅQôÏm ùYlT Bt\ûX ªu]ôt\XôL Uôtßm ùYlT ªu²\Vt±L°p

(ºùTd ®û[Ü TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ)

Rô²Ve¡ YôL]eL°p G¬ùTôÚs TVàß §\û] A§L¬dL Tn]TÓm Rô²Ve¡ ùYlT ªu²Vt±L°p

TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ,

ùYlT ªu²WhûP Utßm ùYlT ªu²WhûP AÓdÏL°p TVuTÓjRlTÓm ùTôÚhLÞd¡ûPúV Es[

ùYlT¨ûX úYßTôhûP A[®P ºùTd ®û[Ü TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

11. JÚ RôªWd Lm©dÏ A°dLlTÓm ªu×Xj§u Gi U§l× 570 NC-1 G²p GXdhWôu ùTßm

ØÓdLjûR LiÓ©¥,

¾oÜ :

E = 570 NC-1, e = 1.6x 10-19 C,

m = 9.11 x 10-31 kg and a = ?

F = ma = eE

a = eE

= 570x1.6 x 10-19

m 9.11 x 10-31

= 912 x 10-19 x 1031

9.11

= 1.001 x 10-14 ms-2

12. 0.5mm2 ÏßdÏ ùYhÓl TWl× ùLôiP RôªWd Lm©«p. 0.2A A[Üs[ ªuú]ôhPm Tôn¡\Õ,

AjRôªWdLm©«p Es[ LhÓ\ô GXdhWôuL°u APoj§ 8.4 x 1028 m-3 G²p CdLhÓ\ô

GXdhWôuL°u CÝl×j §ûN úYLjûRd LQd¡ÓL,

¾oÜ

Lm©«u ÏßdÏ TWl× A ®p Es[ ªuú]ôhPm Utßm GXhdWôuL°u CÝl×j §ûNúYLm B¡VYt±tÏ

CûPúV Es[ ùRôPo×

Vd =

I =

0.2

neA 8.4x1028x1.6x10-19x0.5x10-6

Vd = 0.03 x 10-3 ms-1

13. 200C ùYlT¨ûX«p JÚ Lm©fÑÚ°u ªuRûP 3Utßm = 0.004/OC G²p 100OC ùYlT¨ûX«p

ARu ªuRûPûVd LôiL?

¾oÜ

RO = 3T = 100OC, T

O = 20OC

= 0.004/OC, RT = ?

RT = R

0 (I + (T-T

O ))

R100

= 3 (1+0.004x80)

R100

= 3 (1 + 0.32)

R100

= 3 (1.32)

R100

= 3.96

3

14. JÚ ÁhPo NU]fÑtß Bn®p 15 Gu\ T¥jRW ªuRûPVôL YXÕ CûPùY°«p

CûQdLlThÓs[Õ, NUuùNn ¿[eL°u ®¡Rm 3 : 2 G²p Utù\ôÚ CûPùY°«p Es[

ªuRûPVôd¡«u U§lûTd LôiL,

Q = 15 l1 : l

2 = 3 : 2

l1

= 3

l2 2

P =

l1

Q l2

P= Q

l

1

l2

P

=

15 3

=

22.5 2

15. 10ªuRûPVôd¡ Y¯VôL 5A ªuú]ôhPm 5 ¨ªP úSWm TônYRôp úRôußm Bt\­u U§lûTd

LôiL,

¾oÜ

R = 10I = 5A , t = 5 ¨ªPeLs = 5x60

H = I2Rt

= 52 x 10 x 5 x 60

= 25 x 10 x 300

= 25 x 3000

= 75000J (ApXÕ) 75 kJ

R100

= 3.96

3 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs

1. Km ®§«u ÖiUô§¬ AûUl©­ÚkÕ Km ®§«u TVuTôhÓ Y¥YjûRl ùTßL, ARu YWm×Lû[

®Y¬,

Km ®§Vô]Õ J = E Gu\ NUuTôh¥­ÚkÕ ùT\lTÓ¡\Õ,

l - ¿[m

A - ÏßdÏ ùYhÓlTWl×

V - ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

Lm©«u ¿[m ØÝYÕm ªu×XUô]Õ ºWôL Es[RôLd LÚ§]ôp

V = E l

J = E = V I

= V

l A l

J = I

A

V = I l

A

l

= R LPj§«u ªuRûP

A

V = IR

úUtLiP NUuTôh¥u T¥. R = V/I ªuRûP«u AXÏ Km,

( )

4

YWm×Ls

Km ®§lT¥. ªuú]ôhPj§tÏm. ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥tÏm CûPúV YûWVlTÓm YûWTPm JÚ

úSodúLôPôÏm, CkR úSodúLôh¥u NônÜ ªuRûPLs R-u RûX¸r U§lûTj RÚ¡\Õ,

JÚ ùTôÚ°u ÁÕ ùNpÛm ªuú]ôhPm Utßm ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ B¡V CWi¥tÏUô] YûWTPm

úSoúLôPôL AûUkRôp. AlùTôÚhLs Km ®§dÏ EhTÓm ùTôÚhLs BÏm,

ªuú]ôhPm Utßm ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥tLô] YûWTPm úSoúLôPôL AûUVôUp £dLXô] Y¥®p

AûUkRôp. AlùTôÚhLs Km ®§dÏ EhTPôR ùTôÚhLs BÏm,

2 , ªu]ÝjRUô²«u RjÕYjûR ®[dÏL,

ªu]ÝjRUô²Vô]Õ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ. ªuú]ôhPm Utßm ªuRûPLû[ Õp­VUôL A[®P

TVuTÓ¡\Õ, C§p TjÕ ÁhPo ¿[Øs[ ºWô] úUeL²u ApXÕ LôuvPôiPu Lm©Vô]Õ 1 ÁhPo

¿[Øs[ CûQVô] Y¬ûNL[ôL ¿hPlThÓ UWlTXûL«p ùTôÚjRlThÓs[Õ,

ªu]ÝjRUô²«u CD Øû]LÞd¡ûPúV JÚ ªuLX AÓdÏ Bt, Nô® K B¡VûY CûQdLlThÓs[],

Lm©«u Y¯úV I ºWô] ªuú]ôhPm Tôn¡\Õ,

CÕ ØRuûUf Ñt\ôÏm,

Ko ØRuûU ªuLXu. LôpY]ô ÁhPo. EVo ªuRûP Utßm ùRôÓúLôÓPu ùRôPWôL CûQdLlThÓ.

ARu úSoØû] ªu]ÝjRUô²«u C Øû]ÙPu CûQdLlThÓs[Õ,

CÕ ÕûQf Ñt\ôÏm,

C Utßm J dÏ CûPlThP ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ. ªuLX²u ªu²VdL ®ûNdÏ NUUôÏm úTôÕ.

LôpY]ô ÁhP¬u Y¯úV ªuú]ôhPm TôVôÕ,

CJ GuTÕ NUu ùNnÙm ¿[m,

CJ = Irl

r GuTÕ KWXÏ ¿[j§tLô] Lm©«u ªuRûP Utßm I GuTÕ ØRuûUf Ñt±p ùNpÛm ªuú]ôhPm

= Irl

I

ªuLX²u ªu²VdÏ ®ûN. NUu ùNnÙm ¿[j§tÏ úSojRL®p AûUÙm,

CÕúY ªu]ÝjRUô²«u RjÕYUôÏm,

3 , RômNu ®û[Ü ®[dÏL,

RômNu ®û[Ü

5

* JÚ LPj§«u CÚ ×s°Ls ùYqúYß ùYlT¨ûX«p Es úTôÕ. CkR ×s°L°p GXdhWôu

APoj§ úYßTÓYRôp. Cq®Ú ×s°LÞd¡ûPúV ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ EÚYôdLlTÓm Gu\

RômNu ̈ ì©jRôo,

* RôªW RiÓ AB «u ûUVm ùYlTlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ GuL,

* AB «u Y¯úV ªuú]ôhPm TônkRôp. ×s° C B]Õ EVo ªu]ÝjRj§p AûUÙm,

* CR]ôp AC Tϧ«p ùYlTm EhLYoRÛm CB Tϧ«p ùYlTm ùY°lTÓRÛm SûPùTßm CÕ úSoϱ

RômNu ®û[Ü G]lTÓm,

* CÕ ùYs°. ÕjRSôLm Utßm LôhªVm úTôu\ EúXôLeL°Ûm SûPùTß¡\Õ,

* Uô\ôL CÚm×j Ri¥û] TVuTÓjÕm úTôÕ CA Tϧ«p ùYlTm ùY°lTÓRÛm. BC Tϧ«p ùYlTm

EhLYWlTÓRÛm SûPùTßm,

* CeÏ ªuú]ôhP Tôn®]ôp. ªuú]ôhPj§u §ûNdÏ G§o§ûN«p ùYlT T¬Uôt\m SûPùTßm CÕ

G§oϱ RômNu ®û[Ü G]lTÓm,

* CÕ ©[ôh¥]m. ̈ dLp. úLôTôph Utßm TôRWN úTôu\ EúXôLeL°Ûm SûPùTß¡\Õ,

4, 2.4 ªuLXjÕPu CûQdLlThÓs[ 4Utßm 6 ªuRûPVôd¡LÞdÏ ÏßdúL Es[

ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓLû[ LôiL, úUÛm CkR ªuÑt±p Es[ ùRôÏTVu ªuRûPûVd

LôiL,

¾oÜ : ùRôP¬ûQl©p Es[ ªuRûPVôd¡L°p

ùRôÏTVu ªuRûP = 4+ 6 = 10

ªuÑt±p TôÙm ªuú]ôhPm = V

= 24

= 2.4 A R

eq 10

4 ªuRûPVôd¡«u ÏßdúL Es[ Es[ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

V1 = IR

1 = 2.4 A x 4=9.6V

6 ªuRûPVôd¡«u ÏßdúL Es[ Es[ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

V2 = IR

1 = 2.4

A x 6=14.4V

5, _÷p ùYlT ®§«u TVuTôÓLs VôûY?

ãúPtßm Lm©VôL TVuTÓm R²Uj§u Ti×Ls VôûY?

* ªuãúPt±L°p ãúPtßm Lm©VôL ̈ dúWôm EúXôL LXûY TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ, CRu Ti×Ls

1, ¨dúWôªu ªuRûP Gi ªL A§Lm

2, CRu EÚϨûX ªL A§Lm

3, CRû] Bd³_ú]t\m AûPVôUúXúV A§L ùYlT¨ûXdÏ ùYlTlTÓjR Ø¥Ùm,

ªuEÚd¡d Lm©Ls Tt± ϱl× YûWL,

* A§L A[Ü ªuú]ôPPm ªuNôR]eLs Y¯úV TôÙm úTôÕ úRôußm ùYlTj§]ôp AûY Tô§dLlTPôUp

CÚdL AjÕPu ùRôP¬ûQl©p CûQdLlTÓm AûUl× ªu EÚd¡ Lm© G]lTÓm,

* CûY ªLdÏû\kR ¿[ØûPV Ïû\Yô] EÚϨûX ùôLiP ùTôÚ[ôXô[]ûY,

ªuÑtß Õi¥lTôuLs Tt± ϱl× YûWL,

* ªuú]ôhPm A§L¬dÏm úTôÕ AÕ EÚ¡ G¬kÕ ®ÓYRôp ARû] Uôt\ úYQ¥V AY£Vm

HtTÓ¡\Õ,

* G]úY RtúTôÕ ªu EÚd¡LÞdÏ T§XôL ªuÑtß Õi¥lTôuLs TVuTÓ¡\Õ, RYô\] ªu

CûQl×Ls ApXÕ A§LUô] ªuú]ôhPm ªuÑt±p TôÙm úTôÕ ªuÕi¥lTôuL°u Nô® ªuÑtû\

§\kÕ®Óm,

* ©u]o ªuÑt±u TÝûR ¿d¡Vl ©u Sôm ªu Õi¥lTô²u Nô®ûV ê¥ ®PXôm,

ªu ®[dÏLs Tt± ϱl× YûWL,

* ªu ®[dÏL°p PedvPu CûZLs LiQô¥ ÏÓûYL°p ûYdLlThÓ ªuú]ôhPm êXm Á EVo

ùYlT¨ûXdÏ ãúPt\lTÓ¡u\],

* PedvP²u EÚÏ ̈ ûX 3380OC

* ªu ®[dÏL°p 5% UhÓúU ªu Bt\p J°VôL Uôt\lTÓ¡\Õ, ÁRØs[ Bt\p ùYlTUôL

ÅQô¡\Õ,

6

6, ©uYÚm ªuÑt±p ùRôÏTVu ªuRûPVd LôiL, úUÛm. I, I1 Utßm I

2 B¡V ªuú]ôhPeLû[Ùm

LiÓ©¥,

¾oÜ

ªuRûPVôd¡Ls TdL CûQl©p CûQdLlThÓs[Rôp. ùRôÏTVu ªuRûP

1 =

1 +

1 =

1 +

1 =

6 + 4 =

10

RP

R1

R2 4 6 24 24

1 =

5 (ApXÕ)

R

P

=

12 R

P 12

5

ªuRûPVôd¡Ls TdL CûQl©p Es[Rôp. GpXô ªuRûPVôd¡Ls ÏßdúLÙm ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

NUUôL CÚdÏm,

I1

=

V =

24V = 6A

I

2

=

V =

24 = 4A

R1

4 R2

6

ªuÑt±p TôÙm ùUôjR ªuú]ôhPm

I = I1 + I

2 = 6A + 4A = 10A

7. ùLôÓdLlThÓs[ TPj§p Es[ A Utßm B ×s°LÞd¡ûPúV Es[ ùRôÏTVu ªuRûPûVd

LôiL,

¾oÜ

TdL CûQl×

Tϧ I

1 =

1 +

1

RP

R1

R2

1 =

1 +

1 =

2 R

P = 1

RP

2

2 2

R1

4

24 V

R2

+ -

6I2

I

I1

7

Tϧ II

1 =

1 +

1 =

2 ,

1 , R

P2 = 2

RP

4

4 4 2

Tϧ III

1 =

1 +

1 =

2

RP3

6

6 6

1 =

1 ,

R

P3 = 3

RP3

3

R = RP1

+ RP2

+ RP3

R = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

ªuÑtß ©uYÚUôß AûUÙm,

G]úY A Utßm B ×s°LÞd¡ûPúV ùRôÏTVu ªuRûP 6BÏm,

5 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs

1 , ÅvhúPôu NU]fÑtß NU¨ûX«p AûUYRtL] ¨TkRû]ûVl ùTßL,

RjÕYm :

¡ofNô*l ®§L°u Ød¡VUô] TVuTôÓ ÅvhúPôu Ñtß BÏm,

®[dLm

* ÅhvPu NU]f Ñt±p P,Q,R,S Gu\ ªuRûPLs JÚ ê¥V Ñtû\ EÚYôdÏUôß

CûQdLlThÓs[],

8

* Bt GuTÕ A Utßm C Gu\ ×s°LÞd¡ûPúV CûQdLlThÓs[ JÚ ªuLXu BÏm,

* ªuLXj§­ÚkÕ ùY°lTÓm ªuú]ôhPm I B]Õ I1, I

2 , I

3, I

4 Gu\ SôuÏ TϧL[ôLl ©¬¡u\Õ,

* G GuTÕ LôpY]ô ÁhP¬u ªuRûP

* Ig GuTÕ LôpYô] ÁhPo Y¯úV ùNpÛm ªuú]ôhPm,

* ¡ofLô*l ªuú]ôhP ®§ûV TVuTÓjR I1 - I

G - I

3 = 0 1

* I2 + I

G - I

4 = 0 2

* ¡odLôl ªu]ÝjR ®§ûVl TVuTÓjR I1P + I

G G - I

2 R = 0 3

* I1P + I

3 Q - I

4 S - I

2R = 0 4

* IG = 0 [B,D Nk§ NU ªu]ÝjRj§p CÚl©u]

* I1 = I

3

* I2 = I

4

* I1 P = I

2 R

* I1 (P+Q) = I

2 (R+S)

*I1 (P+Q)

= I

2 (P+Q)

I1 P I

2 R

P =

R

Q S

2, ªuRûPVôd¡Ls ùRôP¬ûQl× Utßm TdL CûQl©p Es[ úTôÕ ùRôÏTVu ªuRûPdLô]

úLôûYûVl ùTßL,

ªuRûPVôd¡Ls ùRôP¬ûQl× ªuRûPVôd¡Ls TdL CûQl×

R1 ,R

2 Utßm R

3 Gu\ ªuRûP U§l× R

1 ,R

2 Utßm R

3 Gu\ ªuRûP U§l×

ùLôiP êuß ªuRûPVôd¡Ls ùLôiP êuß ªuRûPVôd¡Ls

ùRôP¬ûQl©p CûQdLlThÓs[], TdL CûQl©p CûQdLlThÓs[],

JqùYôÚ ªuRûPVôd¡«Ûm JqùYôÚ ªuRûPVôd¡«Ûm

ªuú]ôhPm I NUm, ªu]ÝjRm V

NUm,

V = V1 + V

2 + V

3I = I

1 + I

2 + I

3

V1 = IR

1I1 =

V ,

I2 =

V

R1 R

2

V2 = IR

2I3 =

V

R3

V3 = IR

3I =

V

RP

IRS = I (R

1 + R

2 + R

3)

V = V

1 +

1 +

1

RP

R1 R

2 R

3

RS = I (R

1 + R

2 + R

3)

1 = V

1 +

1 +

1

RP

R1 R

2 R

3

( )

9

3 , ªuLXeL°u ùRôP¬ûQl× Utßm TdL CûQlûT ®[dÏL,

ªuRûPVôd¡L°u ùRôP¬ûQl× ªuRûPVôd¡L°u TdL CûQl×

ùUôjR ªu²VdÏ ®ûN = n ùUôjR ªu²VdÏ ®ûN = n

ùUôjR ªuRûP = nr + RùUôjR ªuRûP = R +

r

n

I = n

I = n

nr + R r + nR

r << R G²p r >> R G²p

I = n

~

nI1

I = n

~

nI1

R r

r >> R G²p r << R G²p

I =

I =

r R

~~ ~

10

4 , ªu]ÝjRUô²ûVl TVuTÓj§ ùLôÓdLlThP CÚ ªuLXeL°u ªu²VdÏ ®ûNLû[

GqYôß Jl©ÓYôn?

RjÕYm : ªuLX²u ªu²VdÏ ®ûN NUu ùNnÙm ¿[j§tÏ úSojRL®X AûUÙm,

AûUl× :

*. CD Gu\ ªu]ÝjRUô²d Lm©. ªuLX AÓdÏ (Bt)

Nô® (K),

ªuRûP Uôt± (Rh)

B¡VYtßPu

ùRôPWôL CûQdLlThÓs[Õ,

*. CÕ ØRuûUf Ñt\ôÏm,

*. C Øû]Vô]Õ DPDT Nô®«u ûUVØû] M -p CûQdLlThÓs[Õ,

*. Nô®«u Utù\ôÚ Øû] N EPu LôpY]ô ÁhPo (G),

EVoªuRûP (HR)

ùRôÓúLôp. (J)

B¡VûY

ùRôPWôL CûQdLlThÓs[],

*. 1 ªu²VdÏ ®ûN ùLôiP ªuLXu M

1,N

1 Øû]LÞd¡ûPúV CûQdLlTÓ¡\Õ,

*. 2 ªu²VdÏ ®ûN ùLôiP ªuLXu M

2,N

2 Øû]LÞd¡ûPúV CûQdLlTÓ¡\Õ,

*. CÕ ÕûQf Ñt\ôÏm,

ùNVpTôÓ :

NUuùNnÙm ¿[m l1 dÏ CûPlThP ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

1 = Irl

1

NUuùNnÙm ¿[m l2 dÏ CûPlThP ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

2 = Irl

2

1 =

l1

2 l

2

5 , ªu]ÝjRUô²ûVd ùLôiÓ ªuLXj§u ALªuRûPûV GqYôß A[®ÓYôn?

TPj§p Lôh¥Ùs[Yôß CûQl×Ls úUtùLôs[lTÓ¡u\],

ªuLXm u ÏßdúL JÚ ªuRûPlùTh¥ R Utßm K

2 §\kR ̈ ûX«p NUuùNn Tt± J

LiP±VlThÓ

NUuùNn ¿[m CJ = l

1 A[®PlTÓ¡\Õ,

ªuLXUô]Õ §\kR Ñt±p AûUYRôp

l1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1)

11

ªuRûPùTh¥ R JÚ RÏkR ªuRûPU§l× úRokùRÓdLlThÓ K

2 êPlTÓ¡\Õ,

R GuTÕ ªuLXj§u ALªuRûP

I =

R + r

V = IR =

R

R + r

V l2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2)

R l

2

R + r

(1)

l1

(2) V l2

R + r =

l1

R l2

r

= R l

1 - l

2

l2

6. úYôph ÁhPûWd ùLôiÓ JÚ ªuLXj§u ALªuRûPûVd LôÔm úNôRû]ûV ®Y¬,

TPj§p Lôh¥Ùs[T¥ ªu CûQl× ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ,

ªuLXj§u ªu²VdÏ ®ûN Li±V ARu ÏßdúL EVo ªuRûP ùLôiP úYôph ÁhPo

CûQdLlTÓ¡\Õ,

úYôph ÁhPo ®XdLUûPV ªLd Ïû\kR ªuú]ôhPjûRúV GÓjÕdùLôsÞm,

BRXôp ªuÑtû\ §\kR Ñt\ôLúY LÚRXôm,

G]úY úYôph ÁhPo A[ÅÓ ªuLXj§u ªu²VdÏ ®ûNûVj RÚm,

R Gu\ ×\ ªuRûPVôd¡ûV ªuÑt± CûQjRôp I

Gu\ ªuú]ôhPm Ñt±p EÚYôdLlTÓm,

V = IR

ªuLXj§u ALªuRûP r LôWQUôL úYôph ÁhPo LôhÓm A[Yô]Õ V,

ªuLXj§u ªu²VdÏ

®ûNûV ®Pd Ïû\YôL AûUÙm,

V = - Ir

Ir = - V

Ir

= - V

IR V

r = - v

R v

( )

( )

12

I. ®]ô ®ûPLs - 2 U§lùTiLs,

1, CPlùTVof£ ªuú]ôhPm Gu\ôp Gu]?

úSWjûRl ùTôßjÕ ªu×Xm Utßm ªu×XlTôVm GlTϧL°p Uôt\UûP¡\úRô AlTϧLù[pXôm

CPmùT\dá¥V ªuú]ôhPúU. CPlùTVof£ ªuú]ôhPUôÏm,

2. ªuLôkR AûXLs Gu\ôp Gu]?

ªuLôkR AûXLs GuTûY CVk§W AûXL°­ÚkÕ UôßThP AûXL[ôÏm, AûY ùYt±Pj§p J°«u

úYLj§tÏf NUUô] úYLj§p ùNp¡u\], CÕ JÚ ÏßdLûXVôÏm, CûY ØÓdÏ®dLlTÓm ªuòhPeL[ôp

EÚYô¡\Õ,

3. ºWûUdLlThP Bm©V¬] Ñtß®§«u ùRôûLÂhÓ Y¥YjûRl GÝÕL,

i) Bm©Vo Ñtß®§«u Uôt±VûUdLlTPP Y¥YjûR Bm©Vo - úUdv ®§ Gußm AûZdLXôm,

ii) Cq®§ JÚ êPlThP TôûRûVf Ñt±Ùs[ LôkRl×XjûRÙm. AmêPlThP TôûR«p TôÙm LPjÕ

ªuú]ôhPm Utßm CPlùTVof£ ªuú]ôhPjûRÙm ùRôPo×lTÓjÕ¡\Õ,

B . dl = O (I

C + I

D)

4. ªuLôkR AûX«u ùN±Ü Gu\ LÚjûR ®Y¬,

ªuLôkR AûX TWÜm §ûNdÏ ùNeÏjRôL Es[ KWXÏ TWl©u Y¯úV KWXL úSWj§p LPkÕ ùNpÛm

Bt\úX ªuLôkR AûX«u ùN±Ü G]lTÓm,

ùN±Ü I = c

I =

§\u (p)

úUtTWl× (A)

5. *©W]ô*To Y¬Ls Gu\ôp Gu]?

ã¬V²­ÚkÕ ùT\lThP ¨\UôûXûV BnÜ ùNnÙm úTôÕ. Ak¨\UôûX«p TX LÚeúLôÓLs

LôQlTÓ¡u\], (Y¬ EhLYo ¨\UôûX)

CdLÚeúLôÓLÞdÏ *©W]ô*To Y¬Ls Guß ùTVo

6. J°«u ¨\l©¬ûL Gu\ôp Gu]?

ùYsù[ô° Juû\ ØlThPLm Y¯VôL ùNÛjÕmúTôÕ HÝ YiQeL[ôLl ©¬ûL AûPÙm §ûW«p

CRû] ùRôPo ̈ \UôûXVôLd LQd¡PXôm, Ck¨Lrf£dÏ J°«u ̈ \l©¬ûL Guß ùTVo,

7. FPLm Ju±u Jl×ûU LôkR Eh×Ï §\u 2,5 Utßm Jl×ûU ªu®Ó§\u 2,25 G²p AqFPLj§u

J°®XLp GiûQd LôiL,

¾oÜ :

FPLj§u ªuLôl× Uô±­ r = 2.25(Jl×ûU ®Ó§\u)

LôkR Eh×ϧ\u

r = 2.5FPLj§u J°®XLp Gi

r

r = 2.25 x 2.5 = 2.37

8. ªu×Xm Utßm LôkRl×Xj§u ÅfÑLs Øû\úV 3x104 NC-1 Utßm 2x10-4 T ùLôiP FPLj§u

Y¯úV ùNpÛm ªuLôkR AûX«u úYLjûRd LôiL,

¾oÜ :

ªu×Xj§u ÅfÑ. E0 = 3 x104 NC-1

LôkRl×Xj§u ÅfÑ. B0 = 2 x10-4 T

FPLj§u Y¯úV TôÙm ªuLôkR AûX«u úYLm. V = E

0

B0

V = 3 x104

= 1.5 x 108 ms-1

2 x10-4

V = 1.5 x 108 ms-1

AXÏ - 5ªuLôkR AûXLs

13

9. úW¥úVô AûXL°u TVuLû[ GÝÕL,

* Yôù]ô­ Utßm ùRôûXdLôh£ ùNn§j ùRôPo× AûUl©p TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

* Á EVo A§oùYi ThûPL°p ùNVpTÓm ûLlúT£L°p ÏWp RLYp ùRôPo©Ûm úW¥úVôAûXLs

TVuTÓ¡u\],

10 , ûUdúWô AûXL°u TVuLû[ GÝÕL,

* CÕ úWPôo LÚ®L°p ®Uô]eLû[ Y¯ SPjRÜm AYt±u úYLeLû[ LiP±VÜm TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

* CÕ ûUdúWô AûX NûUVp LX²p TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

* úUÛm ùNVtûLdúLôs Y¯úV SûPùTßm ¿iPçW Lm©«pXô ùNn§j ùRôPo©tÏ CÕ TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

11 , LôUô L§oL°u TVuLû[ GÝÕL,

* AÔdLÚ®u AûUlûT A±YRtÏm

* ×tßúSôn £¡fûNdÏl TVuTÓm L§oÅfÑ UÚjÕY Øû\«p LôUô L§oÅfÑ ùTÚU[Ü TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

* EQÜl ùTôÚhLs RVô¬l©Ûm.

* úSôn EÚYôdÏm Öi¡ÚªLû[ ùLôpYRtÏm LôUô L§oLs TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

II. ®]ô - ®ûPLs - 3 U§lùTiLs,

12 , FPLm Ju±u Jl×ûU Eh×Ïj§\u Utßm Jl×ûU ®Ó§\uLs Øû\úV 1,0 Utßm 2,25 G²p.

AqFPLj§u Y¯úV TWÜm ªuLôkR AûX«u úYLjûRd LôiL,

¾oÜ :

Jl×ûU Eh×ϧ\u = 1,0

Jl×ûU ®Ó§\u = 2,25

FPLj§u Y¯úV TWÜm ªuLôkR AûX«u úYLm = ?

V = 1

= 1

O

r

Or

V = 1

. 1

O

O

r

r

B]ôp 1

= C (ùYt±Pj§p ªuLôkR AûX«u §ûNúYLm)

O

O

* V = C

rr

V2 = C2

rr

V2 = C2

rr

V2 =

3x108 x 3x 108

= 9 x1016

1x 2.25 2.25

V2 = 4 x 1016

ms-1

* V2 = 2 x 108

ms-1

14

13 , TWl© Ju±u LC Ñt±p Es[ ªuçi¥«p U§l× 1H Utßm ªuúRd¡Vu U§l× 1F GuL,

ClTWl©p úRôtß®dLlTÓm ªuLôkR AûX«u AûX¿[m Gu]?

¾oÜ :

LC Ñt±p Es[ ªuçi¥«u U§l×

1H = 1 x 10-6 H

ªuúRd¡«u U§l× = 1F = 1 x 10-6 F

TWl©p úRôtß®dLlTÓm ªuLôkR AûX«u AûX¿[m = ?

= C

= 1

2 LC

= 2 LC x C

= 2 x 3.14 x 10-6 x 10-6 x 3 x 108 [*C = 3 x 108 ms-1]

= 6.28 x 10-6 x 3 x 108

= 18.84 x 102 ÁhPo

III. ®]ôdLs - 5 U§lùTiLs,

1, ªuLôkR AûX«u Ti×Lû[ GÝÕL,

2, ùY°ÂÓ ̈ \UôûX Gu\ôp Gu]? ARu YûLLû[ ®Y¬,

3, EhLYo ¨\UôûX Gu\ôp Gu]? ARu YûLLû[ ®Y¬,

4, £ßϱl× YûWL,

(A) ûUdúWô AûX B) X - L§o

C) úW¥úVô AûXLs D) LiÔß J°

5, ªuLôkR AûXûV úRôtß®dÏm Utßm LiP±Ùm ùaohv Bn®û] ÑÚdLUôL ®Y¬,

AXÏ - 10

RLYp ùRôPo× AûUl×Ls

I. ®]ô - ®ûPLs - 2 U§lùTiLs,

1, TWl×ûL CZl×LÞdÏl ùTôßlTô] LôW¦Lû[d áßL,

*. A§L¬dÏm ùRôûXÜl ùTôÚjÕ ûNûL«pp HtTÓm YÛ®Zl×

* 骫]ôp Bt\p E±gNlTÓ¡\Õ,

* 骫u YûXTWl©tÏ Ht\Yôß AûX NônRp

2, ÅfÑl TiúTt\j§u SuûULs VôûY?

* G°Rô] TWl×ûL Utßm Ht×

* Ïû\Yô] ThûP ALXj úRûYLs

* Ïû\kR ®ûX

3, ÅfÑl TiúTt\j§u YWm×Ls VôûY?

* CûWfNp A[Ü A§Lm

* Ïû\kR ùNVp§\u

* Ïû\Yô] ùNVp ùSÓdLm

15

4 , A§oùYi TiúTt\j§u SuûULs VôûY?

* CûWfNp ªLÜm Ïû\Ü, CR]ôp ûNûL CûWfNp ®¡Rm A§L¬d¡\Õ,

* ùNVpTÓm ùSÓdLm ªL A§Lm,

* TWlTlThP §\u ØÝÕm TVuTÓYRôp. TWl×ûL TVàߧ\u ªLÜm A§Lm,

* FM ThûP ALXUô]Õ U²R]ôp úLhLd á¥V A§oùYi ùSÓdLm ØÝYûRÙm Es[PdÏ¡\Õ,

CR]ôp AM Yôù]ô­ÙPu Jl©Óm úTôÕ. FM Yôù]ô­ £\kR RWjûRd ùLôiÓs[Õ,

5 , A§oùYi TiúTt\j§u YWm×Ls VôûY?

* A§oùYi TiúTt\j§tÏ ªLÜm ALXUô] AûXY¬ûN úRûY,

* FM TWl©Ls Utßm Ht©Ls ªLÜm £dLXô]ûY Utßm ®ûX A§LUô]ûY,

* AM EPu Jl©ÓmúTôÕ. HtÏm TWl× FM Ht©p Ïû\YôÏm,

6, RADAR GuTÕ GRû]d ϱd¡\Õ?

úWPôo (RADAR) GuTÕ Radio Detection and Ranging Gu\ ùNôtù\ôP¬u ÑÚdLUôÏm, CÕ RLYp ùRôPo×

AûUl×L°u TVuTôÓL°p Ød¡VUô] Ju\ôÏm, ªuLôkR AûXL°u G§ùWô°l× RjÕYm êXm ùRôûX®p

Es[ ùTôÚ°u CÚl©PjûR A±Ùm LÚ®,

7. GPS Gu\ôp Gu]?

GPS GuTÕ Global Positioning system EXL[ô®V ̈ ûXV±Ùm AûUl× - GuTRu ÑÚdLUôÏm, CÕ Y¯

SPjÕm ùNVtûLd úLôsL°u EXL[ô®V AûUl× BÏm,

8 , CûQVj§u Y¯úV ùTôÚhLû[l TVuTÓjÕRp (Internet of Things, IoT) Gu\ôp Gu]?

CmØû\«p JÚ NôR]j§u êXm TpúY\ NôR]eLû[d LhÓlTÓjÕYÕ Nôj§VUôô¡\Õ, GÓjÕdLôhÓ

i) ùNpúT£ûVl TVuTÓj§ ÅhÓ ETúVôLl ùTôÚhLs Aû]jûRÙm CVdL Ø¥Ùm,

9 , ÅfÑl TiúTt\m Gu\ôp Gu]?

A¥dLtû\ ûNûL«u (Base band signal) LQúSW Åf£tÏ HtT Fo§ ûNûL«u ÅfN Uôt\lThPôp AÕ

ÅfÑl TiúTt\m G]lTÓm,

10 , RûW AûXl TWYp Gu\ôp Gu]?

TWl©«]ôp TWlTlThP ªuLôkR AûXLs Ht©ûVf ùNu\ûPV ×®«u RûWûV RÝ®d ùLôiÓ

ùNu\ôp. CkRl TWYp RûW AûXl TWYp G]lTÓm,

1 1 , Yôu AûX TWYp ApXÕ AV² UiPXl TWYp Gu\ôp Gu]?

®iQûXd Lm©«­ÚkÕ A§L úLôQj§p úUpúSôd¡ TWlTlThP ªuLôkR AûXLs ÁiÓm ×®ûV

úSôd¡ AV² UiPXjRp G§ùWô°dLlTÓ¡u\], CkR YûLVô] TWl×Lû[ Yôu AûX TWYp ApXÕ

AV² UiPXl TWYp G]lTÓ¡\Õ,

12 , J° CûZj RLYp ùRôPo× Gu\ôp Gu]?

K¬Pj§p CÚkÕ Utù\ôÚ CPj§tÏ J° CûZ«u Y¯VôL. J°jÕ¥l×L°u êXm RLYpLû[l TWl×m

Øû\ J° CûZj RLYp ùRôPo× G]lTÓm,

13 , A§oùYi TiúTt\j§p ûUV A§oùYi ApXÕ KnÜ A§oùYi - ®[dÏL,

A¥dLtû\ ûNûL«u ªu]ÝjRm ѯVôL Es[úTôÕ (EsÇÓ ûNûL CpXôR úTôÕ). Fo§ AûX«u

A§oùYi¦p Uôt\ªpûX, ARu CVpTô] A§oùYi¦p Es[Õ, ARû] ûUV A§oùYi (A) KnܨûX

A§oùYi G] AûZdLXôm, SûPØû\«p CÕúY FM TWl©dÏ JÕdLlThP A§oùYi BÏm,

16

14, Lm© Y¯ Utßm Lm©«pXô RLYp ùRôPoûT úYßTÓjÕL, AYt±p TVuTÓjRlTÓm ªuLôkR

AûXL°u ùSÓdLjûRd ϱl©ÓL,

Lm© Y¯ Lm©«pXôR RLYp

* Lm©Ls. Lm© YPeLs Utßm J° * CjRLYp ùRôPoTô]Õ ùY°ûV RLYp

CûZLs úTôu\ FPLeLû[l TVu FPLUôLl TVuTÓjÕ¡\Õ,

-TÓjÕ¡\Õ,

* CkR AûUl×Ls ¿iP ùRôûXÜ * Lm©«pXô RLYp ùRôPo× ¿iP ùRôûXÜ

TWl×ûLdÏ TVuTÓjR CVXôÕ TWl×ûLdL TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

* ERôWQm : ùRôûXúT£. Es * ERôWQm : ùNp­PlúT£. Yôù]ô­ (A)

CûQl× (Intercom) Utßm ùRôûXdLôh£. J­TWl× Utßm ùNVtûLd

úL©s ùRôûXdLôh£ B¡VûY úLôsLs RLYp ùRôPo× B¡VûY,

15 , LhPl TiúTt\j§u SuûULs VôûY?

* LhP TiúTt\f ûNûL«p CÚkÕ EÚYôdLlThP FM ûNûLVô]Õ ªLÜm ̈ ûXVô]Õ,

* KnÜ ̈ ûX A§oùYi G]lTÓm ûUV A§oùYi ªL A§L ̈ ûXjRuûU ùLôiPÕ,

16 , GXdhWô²V RLYp ùRôPo× Gu\ôp Gu]?

GXdhWô²V RLYp ùRôPo× GuTÕ JÚ FPLj§u Y¯úV J­. EûW. TPeLs (A) RWûYl TWl×RúX

BÏm,

17, AûXY¬ûN«u ThûP ALXm (Channel Band width) (ApXÕ) TWl×m AûUl©u ThûP ALXm

Gu\ôp Gu]?

JÚ Ï±l©hP Y¯jRPj§p. ϱl©hP RLYp TϧûVl TWl×YRtÏj úRûYVô] A§oùYiL°u

ùSÓdLUô]Õ AûX Y¬ûN«u ThûP ALXm (Channel Bandwidth) ApXÕ TWl×m AûUl©u ThûP ALXm

G]lTÓm,

18 , ThûP ALXm Gu\ôp Gu]?

ÏWp. CûN. TPm úTôu\ A¥dLtû\ ûNûLLs (A) RLYp ûNûLL°u A§oùYi ùSÓdLm. ThûP

ALXm G]lTÓm,

19 , RôÜjùRôûXÜ (Skip distance) Gu\ôp Gu]?

×® úUtTWl©u ÁÕ. TWl© Utßm Yôu AûX HtÏm ×s° (B) CûPúV Es[ Ïß¡V ùRôûXÜ RôÜj ùRôûXÜ

G]lTÓm,

20 , RôÜl TWl× (A) RôÜ UiPXm [Skip area (Or) Skip zone] Gu\ôp Gu]?

RûW AûX (A) Yôu AûX B¡V CWiÓ ªuLôkR AûXL°u Ht×m CpXôR JÚ TϧúV RôÜ UiPXm

(A) RôÜl TWl× G]lTÓm,

21 , A§oùYi TiúTt\m (FM) Utßm LhPl TiúTt\j§p (PM) GÕ £\kRÕ? Hu?

LhPl TiúTt\úU £\kRÕ, Hù]²p ùLôÓdLlThP ThûP ALXj§p A§L RLYûX AàlTXôm, úUÛm

A§L TWT×m úYLjûR A°d¡\Õ,

II. ®]ôdLs : 5 U§lùTiLs,

1, TiúTt\m Gu\ôp Gu]? TiúTt\j§u YûLLû[j úRûYVô] TPeLÞPu ®[dÏL,

2, RLYp ùRôPo× AûUl©u A¥lTûP Eßl×Lû[j úRûYVô] LhPlTPjÕPu ®Y¬,

3, ùY°«u Y¯VôL. ªuLôkR AûX TWÜm êuß YûLLû[ ®[dÏL,

4, GPS Tt± ¿ A±kÕ ùLôiPÕ VôÕ? GPS Cu £X TVuTôÓLû[ GÝÕL,

5, J° CûZj RLYp ùRôPoTô]Õ Ut\ TWl×Lû[ FPLeLû[ ®P ©WTXUûPkÕ YÚ¡\Õ, ¨VôVlTÓjÕL,

17

AXÏ - 7

L§oÅfÑ Utßm TÚlùTôÚ°u CÚûUl Ti×

2 U§lùTiLs,

1 J°«u AûXlTi×. ÕLs Ti× úYßTÓjÕL,

AûXlTi× ÕLs Ti×

* ALu\ TWYXô] Bt\p * ªLf£±V A[®Xô] Ï®dLlThP TÚlùTôÚs,

* ϱdLlThP CPm Utßm LôX GpûXLs * ϱdLlThP CPm Utßm LôX GpûXLs ùLôiPÕ,

CpXôRÕ

* Bt\p ùRôPof£Vô]Õ * Bt\p ùRôPof£Vt\Õ

* Ïßd¸hÓ ®û[Ü. ®°m× ®û[Ü * LÚmùTôÚs L§oÅfÑ. J°ªu®û[®tÏ EhTÓm

Utßm R[ ®û[®tÏ EhTÓm

2 , TWl× AWi YûWVß,

* LhÓ\ô GXdhWôuLû[ EúXôLj§u úUtTWl©­ÚkÕ. ùY°úV\ ®PôUp RÓdÏm ªu]ÝjR AWi TWl×

AWi G]lTÓm,

3 , GXdhWôu EªrÜ Gu\ôp Gu]?

* ùTôÚ°u GkRùYôÚ TWl©­ÚkÕm GXdhWôu ùY°úVt\lTÓm ̈ LrÜ GXdhWôu EªrÜ G]lTÓm,

4 , J°ªu ùY°úVtß Bt\p 0GuTûR YûWVß, ARu AXÏ VôÕ?

* EúXôLj§u TWl©­ÚkÕ GXdhWôû] ùY°úVt\j úRûYlTÓm £ßU Bt\p. EúXôLj§u ùY°úVtß

Bt\p 0 G]lTÓm,

* AXÏ - GXdhWôu úYôph (eV) G]lTÓm,

5 , JÚ GXdhWôu úYôph (eV) YûWVß,

JÚ úYôph ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥]ôp GXdhWôu Juß ØÓdLlTÓm úTôÕ. AÕ ùTßm CVdL Bt\­u

A[YôÏm,

eV = 1.602 x 10-19 _÷p

6 , ùY°úVtß Bt\ûXl ùTôßjÕ. GXdhWôu Eªr®u YûLLs VôûY?

* ùYlT AV² EªrÜ

* ×X EªrÜ

* J°ªu EªrÜ

* CWiPôm ̈ ûX EªrÜ

7, J°ªu ®û[Ü Gu\ôp Gu]?

EúXôLj RhÓ Ju±u ÁÕ. RÏkR AûX¿[m (ApXÕ A§oùYi) ùLôiP ªuLôkR L§oÅfÑ TÓmúTôÕ.

A§­ÚkÕ GXdhWôuLs EªZlTÓm ̈ LrÜ. J°ªu ®û[Ü G]lTÓm,

8 , J° EQo ùTôÚsLs Gu\ôp Gu]? GÓjÕdLôhÓ RÚL,

RÏkR AûX¿[m ùLôiP ªuLôkR AûXLs TÓYRôp. J° GXdhWôuLû[ EªÝm ùTôÚsLs J°

EQo ùTôÚsLs G]lTÓm,GÓjÕdLôhÓ

J° EQo ùTôÚsLs TÓm ªuLôkR AûXLs

LôhªVm. ÕjRSôLm. ùUdÉ£Vm ×\FRô L§oLs

­j§Vm. úNô¥Vm. º£Vm LiÔ\ J°«]ôp áP J° GXdhWôuLû[ EªÝm,

18

9 , GdLôW¦Lû[l ùTôßjÕ J°ªuú]ôhPm UôßTÓ¡\Õ?

* TÓL§¬u ùN±Ü

* TÓL§¬u A§oùYi

* ªuYônLÞdÏ CûPúV Es[ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

* EúXôLj§u RuûU

10 , TÓL§¬u J°fùN±ûYl ùTôÚjÕ J°ªuú]ôhPm GqYôß UôßTÓ¡\Õ?

* TÓL§¬u A§oùYi Utßm ØÓdÏ ªu]ÝjRm Uô±­VôL ûYdLlThÓ J°

* TÓL§¬u J°fùN±®û] Uôt± ARtϬV J° ªuú]ôhPm A[®PlTÓ¡\Õ,

* J° ªuú]ôhPm HtTÓjR JÚ ®]ô¥«p EªZlTÓm GXdhWôuL°u Gi¦dûL - TÓL§¬u ùN±®tÏ

úSojRL®p AûUÙm,

1 1 , ¨ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRm YûWVß,

ùTÚU CVdL Bt\p ùLôiP J° GXdhWôuLs EªrûY ̈ ßj§. J° ªuú]ôhPjûR ѯVôdÏYRtÏ.

Bú]ô¥tÏ A°dLlTÓm G§o (G§o ØÓdÏ) ªu]ÝjRm. ̈ ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRm G]lTÓm,

12 , J°ªuú]ôhPj§u ÁRô] ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥u ®û[ûY ®[dÏL,

* ùLôÓdLlTÓm TÓL§o A§oùYiÔdÏ

¨ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRUô]Õ TÓL§¬u J°fùN±ûYl ùTôßjÕ AûUVôÕ,

* EªZlTÓm J° GXdhWôuL°u

ùTÚU CVdL Bt\Xô]Õ. TÓL§¬u J°fùN±ûYf NôokRpX,

13 , TVuùRôPdL A§oùYi YûWVß,

* TÓL§¬u JÚ Ï±l©hP A§oùYi¦tÏ ̧ úZ J° GXdhWôuLs EªZlTÓY§pûX, AÕ TVuùRôPdL

A§oùYi G]lTÓm,

14 , ¨ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRj§u ÁRô] TÓL§o A§oùYi¦u ®û[ûY ®[dÏL,

TÓL§¬u J°fùN±Ü - Uô±­VôL ûYdLlThÓ

TÓL§¬u A§oùYi A§L¬dÏm úTôÕ. J° GXdhWôuL°u CVdL Bt\Ûm A§L¬d¡\Õ,

AR]ôp AYtû\ ̈ ßjÕYRtÏj úRûYlTÓm. ̈ ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRØm A§L¬d¡\Õ,

15 , J°ªu LXuLs Gu\ôp Gu]? ARu YûLLs VôûY?

J° Bt\ûX ªu Bt\XôL Uôtßm NôR]m BÏm,

YûLLs

* J° EªrÜ ªu LXu

* J° úYôpPôªuLXu

* J° LPjÕ ªuLXu

16 , ÏYôiPm ùLôsûL«u T¥ J°fùN±Ü GuTûR YûWVß, ARu AXÏ VôÕ?

* ùLôÓdLlThP AûX¿[j§p. J°fùN±Ü GuTÕ KWXÏ LôXj§p. KWXÏ TWl©u ÁÕ. TÓm NUUô]

Bt\ûXd ùLôiÓs[ Bt\p ÏYôiPô ApXÕ *úTôhPôuL°u Gi¦dûL,

* AXÏ Wm-2

17 , TÚlùTôÚs AûXLs Gu\ôp Gu]?

* CVdLj§p Es[ GXdhWôuLs. ×úWôhPôuLs Utßm ¨ëhWôuLs úTôu\ Aû]jÕl TÚlùTôÚs

ÕLsLÞm AûXlTiûTl ùTtßs[],

* CkR AûXLs ¥ lWôn AûXLs ApXÕ TÚlùTôÚs AûXLs G]lTÓm,

19

18 , X - L§oL°u Ti×Ls VôûY?

* CûY J°«u §ûNúYLj§p úSoúLôh¥p ùNpÛm,

* ªu Utßm LôkRl ×XeL[ôp ®XLp AûPVôÕ,

* A§L Bt\p ùLôiPûY

* LiÔÚ J°×L CVXôR ùTôÚsL°u Y¯úV CûY FÓÚ®f ùNpÛm,

* EVokR A§oùYi. EVokR Bt\p. Ïû\kR AûX¿[m ùLôiPÕ,

19 , X - L§oL°u FÓÚÜ §\]ô]Õ GRû]l ùTôßjÕ AûUÙm?

1, CXdÏ ùTôÚsL°u AÔ Gi,

2, CXdÏ ùTôÚsL°u ÁÕ úUôÕ¡u\ GXdhWôuL°u §ûNúYLm,

20 , X - L§o ¨\UôûX Gu\ôp Gu]? ARu YûLLs VôûY?

X - L§oL°u AûX¿[jûRl ùTôÚjÕ X - L§oL°u ùN±®tÏ YûWVlTÓm Yû[úLôÓ B]Õ X - L§o

¨\UôûX G]lTÓm,

* ùRôPo X - L§o ̈ \UôûX

£\l× X - L§o ̈ \UôûX

21 , TiûPV ªuLôkRdùLôsûLVôp GÓjÕûWdL CVXôR. X - L§o ¨\UôûX«p Es[ CWiÓ

£\lTmNeLs VôûY?

* ùRôPo X- L§o ̈ \UôûX«p. AûX¿[j§u £ßU§lTô]Õ GpXô CXdÏ TôÚsLÞdÏU NUUôL

Es[Õ, CkRf £ßU AûX¿[m B]Õ ùYhÓ AûX¿[m (cutoff wavelength) G]lTÓm, CRu U§l×

ØÓdÏ ªu]ÝjRjûR UhÓúU ùTôÚjRÕ GuTûR ®[dL Ø¥V®pûX,

* YûWVßdLlThP ϱl©hP £X AûX¿[eL°p X- L§oL°u ùN±Ü L¦NUôL A§L¬d¡\Õ,

22 , £ßU AûX¿[m B]Õ ùYhÓ AûX¿[m (cut - off wavelength) Gu\ôp Gu]?

ùLôÓdLlThP ØÓdÏ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥p. ùRôPo X- L§o ̈ \UôûX«p. AûX¿[j§u £ßU§lTô]Õ.

GpXô CXdÏ ùTôÚsLÞdÏm NUUôL Es[Õ, CkRf £ßU AûX¿[m B]Õ ùYhÓ AûX¿[m (cut - off

wavelength) G]lTÓm,

23 , lWmv¥WôXe ApXÕ RûPÙß L§oÅfN Gu\ôp Gu]?

A§úY GXdhWôu CXdÏ AÔdLÚûY ùSÚeÏm úTôÕ G§o ØÓdLm AûPkR GXdhWôuL[ôp

úRôtß®dLlTÓm L§oÅfÑ lWmv¥WôXe ApXÕ RûPÙß L§oÅfÑ (Bremsstrahlung or radiation) G]lTÓm,

24 , åVôu - aih YônlTôhûP GÝÕL,

O =

12400 Å V

O =

ùYhÓ AûX¿[m

V = ªu]ÝjR úYßTôÓ

25, q - ªuú]ôhPØm. m- ¨û\Ùm ùLôiP ªuÕL[ô]Õ. V- Gu\ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥]ôp ØÓdLlTÓm

úTôÕ. ARàPu ùRôPo×ûPV ¥lWôn AûX¿[j§tLô] NUuTôhûP GÝÕL,

¥lWôn AûX¿[m.

O =

h

2mqv

20

26 , ¥lWôn LÚÕúLô°û]d áßL,

* J° úTôu\ L§oÅfÑ £X úSWeL°p ÕLsL[ôL ùNVpTÓ¡\Õ G²p.

* GXdhWôuLs úTôu\ ÕLsLs £X úSWeL°p AûXLs úTôuß ùNVpTÓm,

* CVdLj§p Es[ GXdhWôuL[. ×úWôhPôuLs Utßm ̈ ëhWôuLs AûXlTiûl ùTtßs[],

27, UhûPl Tk§u AûXlTi©û] Hu SmUôp LôQ Ø¥Y§pûX?

* ¥lWôn AûX¿[m. = h/m

* ¥lWôn AûX¿[Uô]Õ. TÚlùTôÚ°u ̈ û\dÏ G§oRL®p AûUÙm,

* GXdhWô²u ̈ û\ûV Jl©Óm úTôÕ UhûPlTk§u ̈ û\Vô]Õ L¦NUô] A[ÜdÏ ªL ªL A§LUô]Rôp.

ARu AûX¿[m ×\dL¦dL RdL A[ÜdL ªL ªL Ïû\Ü BÏm,

* CRu LôWQUôLjRôu UhûPlTk§uAûXlTi©û] SmUôp LôQ Ø¥Y§pûX,

27, ×úWôhPôu Utßm GXdhWôu B¡VûY NUUô] CVdL Bt\ûXl ùTtßs[], C§p GkR ÕLÞdÏ

¥lWôn AûX¿[m A§LUôL CÚdÏm? LôWQm áßL,

P =

h

2mpK

e =

h

2meK

CVdL Bt\p NUm 1

P =

me

e mp

me < mp

so, e

> P

GXdhWô²u AûX¿[m ×úWôhPô²u AûX¿[jûR ®P A§LUô]RôL CÚdÏm,

28 , m - ¨û\Ùs[ ÕLÞPu ùRôPo×ûPV ¥lWôn AûX¿[j§tLô] - NUuTôhûP ÕL°u CVdL

Bt\p K - GÝÕL,

q- ªuòhPm. m - ̈ û\ ùLôiP ªuÕL[ô]Õ V - Gu\ ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥]ôp ØÓdLlTÓm úTôÕ

¼lWôn AûX¿[m

=

h ­ÚkÕ §ûNúYLm = 2emV

m.v m

=

h

2emV

CVdL Bt\p k = eV

=

h

2mK

29 , GXdhWôu AûX CVpûT ®[dÏm úNôRû] Ju±û]d ϱl©ÓL, GXLhWôu Ltû\

TVuTÓjRlTÓm CfúNôRû]«p GkR ¨LrÜ Etß úSôdLlTÓ¡\Õ?

* úP®Nu Utßm ù_oUo úNôRû]Vô]Õ GXdhWô²u AûX CVpûT Eߧ ùNn¡\Õ,

* C§p T¥LUôL Es[ §iUeL°u ÁÕ TÓm GXdhWôu Ltû\Ls ®°m× ®û[Ü AûPYÕ Etß

úSôdLlTÓ¡\Õ,

21

30 , GXdhWôu Utßm B*pTô ÕLs B¡V CWiÓm NUUô] CVdL Bt\ûXl ùTtßs[] G²p.

AYtßPu ùRôPo×ûPV ¥lWôn AûX¿[eLs GqYôß ùRôPo×TÓjRlTÓ¡u\]?

e =

h 1

2meK

=

h 2

2mK

1 2

e =

h =

2mK

2mK h

e =

m

me

3 U§lùTiLs,

1 aôpYôdv úNôRû]ûV RÏkR TPjÕPu ®[dÏL,

* ÕjRSôLj RhÓ Juß ReL CûX ªuòhPLôh¥ÙPu

JÚ Lm© êXm CûQdLlThÓs[Õ,

* ªuòhPUt\ ÕjRSôL Rh¥u ÁÕ ×\FRôdL§oLs ®Ý¡\Õ,

* Rh¥u TWl©­ÚkÕ GXdhWôuLs EªZlTÓ¡\Õ,

* RhPô]Õ úSoªuòhPjûRl ùTß¡\Õ,

* CR]ôp TPm (A) ®p Lôh¥VYôß CûXLs ®XLp AûP¡u\Õ,

* G§o ªuòhPm ùTt\ ÕjRSôLj Rh¥u ÁÕ ×\ FRôd L§oLs ®Ý¡\Õ,

* G§oªu ÕLsLs úYLUôL L£YûP¡\Õ,

* CûXLs TPm (B) -p Lôh¥VYôß ê¥dùLôs¡u\],

* Uô\ôL úSoªuòhPm ùTt\ ÕjRSôL Rh¥u ÁÕ ×\FRôd L§oLs ®Ý¡\Õ,

* AÕ úUÛm úSoªuòhPm ùLôiPRôL Uôß¡\Õ,

* CûXLs TPm (C) -p Lôh¥VYôß úUÛm §\kÕ ùLôs¡u\],

úNôRû] Ø¥Ü - J°ªu EªrÜ

×\FRôdL§oL°u ùNVpTôhPôp. ÕjRSôLj Rh¥­ÚkÕ G§oªuòhPm ùLôiP GXdhWôuLs

EªZlTÓ¡u\] GuTûR A±VXôm,

2 , ùX]ôoÓ úNôRû]ûV RÏkR TPjÕPu ®[dÏL,

AûUl× :

* A Utßm C Gu\ CÚ EúXôLj RhÓLs ùYt±UôdLlThP ÏYôohv ÏZô«²p ûYdLlThÓs[],

* G LôpY]ô ÁhPo Utßm B ªuLX AÓdÏPu TPj§p Es[Yôß CûQdLlThÓs[Õ,

22

ùNVpTÓm ®Rm

* úSoªu RhÓ A «u ÁÕ ×\FRôd L§oLs TÓmúTôÕ. ªuÑt±p Gq®R ªuú]ôhPØm HtTÓY§pûX,

* G§oªu RhÓ C «u ÁÕ ×\FRôd L§oLs TÓmúTôÕ. ªuÑt±p ªuú]ôhPm TôÙm, CRû] LôpY]ô

ÁhP¬u ®XdLm êXm A±VXôm,

* C§­ÚkÕ G§oªuRh¥u ÁÕ ×\FRôd L§o ®ÝmúTôÕ. GXdhWôuLs EªZlTÓ¡u\], AûY

úSoªu RhPôp LYWlTÓ¡u\] GuTûR A±VXôm,

* C -«­ÚkÕ A -ûV AûPÙm GXdhWôuL[ôp. ªuÑtß êPlThÓ. A§p ªuú]ôhPm Tôn¡\Õ,

3 , ¨ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRj§u ÁRô] TÓL§o A§oùYi¦u ®û[ûY ®[dÏL,

* Bú]ôÓ ªu]ÝjRûRl ùTôÚjÕ J° ªuú]ôhPj§]ôp HtTÓm UôßTôPô]Õ TÓL§¬u ùYqúYß

A§oùYiLÞdÏ BWôVlTÓ¡\Õ,

YûWTPj§­ÚkÕ.

1, TÓL§¬u A§oùYi A§L¬dÏm úTôÕ ̈ ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRm A§L¬d¡\Õ,

2, A§oùYi A§L¬dLm úTôÕ J° GXdhWôuL°u CVdL Bt\Ûm A§L¬d¡\Õ, G]úY AYtû\

¨ßYjÕYRtÏ úRûYlTÓm G§o ØÓdÏ ªu]ÝjRØm A§LUô¡\Õ,

YûWTPj§­ÚkÕ.

* ¨\jÕ ªu]ÝjRUô]Õ. A§oùYiûQl ùTôßjÕ úSo®¡Rj§p A§L¬d¡\Õ,

* JÚ Ï±l©hP A§oùYi¦tÏ ̧ úZ GXdhWôuLs EªZlTÓY§pûX, CkR A§oùYi TVuùRôPdL

A§oùYi (O) G]lTÓm,

* TVuùRôPdL A§oùYi¦p ¨ßjÕ ªu]ÝjRm ѯVôÏm, ARôYÕ J° GXdhWô²u CVdL

Bt\p ѯVôÏm,

3 , J°ªu ®û[Ü ®§Lû[d áßL,

* ùLôÓdLlTÓm TÓL§o A§oùYiÔdÏ.

* EªZlTÓm J° GXdhWôuL°u Gi¦dûLVô]Õ. TÓL§¬u ùN±®tÏ úSoRL®p AûUÙm,

* ùR®hÓ ªuú]ôhPØm TÓL§¬u ùN±®tÏ úSoRL®p AûUÙm,

* J° GXdhWôuL°u ùTÚU CVdL Bt\Xô]Õ. TÓL§¬u J°fùN±ûYf NôokRRpX,

* ùLôÓdLlThP EúXôL TWl©tÏ.

TÓL§¬u A§oùYi JÚ Ï±l©hP £ßU A§oùYiûQ ®P A§LUôL CÚkRôp UhÓúU. J° GXdhWôuLs

EªZlTÓm, CkR £ßU A§oùYi TVuùRôPdL A§oùYi G]lTÓm,

* EúXôLj§u ÁÕ J°TÓYRtÏm. J° GXdhWôuLs EªZlTÓYRtLm CûPúV LôXRôURm CÚdLôÕ,

23

4 , AûX CVp©u A¥lTûP«p J°ªu ®û[®û] Hu ®[dL Ø¥VôÕ GuTûR ®[dÏL,

AûXdùLôsûL«u úRôp®:

AûXdùLôsûL J°ªu ®û[Ü

1, A§L ùN±Üs[ J°Vô]Õ EªZlTÓm J° GXdhWôuL°u ùTÚU CVdL Bt\Xô]Õ

J° GXdhWôuLÞdL A§L CVdL J°fùN±®û]f NôokRÕ ApX,

Bt\ûXj RWúYiÓm,

2, J°«u A§oùYi GqY[Ü Ïû\YôL ϱl©hP £ßm A§oùYi¦tÏ (TVuùRôPdL

CÚkRôÛm TWl©­ÚkÕ J°GXdhWôuLs A§oùYi) ̧ úZ J°ªu EªrÜ HtTÓY§pûX

EªZlTP úYiÓm,

J°«u Bt\Xô]Õ ARu AûXØLl× J°ªu ®û[Ü JÚ EP]¥ ̈ LrÜ BÏm,

ØÝYÕm TW® CÚdÏm, G]úY. JqùYôÚ

Bt\ûX ®P A§LUô] Bt\ûX

ùTßYRtÏ L¦NUô] A[Ü úSWjûR

GÓjÕdùLôsÞm,

5 , *úTôhPô²u £\l©Vp×Ls VôûY?

* JqùYôÚ *úTôhPôàm Rôe¡f ùNpÛm Bt\p

* E = h = h c /

* *úTôhPô²u Bt\p L§oÅf£u A§oùYiQôp ¾oUô²dLlTÓ¡\Õ,

* ARu ùN±®û]l ùTôÚjÕ AûUY§pûX,

* *úTôhPôu J°«u §ûNúYLj§p ùNpÛm, ARu úSodúLôhÓ EkRUô]Õ.

* p = h

= h

c

* ªuSÓ¨ûXj RuûU ùLôiPÕ, G]úY CûY ªu Utßm LôkRl ×XeL°]ôp ®XLXûPVôÕ,

* *úTôhPôu TÚlùTôÚÞPu ®û]׬Ùm úTôÕ.

* ARu ùUôjR Bt\p. ùUôjR úSoúLôhÓ EkRm Utßm úLôQ EkRm B¡VYt±u U§l×Ls

UôßY§pûX,

* *úTôhPôu EhLYoRúXô ApXÕ EÚYôdLúUô CÚdÏm,

* AR]ôp ARu Gi¦dûL«p Uôt\m CÚdLXôm,

6 , Iuv¼u ®[dLj§u ER®ÙPu úNôRû] A¥lTûP«p LiP±VlThP J°ªu ®û[®u

LÚjÕLû[ ®[dÏL,

J°ªu ®û[®tLô] ®[dLm :

1, JqùYôÚ *úTôhPôàm JÚ GXdhWôû] EúXôLl TWl©­ÚkÕ ùY°úVtßYRôp.

* J°fùN±Ü A§L¬dÏm úTôÕ EªZlTÓm GXdhWôuL°u Gi¦dûL A§L¬d¡\Õ

* J°ªuú]ôhPØm A§L¬d¡\Õ,

2, Kmax

= h- O Gu\ NUuTôh¥p CÚkÕ

*. Kmax

-B]Õ A§oùYi -®tL úSoRL®p AûUÙm,

* B]ôp J°«u ùN±®û]l ùTôÚjÕ AûUVôÕ,

3, h = hO +

1 m2 Gu\ NUuTôh¥­ÚkÕ

2

24

* EúXôLl TWl©­ÚkÕ GXdhWôû] ùY°úVtßYRtÏ *úTôhPôàdÏ Ï±l©hP £ßU Bt\p

úRûYlTÓ¡\Õ,

* CkR Bt\ûX ®P Ïû\kR U§l×L°p J°ªu EªrÜ CÚdLôÕ,

A§oùYi O G]lTÓm. £ßU A§oùYi¦tÏ ¸úZ Es[ A§oùYiL°p J°ªu EªrÜ

CÚdLôÕ

4, ÏYôiPm ùLôsûL«u T¥.

* *úTôhPô²p CÚkÕ GXdhWôàdÏ Bt\p Uôt\lTÓYÕ JÚ EP]¥ ̈ LrYôÏm,

* G]úY *úTôhPôu TÓYRtÏ GXdhWôu EªZlTÓYRtÏm CûPúV LôXRôURm CÚdLôÕ,

7 , J°ªuLXj§u TVuLs VôÕ?

1, ªuCVd¡Ls Utßm ªu EQo®L[ôLÜm.

2, ªu ®[dÏLs Rô]ôL J°WÜm.

3, ùRÚ®[dÏLs CWÜ úSWj§p G±VÜm. TLp úSWj§p AûQVÜm TVuTÓ¡u\],

4, §ûWlTPeL°p J­«û]j §ÚmTl ùTßYRtLôLÜm.

5, KhPlTkRVeL°p. RPL[ ÅWoL°u úYLjûR A[®Óm L¥LôWeL°p TVuTÓ¡u\],

6, ×ûLlTPjÕû\«p. J°fùN±ûY A[®PXôm,

×ûLlTPd LÚ®«p J°TÓYRtÏj úRûYVô] úSWjûR LQd¡PÜm TVuTÓ¡u\],

8 , TÚlùTôÚ°u ¥lWôn AûX¿[j§tLô] úLôûYûV YÚ®,

*úTôhPô²u EkRm

P = h

O = h

1 * c

c

*úTôhPô²u AûX¿[m

= h

2 p

NUuTôÓ 2 - TÚlùTôÚ°u ÕLsLÞdÏm ùTôÚkRdá¥V NUuTôôÓ BÏm,

m - ¨û\. - úYLm ùLôiP ÕL°u AûX¿[m

= h

= h

m p

TÚlùTôÚs AûX«u CkR AûX¿[m ¥lWôn AûX¿[m G]lTÓm,

9 , GXdhWôu ¥lWôn AûX¿[j§tLô] NUuTôh¥û]l ùTßL,

m - ¨û\ ùLôiP GXdhWôu

v - ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥]ôp ØÓdLlTÓ¡\Õ,

GXdhWô²u ùTÚU CVdL Bt\p,

1 m2 = eV ----1

2

GXdhWô²u §ûNúYLm ()

= 2eV

----2 m

GXdhWô²u ¼lWôn AûX¿[m

[ ]

25

= h

----3 m

2 I 3 p ©W§«P

= h

2emV

= 6.62x10-34

2v x 1.6 x 10-19 x 9.11 x 1031

=

12.27x10-10

V

= 12.27 Å

V

GÓjÕdLôhÓ

V = 100 V = ?

= 12.27

= 1.227 Å 100

k = eV - GXdhWô²u CVdL Bt\p Gi

= h

2mk

10, X - L§oLs Gu\ôp Gu]? AûY Hu AqYôß AûZdLlTÓ¡u\]?

* ªL úYLUôL CVeÏm GXdhWôuLs ϱl©hP £X ùTôÚsLs ÁÕ ®ÝmúTôÕ A§L FÓ\Ü §\u

ùLôiP x L§oLs EªZlTÓ¡u\],

* 0.1 Å ØRp 100 Å YûW Ïû\kR AûX¿[m ùLôiP ªuLôkR AûXLs BÏm,

* AkR LôX LhPj§p. AdL§oL°u úRôt\m Utßm Ti×Ls A±VlTPôRRôp. AûY x L§oLs G]

AûZdLlTÓ¡u\],

11 , ùRôPo X L§oLs ¨\UôûX Tt±d ϱl× YûWL,

* A§úYL GXdhWôu CXdÏ ùTôÚû[ FÓÚ® ARu AÔdLÚûY ùSÚeÏm úTôÕ. GXdhWôu G§oØÓdLm

AûP¡\Õ,

* CRu ®û[YôL G§oØÓdLm AûPkR GXdhWô]ôp úRôtß®dLlTÓm L§oÅfÑ lWmv¥WôXe ApXÕ

RûPÙß L§oÅfÑ G]lTÓm,

* CjRûLV L§oÅf£u êXm ùRôPo X -L§o ̈ \UôûX EÚYô¡u\Õ,

* CeÏ EªZlTÓm L§oÅfÑ *úTôhPô²u Bt\Xô]Õ GXdhWô²u CVdL Bt\p CZl×dÏf NUUôÏm,

* GXdhWôu Ru ùUôjR CVdL Bt\ûXÙm A°dÏm úTôÕ. A§LThN A§oùYi (O) ApXÕ Ïû\kRThN

AûX¿[m (O) ùLôiP *úTôhPôu EªZlTÓ¡\Õ,

26

12 , £\l× X -L§o ¨\UôûX ϱl× YûWL,

* EVoúYL GXdhWôuL[ôp. CXdÏ ùTôÚs RôdLlTÓm úTôÕ. SuÏ YûWVßdLlThP £X AûX¿[eL°p

Ïß¡V ØLÓLs X -L§o ̈ \UôûX«p úRôuß¡u\], CkR ØLÓLÞPu úRôußm Y¬ ̈ \UôûX B]Õ

£\l× X -L§o ̈ \UôûX G]lTÓm,

* CÕ AÔ®às HtTÓm GXdhWôu ̈ ûXUôt\§]ôp úRôuß¡\Õ,

* GÓjÕdLôhPôL. AÔûY FÓÚÜm EVo úYL GXdhWôu. K- áÓ GXdhWôû] ùY°úVt±]ôp.

AdLô­«PjûR ̈ WlT ùY°YhPlTôûR«p CÚkÕ GXdhWôuLs RôÜ¡u\],

* CkR ̈ ûXUôt\j§]ôp. Bt\p UhPeLÞdÏ CûPlThP úYßTôÓ X - L§o *úTôhPôu Y¥®p ùY°lTÓ¡\Õ,

* CRu AûX¿[m YûWVßdLlThP U§lûT ùLôi¥ÚdÏm, CXdÏ ùTôÚ°u £\l× TiTôL AûUÙm

CkR AûX¿[eLs Y¬ ̈ \UôûXV EÚYôdÏ¡u\],

* L,M,N,O ..... úTôu\ Bt\p UhPj§­ÚkÕ L Bt\p UhPj§tÏ GXdhWôu ̈ ûXUôt\m AûPkRôp. K -

Bt\p UhPj§tÏ GXdhWôuLs ¨ûXUôt\m AûPkRp Y¬ûN ¨\UôûX Y¬Ls úRôußm, CÕúTôp

M,N,O -­ÚkÕ L -UhPj§tÏ GXdhWôu Uôt\m AûPkRôp L -Y¬ûN ̈ \UôûX úRôußm,

5 U§lùTi ®]ôdLs,

1 , EúXôLeL°p SûPùTßm GXdhWôu EªrûY ®[d¡. ARu YûLLû[ ®Y¬,

2, J°ªu ®û[®tLô] ùaohv. aôpYôdv Utßm ùX]ôpÓ úNôRû]Lû[ RÏkR TPjÕPu ®[dÏL,

3, J°ªuú]ôhPj§u ÁRô]. TÓL§o ùN±®u ®û[ûY. úNôRû] AûUl©u êXm ®[dÏL,

4, J° ªuú]ôhPj§u ÁRô] ªu]ÝjR úYßTôh¥u ®û[ûY. ®¬YôL ®[dÏL,

5, J°ªu ®û[Ü Tt±V Iuv¼u NUuTôhûP ̈ ì©,

6, J° EªrÜ ªuLXj§u AûUl× Utßm úYûX ùNnÙm ®RjûR ®[dÏL,

7, GXdhWôu ÖiúQôd¡«u RjÕYm Utßm úYûX ùNnÙm ®RjûR ®[dÏL,

8, GXdhWô²u AûX CVp©û] ®Y¬dÏm úP®Nu ù_oUo úNôRû]ûV RÏkR TPjÕPu ®Y¬,

9, X - L§o EtTj§ Tt± ϱl× YûWL,

10, X - L§o ̈ \UôûXûVÙm ARu YûLLû[Ùm ®[dÏL,

27

AXÏ - 11

CVt©V­u AiûUdLôX Y[of£Ls

1 Gk§W²V­u HúRàm CÚ SuûULs Utßm ¾ûULû[d ϱl©ÓL,

SuûULs ¾ûULs

* ªLÜm U­Yô]Õ * EQoÜLs CpûX

* úNôoYûPVô]Õ * CWdLm At\Õ

* Õp­VUôL T¦ ùNnÙm * U²RoLÞdL ÑLôRôW ºoúLÓLs A§L¬dÏm,

* úYLUôL T¦ ùNnÙm * úYûXYônl©uûU A§L¬dÏm,

* A¾R ÑtßfãZp ̈ ûXL°Ûm úYûX * YûWVßdLlThP úYûXûV UhÓúU ùNnÙm,

ùNnÙm,

2 , CVtûL«p AûUkR Sôù]ô Y¥YeL°u GÓjÕdLôhÓLû[ RÚL,

* DNA H\jRôZ êuß Sôú]ô ÁhPoLs ALXm EûPVÕ,

* Uôo*úTô ThPôm éf£L°u C\dûLL°p Es[ ùN§pLs,

* U«p C\ÏLs TjÕ Sôú]ô ÁhPo R¥Uu ùLôiPÕ,

* ¡° ÁuL°p Sôú]ô AûUlTô] SôoLs ùLôiPûY,

* RôUûW CûX«u úUtTWl×

Sôú]ô ùRô¯pÖhTm (Nano technology)

Sôú]ô ùRô¯pÖhTm GuTÕ Sôú]ô A[®p LhPûUdLlThP ùTôÚsL°u Y¥YûUl× EtTj§. Ti×dáßLs

Utßm TVuTôÓLs Es[Pd¡V ùRô¯pÖhTm BÏm,

3 , úWôúTôdLs EÚYôdÏYRtÏ Hu G*Ï úRoÜ ùNnVlThÓs[Õ?

úWôúTôdLÞdÏ AÛª²Vm Utßm G*Ï B¡V EúXôLeLs ùTôÕYôL TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ, A§p G*Ï

TX UPeL Y­ûUVô]Õ, CûY RLÓ. Lm©. YôndLôp Y¥Y Lm© Utßm ©\ úWôúTô EPp TϧLs

LhPûUlTRtÏ TVuTÓ¡\Õ,

4 , LÚkÕû[Ls Gu\ôp Gu]?

LÚkÕû[Ls ®iÁuL°u Cߧ ¨ûXVôÏm Utßm AûY A§L APoj§ ùLôiP ùTÚjR ùTôÚ[ôLm,

ARu ¨û\Vô]Õ ã¬V²u ¨û\ûVl úTôX 20 UPe¡­ÚkÕ 1 ªp­Vu UPeÏ YûW Es[Õ, ªL

Y­ûUVô] Dol× ®ûNûV ùLôiÓs[Õ,

5 , úWôúTôdL°u Ød¡V TôLeL°u ùNVpTôÓLû[ ®Y¬,

* LhÓlTôhPô[o :

êû[ Gußm AûZdLlTÓm, CÕ L¦² ̈ W­]ôp CVeÏm, LhPû[Lû[ YZeÏm

* CVk§W®Vp TôLeLs :

úUôhPôoLs. ©vPuLs. ©¥lTôuLs. NdLWeLs Utßm ¡VoLs úTôu\ûY úWôúTôûY CVdL. ©¥dL.

§ÚmT Utßm çdL ùNn¡u\],

* EQo®Ls :

Ñtßl×\j§p Es[ ùTôÚ°u A[Ü. Y¥Ym. ùRôûXÜ Utßm §ûNLû[ LiP±V ERÜ¡\Õ,

28

6 , Sôú]ô ùRô¯pÖhTj§u TVuTôÓLs VôûY?

* J°lùTô±«Vp Utßm RLYp ùRôPo×

* E«¬ UÚjÕYm Utßm UÚkÕLs ®¨úVôLm,

* ªu]Ô®Vp

* ®YNôVm Utßm EQÜ

* úY§ ùRô¯tNôûX

* AZÏ NôR]l ùTôÚsLs Utßm YoQeLs,

* Bt\p úNªl×

* _Ü°jÕû\

* YôL] ùRô¯tNôûX

7, UÚjÕY ùRô¯p ÖhTj§p Gk§W²V­u NÁTj§V Y[of£Ls Gu]?

ùUn¨Lo EiûU. Õp­V UÚjÕYm. ÑLôRôW A¦LXuLs. ùNVtûL Eßl×Ls. ØlT¬UôQ 3D AfÑ.

Lm©«pXô êû[ EQo®Ls. úWôúTôh¥d AßûY £¡fûN. Áj§\u Es CÝlTôuLs BÏm,

8 , Gk§W²Vp Gu\ôp Gu]?

Gk§W²Vp GuTÕ CVk§Wl ùTô±«Vp. ªu]Ôl ùTô±«Vp. L¦² ùTô±«Vp Utßm A±®Vp

B¡VYt±u JÚe¡ûQkR Lt\p ©¬Ü BÏm, CVk§W U²Ru (úWôúTô) GuTÕ ªu]Ô®Vp Ñt±]ôp

Y¥YûUdLlThP Utßm JÚ Ï±l©hP T¦ûVf ùNnV §hPªPlThP JÚ Gk§W²Vp LÚ®VôÏm,

Sôú]ô A±®Vp (Nano Science)

Sôú]ô A±®Vp GuTÕ 1-100 nm A[ÜLs YûW ùLôiP ùTôÚsL°u A±®Vp BÏm, Sôú]ô GuTÕ

JÚ ÁhP¬p ©p­V²p JÚ TeL ARôYÕ 10-9 m BÏm,

9 , ùNVtûL ÖiQ±®u úSôdLm Utßm ARu T¦Ls Tt± áßL,

ùNVtûL ÖiQ±®u úSôdLm U²Rû]l úTôu\ Ti×Lû[ úWôúTôdL°p ùLôiÓYÚYÕ BÏm, ARu

T¦Ls

1, ØLm AûPVô[m LôQp,

2, L¦² ®û[VôhÓL°p ®û[VôÓTY¬u ùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ T§p A°jRp,

3, ØkûRV ùNVpL°u A¥lTûP«p Ø¥ÜLû[ GÓjRp,

4, NôûXL°p úTôdÏYWjÕ ùS¬NûX TÏlTônÜ ùNnÕ úTôdÏYWjûR JÝeÏlTÓjÕRp,

5, JÚ ùUô¯«p CÚkÕ Utù\ôu±tÏ YôojûRLû[ ùUô¯ ùTVol× ùNnRp,

Gk§W²V­u ¾ûULs VôûY?

1, úWôúTôdLÞdÏ EQoÜLs ApXÕ U]Nôh£ CpûX,

2, AûY CWdLm At\RôL Es[Õ Utßm EQoYt\ TQ«PeLû[ EÚYôdÏ¡u\],

3, Cߧ«p úWôúTôdLs GpXô úYûXÙm ùNnRôp. U²RoLs EhLôokÕ AYtû\ LiLô¦jRôp. ÑLôRôW

ºoúLÓ ®ûWYôL A§L¬dÏm,

4, úYûX Yônl©uûU ©WfNû] A§L¬dÏm,

5, úWôúTôdLs YûWVßdLlThP úYûXûV UhÓúU ùNnV CVÛm Utßm G§oTôWô ãZpLû[d ûLVô[

CVXôÕ,

29

6, úWôúTôdLs JÚ Ï±l©hP úYûXûV UhÓúU ùNnV §hPªPlThPûY, JÚúYû[ HúRàm JÚ £ß RYß

SPkRôp AÕ ̈ ßY]j§tÏ ùTÚm ShPjûR HtTÓjÕm,

7, JÚ úWôúTô TÝRô]ôp. ©WfNû]ûV AûPVô[m LôQ. N¬ ùNnV Utßm úRûYlThPôp Uß §hPªP

úSWUôÏm, CfùNVpØû\LÏ L¦NUô] úSWm úRûY,

8, Ø¥Ü GÓlT§p úWôúTôdL[ôp U²RoLÞdÏ Uôt\ôL CÚdL CVXôÕ,

9, úWôúTôdLs U²R ÖiQ±Ü UhPjûR AûPÙm YûW. T¦ CPj§p U²RoLs ¿¥lTôoLs,

11, Sôú]ô ÕLsL°u Nôj§VUô] ¾eÏ ®û[®dÏm ®û[ÜLs VôûY?

Sôú]ô ùRô¯pÖhTm TVuTôh¥u ¾eÏ ®û[®dÏm ®û[ÜLû[l Tt±V BWônf£Ùm NU A[Yô]

Ød¡VjÕYm YônkRÕ, úUÛm AÕ úYLUôLÜm. Y[okÕ YÚm Bônf£ Õû\VôÏm, CeÏ Ød¡V ©WfNû]

Gu]ùYu\ôp Sôú]ô ÕLsLs ×úWôh¼u úTôu\ E«¬ êXdáßLÞdÏ NUUô] T¬UôQeLû[d

ùLôiÓs[], AûY E«¬]eL°u úUtTWl©às G°RôL E±gNlTPXôm ApXÕ EP­u §ÑdLs Utßm

¿oUeL°p ÖûZVdáÓm,

E±gNlTÓm RuûU Sôú]ô ÕL°u úUtTWlûTf NôokRÕ, EP­p Es[ ϱl©hP ùNp. UÚkûR úSW¥VôL

E±gÑm YûL«p Sôú]ô ÕL°u úUtTWlûT Y¥YûUdL CVÛm,

E«oYôr AûUl×LÞPu HtTÓm CûP®û]Ùm Sôú]ô ÕLsL°u T¬UôQeLs Tô§d¡u\], ERôWQUôL.

£X Sôú]ô ÁhPo A[Üs[ Sôú]ô ÕLsLs E«¬ êXdáßLÞdÏ Esú[ SuÏ ùNu\ûP¡u\], B]ôp

ùT¬V Sôú]ô ÕLsL[ôp CÕ CVXôÕ, Sôú]ô ÕLsLs ùNp NqÜLû[Ùm LPdÏm, Es°ÝdLlThP Sôú]ô

ÕLsLs CWjRjûR AûPV CVÛm, úUÛm CûY DWp. CRVm. ApXÕ CWjR ùNpLs B¡V Eßl×Lû[Ùm

AûPÙm Yônl× Es[Õ,

BWônf£Vô[oLs TpúYßThP A[Ü. Y¥Ym. úY§ AûUl× Utßm úUtTWl× Ti×Ls ùLôiP Sôú]ô

ÕLsLû[ E«¬] Eßl×L°p ùNÛjÕm úTôÕ ARu G§oùNVûXl ׬kÕùLôs[ ØVt£ ùNn¡u\]o,

12 , Gk§W²V­u SuûULs VôûY?

1, úWôúTôdLs U²RoLû[ ®P ªLÜU U­Yô]RôÏm,

2, úWôúTôdLs U²RoL[ûl úTôX GlúTôÕm úNôoYûPVôÕ, AûY 24x7 U¦ úSWØm úYûX ùNnÙm, G]úY

T¦ CPj§p YÚûL RWôûU Ïû\dLlTÓ¡\Õ,

3, úWôúTôdLs ªLÜm Õp­VUô]ûY Utßm T¦ûV úUtùLôsY§p Ïû\TôÓ At\ûY,

4, U²RoLû[ ®P Y­ûUVô]ûY Utßm úYLUô]ûY,

5, úWôúTôdLs A¾R ÑtßfãZp ̈ ûXL°Ûm úYûX ùNnÙm, GÓjÕdLôhPôL A¾R ùYlTm ApXÕ Ï°o.

®iùY° ApXÕ ¿ÚdL¥«p. ùY¥ÏiÓ LiÓ©¥l× Utßm ùNV­Zl× úTôu\ BTjRô] ãZpL°p

úWôúTôdLs T¦ ׬¡u\],

6, úTô¬p úWôúTôdLs U²R E«oLû[ LôlTôtßm,

7, úWôúTôdLs úY§ ùRô¯tNôûXL°p ϱlTôL AÔ EûXL°p U²RoLÞdÏ ÑLôRôW ¾eûL HtTÓjÕm

¨ûX«p ùTôÚsLû[ ûLVôÞY§p L¦NUôL TVuTÓ¡u\],