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24

, , , () 71.

, . , , , .

FUNDAMENTAL TENDENCIES IN EVOLUTION OF BYZANTINE CULTURE FROM

FOURTH MIDDLE OF SEVENTH CENTUR

Z. V. Udal'tsova

Byzantine culture began taking shape at time of profound idealogical conflict. In the period under revie\v the basically Graeco-Roman culture of Byzantium was strongly influenced the culture of the East. the middle ! the 7th century an organic synthesis of these two elements had taken place, preparing the \ for the rise of new, mediaeval Byzantine culture. \Vhile the influence of Christianityl was growing, secular culture and schooling continued to flourish. confIict1 bet\veen secular and ecclesiastical culture was especially sharp in this early period of Byzantine history, ! which the clash ! opposed ideas and tendencies was character'istic feature. This was the less epoch of fruitful studies, spiritual creativity and substantial growth in the spheres ! science and art. In the pangs of struggle .between old and new the culture ! the future mediaeval society was being .

26

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, ,

' 127. , . , , > " - : . 128. , ,

( ) . muc m. () (resp. ) (). , , . . ,

. . , . 129.

: ( ). , , ( : , ), ; , ., 10 . , , , 130. , , . , 1831 . - : , 131.

, , , - , , . , , ( ), , ( . ) . , 132.

" , . . . . . , . - . . , ,

: , 0'1'" , , .. , , , 134. ; ( ) ;u; 135. - 136.

( ) - . 137. fa-milia , 138. , , , r) (famulus, . . famuli; . famula , . , , , . , , '

(- .) . , , >; , , , R 139. - , ~II - - . , , , . 140.

, - , -'

. , , , , , ,_ , (). , , . , , , , ( - , - ~ ) - , i , , . ., ( ), , (), , 141.

' .

134 , u. , . 96. 13& , . 97,99; : lIJJ: . , 1!:8, . 156 .. 136 . '. ., . 345-349. 137 u . . :-: . , 1910, . 374. 138 . : ll 'IJIV]! (., 63,_

. 47, . 9); . , u. : , . 97. 139 . ,uuuJl,U . . R J . 11IJ, 1959,.

. 307-310. 140 u .- .: u. 'I:-F.rn: , ,.

. 216. 1IIu.u. : : r, . 28; . '. .,.

. 5.

- Bap~a (). . . (resp. , ) , , 142. ., , , ' , . ., , , XIX ., ( -14, -146, - 161), , , ( - ,, ,,), . , - , , , ), . . , .

. , ' , . - - , ( .). , - . .

, ~ , , , . Il1 , , . , . , . ~ - (., , .). , -, , .

? , , ' - - ( ) . ) , , , , . , ,

.

- . : , ll Q

:r rr nr(neCCCB (l'J'I-

AN CHARACTERISE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF EARLY CLASS SOCIETY AMONG GEORGIAN

)\UNINRS

G. . elikishvili

Using written and ethnographic materials ! the late Middle Ages and the 19th and ,eaI'ly 20th centuries, the author attempts to characterise social and economic Ol"ganisa-tion among the population of the mountain regions in Georgia (East Georgia: Hevsureti, Pshavi, Tusheti, Hevi, Mtiuleti; \Vest Georgia: Svaneti). studies the forms of indi-vidual (isolated) and community (collective) property; the role and functions ! the .community and communal institutions; socio-economic differentiation ! the population .and the ways in which privileged layer arises among them; their relations with large-,scale Georgian feudal ftis and the influence these relations have social and economic dvlt in the mountain regions of Georgia; various forms ! exploitation .and categories ! the exploited population. The author sho\vs that in the mountain socie-ties he discussed we have to do \vith early class society \vith limited economic base .and lack ! dynamics in the evolutionary process - that is, blind ll societies. In them the immediate producers are not rule without kind ! property (the property of large {, clan communal property) and they retai n per-sonal freedom (fuH-mm rights in the community). These societies steadfastly preserve .their l democracy and (in altered {) communal and clan institutions; they have very strong traditions of communal in spheres of activity. Dtiti in theso societies occurs mainly among clans and also communities, as individuals among them are td to administrative or military posts; the dependence ! weak jclans .upon the strong is the mostconspicuous differentiation here.

Georgian mountain societies regarded as specific variant (the specific aspect particularly in the , they continued to function inside the Georgian feudal state) of the early class societies iiJ. the Caucasian Mountains. As distinct { the latterj societies - at least { of them - where the rise and aevelopment ! fe.udal relations and their own statehood resulted from internal evolution their own ground, in Highland Georgia the early class social formations were for the most part taken over whole the feudal states then forming throughout Georgia. The result was ,that in this area the progress Qf feudalisation \vas often frustrated \vave of communal l1'evolutions.

. .

: R: ~

, ' , .

1, 111 . H~ . , , 2.

, , - , , , , ,, 3. . , , . , , , , , , , r 4; - , R , -

1 . . ., :l>l> . . }(, ,. ~' }(Ir IO-}(}( IIE IV . . ., 1, Il.- , 1982, .N~ 4; 1983, 1.

2 }( , lle }( }( }( IV . . ., }( }(. . Hel1enische Poleis. Krise-WiI'kugWandlung. . I-IV. ., 1974; .l> . . -}(}( IV . . . ., 1975; . . }( IV . . . }( . ., 1975; Slller W. Griecl1ische GCEcblchte. Mi.inchcn-Wien, 1980, S. 140-146, 192-197 ( ).

. . . : III . . .- , 1951, . 3, . 9-20; Kallistov D. . Die Poliskrise in Stiidten NOI'dlichen Schwarz-meerkuste.- In: Hellenische Poleis, , S. 551-586. R R . . : . . :?!}( III . Clll. Vinogradov Ju. G. Griechische Epigraphik und Gescblchte des nordlichen Pontosgebietes. - In: Actes du Congres international d 'epigraphie grecque et latine. uurti - Paris, 1979, S. 311, n. 114.

4 18, 1, 15, 54, 9; Pippidi . . Scythica minora. Bucure~ti - Amsterdam, 1975, . 31-55; 8ll.3, 708; Pippidi . .- In: istria (1954), . 488, 2; . BuH. .. 1956, 187.

5t

5. , , , 6. - 1969 . ( . . ) 14

-7 , - , 1,5 11 . . . 55 ( , . . 0-69/373) 7. : , . 9-19; ( . 33-36) , ,

, (. 1).

, , - . : , (. 2). , , , , . , .

1 (. 3). , , , - , , , 8.

" , .

( 69), , , 9, . , 10, 11 12 ( ) ,

~ ~ 5 IOSPE, , 32, 76; 28 + 29 + 123 + IOSPE, 12, 240; 72. 1: ~6 'l1 II II : . . , . . , II IO , 11 , . . ~ () .

7 . u- . . ii ii.- 1969 . , 1972, . 161 ., . 4. ; . 161 llII : 14 - 12.

8 II 111 . . 3. ; . . . I~II.- , 1-11. ., 1970, . 20, 1, . 11,46, 34. ' . uli . ., . . .- (1980), . 19-64 ( ).

;".9 . 24, , , , .

10 IGBR 12, 308 sexies, duodecies, 341. 11 IGBR 12, 127 ( 1i, ). 12 IGBR 12, 390,395 bls, ter ( ), 463 ter (

).

52

. 1. .'I1,I ){ I, IIT(;CTl' PIIH

, N. 1, . . .

. 2.

. 3.

. 3 IGBR 12, 341, , 0

. , :. : 6 o~:.LO; t;q>:1.vw, 3 13. - (

), ;~

~ -

, ,

.

, , .

3Il Il:\f B~

. ;

. 4. l lIf :

; - ; , z - llf

0 , Il - . ( ): - 105,5, - 82, :~{ - 34, ~f - 36, - 6-7; -0,7-0,9, .,, mm - 0,5-0,7.

.'1r , , , . ~TOO 0 ~I ,

, , 5-10 , J\l. ~TOM , , 0 , .

~, , , , . : () , (6) ,

13 Robert L.- RPh., 33, 1959, . 220 suiv.

53

.:I : (:) () .. (. . 4, , ). :: - . , , - : ,

. -, I R : :, : , : ,

: , . RR : ; , : : D. : 1 53:

(. 4, , ). , - , RR - R RR - - 14, 15, R, .

, : R . :: : . : , , . R ; nll : ; mm RiI R : R ; nn R; : . ; , , : ,

; - R; Jlt : R , , ; R ; Jlt

. , R , 111 .. . ., n, 1 R . R R 111 . 16 111 . . ., , R, R 1. I\ l\ , : I\,

:.

: , . :, , R (. 5) 17.

14 . . . l 1 aropbl.- .: . aropa. .- ., 1964, . 217 .

1 . "'tr;r; . . il . 1926. , 1929, . 31, 72 ( l1 :10 ).

16 . . . rR r ( :).- .: IlR . ., 1978, . 56. ' , : , ll

10

5

20

25

JO

.35

1/0

1J5

:JO

55

lD EAO::=:ED ..... I\IIIJ

" ~1?~:,.t . l OT,:J{JJt 4 ~[t]'l1.'')t, [ IiPXOV~E

. 8~roN.II - - - - . I~ - . : ~ 16- , .

, ... , ,m 1i, , ( ) ( ) (- ), ( ) ; -, ( ?) , ( .,.U .,., ) , ( ?), , :: (?), ,u nn , (), ( ;) ." ... ; ( ?) () ( ) :, ( ,) ( ?, ,) ( , , ) ( ?, ) ( ); , ... ( ) - (, II ) ,, , ... ( ... ); ... ( ?) ... , ( ;) ) ( ) , () ( ) , , .,.0- ( ); ( ) ... , ... , ; () , ... , - ... , () ... , I1 (?) .. , (? ... , ) .... (, ) - , (, ,) , ( ) ( , ) ... , (?), ( )l : ( ) , , :1i, , ( Il ) ( ), ( ) (), () , () (); : (?), - , I .

. (. 1-2). . 1

, 16- . - , : , ~ , , - (Monatsfeier); - , 18.

, un (. 2-6). Il, . 2 ) vacat ( 4 MB~T) 8L;t~V. r~ ,, 'I ) - ' (. 3). II , iI,; ~~[.J.1J'p(o:'>], A-~['I(''-t;J . . ['AV&3jJt~')~O; .i!\I{ ).J ;:.J J:: 111 . . . 19

18 BUH'o3P'LaOB, ,. . ., . 40-43. l To~r, f'd 3El 16- .

19 67. lI 'lll ll . . Ikot[

'. 3 47 :. Ol glt1:ri f1t1C):f:o')cC):'II'Csc;, ' - E1t'7C):C~(aC):~. , -Ztbl -, : sig. glt1:O:0El)i; EIt-:):UW, plur. E1t-:):t; - E!C-::tbl. R ) , , }( q: 20.

'. 4-6 , , . -:~ ZElp[~()(JW~] . 4 . I\ : I0'll cir~U'l I:'f0'll ' XE~p~ctJ05 21. .

um.mu ('. 7-11). , , . , - , . 7 XElP0'COV1j-&St.:; yC):'CC):(),C):~e(~. Fut. [JS'1:p{j()

, ; , 9: :,

r:oc?oc{HO'-&~ : . : , ,

27 . Vin?gradov. Griechis~he Epigraphik ... , S. 310, n. 111. , JI) 'l 3.CIIIG ii: III . . ., . . iH. :il f, I'f Iii: (. 68), ... II JI[ II . !) . .. . Vinogradov. Olbia, S. 31.

28 Sl9jJ.n. . cit., S. 655 f. 29 . . () (!IIflIO Il!Iii: .- , 1969,

1, . 157 .), lI! "~ z1t~y.aoc; i, II~il I. . . (. ., 1970, 408) - rlI , . (ZPE, 4, 1969, . 253), , , genie cilthonien.

30 2000 [ 10 , 2500 ,

500 4 ~ , 2000 - 3 11!. ; 4500 , . . 11 250 .

59

31, . , .

1. , II . . .- IG, II, 7, 389. R , , 1:~'! 1tcx,V1J1uptv , (. 12-16): xcx,l 1:0'1 oij(J-v xcx,l "

(E[J.E'tp'Y)asv) l\I , ) ;

. 97-99:

, .

14. 1G, 112, 479, 480. . (Akademieschriften, 1, S. 98-102) (?) (N2 479.3-5): [s.1t~QU)Z.S'l ) x~;, "cOl'~ au[L[[1jj\t."t -&'1 (.~'1it)'1I1tl 'A'Ia.E~z.p&.,]oJ~ ; sk -:i~ [jJ,s:tl~; dpyupto)(U)= .

, -;i; [6~'to/,s,pta.;] .:( plur., Diod., 1, 88,2, ) , , ( . ein erster Versuch). "~'1 crt'tU)'1ta.'1, (307/6 . . .) - 1 . . . ( 480) , ( , . ) . , , , , , 34.

-. :

1. . . . 1II. . 1V. . . . 1. . n

' , , -

: ) , ) , ) . : ) II - 1, - 3, . - 7; ) - 2, - 8 ( ); ) - 9, : - N2 12. , , ; , , , .

() , , , (cr:!"1t\t.'lt., a~i:Oi)st\t., .t/,st. t") , , - 10 , -, - 11, , - 5 - 2 6.

. , , : ) 1/,: - 4, - !! 5, - .N2 6 ( ), 7 ( ), -.N2 10, - .N2 11, - 12. , ( - .N2 2); . - , 30-1'0 -

34 ii ~eaBHO v i'I 11 270/269 . . . (Leslie Shear Jr. Th.- Hesperia, Suppl. , 1978; Bull. . 1981, '230), . 18-23: '!\/ "'!(t'!WV tltJ~ .. at't"0tJ.s't"p~O"a~. .(. 50-55) II 20 000 , "ap3[LS'!p~801pay ; , , , .

. 62

- ; R R ;

) uu ..enm ,.. - [ oi/:ouv'tS':; ca.v,s.:; ),! ot CCXPS1tto'Yj{1ouv'ts,:; ~EVOt, ca.v'ts.:; ot /:cx-;:otzuV'ts: :1.' "IJ[ltV, 01 eEVot Y-C1.t 01 1ot.ot: - 1 2, - 6 ( ), - 8; . - N2 3.

111. : ) u: - 1, 2, 3, - N2 5 (R.

?), - 6 () 7, - 8, R 9, - 10, - 11, - 12, -, - 3. (.'.! - N2 10),. (N2 2, 6, 7, 10, 12), TeRcTa (; [Z-'.l - 11);

) nm, : - N2 6 ( Rr.t R: -;:t[1-'ij.:; ).G.Cj(jovoc:, Ot '1j.:; cx,U'tO':; [sc. o'ij{1oc;] ;,s- 't1[1-"',':;, 'tt[1-'ij.:; 1j.:; ot 1to/3:'tcx,t cpos(icx.v-;:o - .). ( 5) otC1.{1sivcx,t-S"(jv,t. ~ ;. .

IV. '1im, - :

) mUl Jt: - N2 1, 2,3, - 6,7, - 8, - 9; - 5 , , R, X 't ~(X(Jtt-U (. . 34);

) . , (E1ttOOCHC;): N24 [ E1tEOWY..C1.V ... st.:; -C~'.! !10.s-rt1.V), 10, 11; (N2 13), ( R),.. . R ( 10): 1tt06Stl; , ; , , ,. , - . R , ,_ . - 2, . , .

V. ) R - N2 1-12; ) ("f,IJSvt1., Gs'ir.,ov), , , - 1. 2, 3, 8 (,(l1.1.V), 9. R - 5 , si.:; 01tEPfJC1. - otC1.'tp0

. , ' - , , , , , , , (. L-S-J). (. IV, ), , (S1t (::n )'r. [198()}, . 11 .). terminus post Aekpe-r, . .

umeuu n (. 13-19). , . 13-31 - . , xtYO~'I[OUC;] (. ) 1tI 11~[xp6Y]. . 13. . /.PEl~ , gen. abs., ~Y, adj. verb.: [; 06 1t.8?0; ~IY 8y:>,~J:so[c;], :

XP8l~ - 0[6 OHy'"fj]. ,

. 14 . 15. part. praes. sing. gen. pl. {. ytXblY , , , Ifcero, , . 14. :XPEl~ ~Y gen., adj. -; gen. pl. . 14 . [Mt]~~~p''"fj]ytxblY. ({> ,

, , , , , , . 14 , :1{[), -:'! G'P1X.,tbl'II . . 811. [.1JtxpWt XPO\lblt], W'II . 16

[XP~[l~-:~ ,] 8 tV ,. (. IOSPE, , 30.3-4; 32.40-44; . 75-79).

~!1[ETC;] ( -1:'11) . 16 , 1tpO~ \I[[~], >, - [ap~ rl1t~,[~:.1V vel rcS1.1~:.1] 38; 8\1l[0!JC;] - , - , : -:V 1JYE:J.6VWV, ,v :6V,V, ,v ()'P~''YJ,}"blV, , ,V ~~~tS{()V -:V O'x:-tj1t,06:xwv, (. ). , -,8

.

, (S

,

1( 43.

. Ls.."I)\l~ , - , . , l\f

44. , , . -, , , 45. (), : 46. tJ.,si}6ptot - ~ ;tD:,D:, , , - , - [l,L,ciosc; "EH'Yj\lSC;, ML~sH'Yj\lsc;.

, ; -, , . . IV III . , , 47, , , , 48.

, o . , , ,. III . . . . , , , . ll ~ : , (, )i. , ,

49.

43 , , Hellan., FGrH 1, 4, F 71; Plut., Crass. 31. 44 . Uli; . .

3l"I R., 1957, 3, .91-103; 6 . . . ., 1972, . 14-60, .

4:; Rostowzew . Skythien und der Bosporus. ., 1931, S. 28. 46 Ps-Scymn. 751: ' [J-s.'tiOL(;' 'r~~ ~~ xai ~u.'tv x~pa lI..L'1'aO(l~ "i'jv~

o[x"1]'I"["; :" 47 . .

.- l{, 156, 1978, . 34 ., . 2. 48 ll

:",";; - @; (?) ; . . . VI-V . . .- I\.: . , 1981, . 145, N~ 14.

49 '. . . . ::

, , , : , . - . .

* 67

, . , , III . . . damnatio memoriae , , . . , , 260 . . . 50. , , (. ). , , , , , , , 111 . . ., . , ( 51) - 11 . . . - , 111-11 .

(. 19-24). . 19 - . 20 , , , , , ECi"C[[]IIX~. , .QIN, . 20 ( . 5, n . 42 . 47), part. praes. . woivro. , , , - [Q(. "C]~ 6[]\ xlXt (v[t)I;] - - 52. . 19-22 (. ). . St~1tPa."C"Cro -

Olt- . >, , .

, , . . (BuH. . 1961, 419, . 199), x[yoyo~ - , > (combat, bataille), (O~cx.)x~yOy6~y - ( . .- , III, 1962, . 38 .

'69

, (. . 39) 61. tIV . 29 62 t[(v ;; o~aj,8vwv?]. , (

, . . III . . . , 68. 69 , , 70. , .

(. ) 71, , III-II . , , R 72.

uu (CTRK. 31-41). R . KaR R . plur. R . plur. . 35,; , , , , R, ,

.

. ( perf.) part. 8tG"Ij"'("IJ,?[al.L8vo~] . 32, - >) , , (. 33-34: 1:olk 1:8 ~[OI'L1:at~ - - -] tcatpatVOflobv-:at[t;]). R (. 19-22) 73: cpa~ov'tlX! O 'to[ut; CIX]pa. 1:0 ~tp!cr[ltX ! atatV01.LV1:; 01: 1:~Y v~v cptWV,at! 1: IXIXV01/cr!lv,wv 1:.; . , , , ;

R , , . 11 . [J-!cr6v"IJ~, [J-!crv"lJ[at, IUcro:":ov~pw~ . 74. , .

RaR , CTR. 35 R RR TeRcTa: , R . plur. R. praes., . . R . CTR. 35 R : wt; O : [01 vel V!OL 1toH']~at[ t

68 . . .- , 61, 1933, . 97.

69 . . . I\ .- I\, 1968, .296-299.

70 l! v ~p[ 0\

J~[IX.C/G]&.COVts.:;. ~y ~I . 37. /U l /U 75, . plur. , , , , .

i.:;U;, dat. plur. part. 3 . plur. praes., : ,,;. [ ][ ][ ]Ju/\oij(jG 76

. . 37-38, , [1:1jv 1: 1ttv XIX.1:IX.(j1:1j](jIX.yts.; !.; ~[tIX.qx>pcl.v], 77. , . 39, . . d,),u{}-. " ( 1tIX.pIX.VO:J.OfiVtIX.[';]), , ;

[r~ d,x ]lou.\toijv[ ,,;,; vel -'tIX.'; 1:0'['; VO(J.QG':;?] - , 78. . 39 . 40 : [s

, - 82. , , 83. .

: ,; . , , - , ,

84, , , , damnatio memoriae : 85, . , . , , , , , ,

.

mm (. 41-45). , , , ,

, , , , .

. ,

, , -

: [tVOC xoct 6 01jfloi; 'C~Y d]pX~v :, :,=V TI[

-, , , , 1t),t1:t.['tSOt], , , (. 42-44). ' . Med. pass. uo L-S-J , sbaoxttLero, . , Kretschmer-Locker, -, , ( ) : 80 (. . , suooY.ttLStv (. , , :

. : xOtvoV xcx.l [J.8O'OV 'totJ1:WV cX.[J.rp61:Spcx. . 1:. , Oto xcx.l ItL1:t6v, tLe:J.stX1:cx.t : .iIO!V (1294a41sq.). , 1tttt6v (

:, , , (Pol. , 6, 130537 8qq.) , : : '& (8. '>' crcriqc:) ~Y 1tt't~w'tS jSVS'tO 1) ~lt, '>' "Jc>'tpIP o'Et;] ~1)'ij~, o+'fJ-w~. IOSPE, 12, 35.3 , . 96.

, -, . IOSPE, 12, 34.29 34.4. " , IOSPE, 12,34.40, ,; , . R (JOSPE~ 12, 25 + 31.13-16), ( 28 + 29.1-16},) ('>' '

- 100. , , ,

ji (xocl '1;[ XP~:J.oc"(oc ot 6"( 6]eS.&1jXoc'o/). , ,

101. , , .

. 06 . 53, : 102, , , (81t[a'o/W]). 103; ' 1tS[~~ l e1ta'o/w '1;00 't['t '1;61to~ . , , 8'/(() , , Ea'tsA1j~ . ., , , . , , -. 't1t~ 72.

, (), . . . ci'lOC(j)SP8~V lt . 104; IH-H .: '1;0 06 a~[!.L1tOCV civciAW(J.oc Y.'tA 6]V8YX8tV 6'1 6"': (IGBR, 12, 391. 12-15).

. , : , ? ot E1t'ta. 330 . . . (IOSPE, , 25 + 31) 105, - HI . . . (IOSPE, , 32, ). ' : 1) , : IOSPE, , 25 + 31, 26, 32, 33 (?) 106;12) 1t'tsv't8~,

100 : . . ., ' . . . . (1927-1970 .).- , 1976, . 38-43 ( ). . . ;1 . . ., . . .- , 1955, .229; . 1; 1> . . IV- . . . R, 1971, . 85 .

101 . ,, 1>1>. R, , 1, . 34. 102 I , , ,

. 28 + 29 123: [Ev . '",6JWll[~] iep"a; C~f. ,, . . ., . 54, . 51 ( : . . l\~1 ,, . . , , ).

103 Insch. Ephosos, VI, 2236; . ., 1981, 473. 104 Robert L.- , 1926, . 490 = 01118, 1, 54; . idem.- , 1933, . 497 =

= 8, 1, 497; . ., 1959, 43: Willl Ad.- , 23, 1888, 8. 458; idem. Neue Beitriige VI, S. 67 = Akademieschriften 1, S. 358.

105 . ,, 1>1>. II, , 1, . 33, . 1. 106 . . (IOSPE, 12, . 56; . Swoboda . Griechische Volksbescbliisse.

Lpz, 1890, 8. 131) . 3 s[tcr"Yj"'("Yjcraf1EvotJ?], -

76

, : IOSPE, 12, 76; 3) (. 230-225 .) :\I - 01 II 107.

. . , 108" . 109 , . ' . , ( ) , , ot 6(1" 01 E,C1:ci 110.

, , . . , , . . , IOSPE, , 76, -&1j0'(1"up6, ,; d1tapX8cr-&rx,~ 111, , . (. 39 sqq.) , , , , 1500 , . ( , . 291), , ,

, , 112. , , 113.

ot E1t:ci . . ( ) , , , ( ... - IOSPE, 12, 26) , ) 114. 1887 . , , - 115, IOSPE, 12, 26, . . , , . IOSPE, 12, 25 + 31, - R . , - 01 E1t,ci , ,

: nU/i,.'It .., nu. ( ) :[ 'taOBuov't6~ vel-l,J"t"6; ', oi ]v'tsC; 1taV.

107 r;r;u . . .- , 1976, . 109-117.

108 Struve Th.- Rh. Mus., 24, 1870, S. 561. 109 Syll. 1, . 364, not. 2: Septemviros illos s'um habuisse

ret. : Lindisch . De rebus Olbiopolitarum. Diss. , 1888, .34; Swoboda .- Wiener Studien, , 1888, S. 298 .; idem. Griechische Volks-beschliisse, S. 131; Busolt . Griechische Staatskunde. 1. Miinchen, 1920, S. 501; Soko-lowski. LSCG, 88,. 176; r;r;u. , . 115 .

110 Gilbert . Handbuch der griechischen Staatsaltertiimer. . 1885, S. 187. 111 . JIII .. , . 293. 112 , ! . (. cit., . 44) ,

JI : . 113 r; . . .- U:,

II, 1948, . 57; . , . 194; . Pippidi D. . Contributii l istoria veche Rominiei. Bucure~ti, 1958, . 68.

114 . ... , .251. 115 , . 251, . 47: RJI , : .

77

( ) , lJW 116.

, (zia'Yj"{"fjO'[d[J.zvo;]) , . , R , , , , , . , - " 1t1:doz~ov.

, , , , . , D , lex sacra IOSPE, 12, 76 117 , , ,1. (["V "~ tspiiJt? 118 o~sMv'tro]v si::;[s]ltpa.;sv). , , , . . , 119, , . , - (. 14-19: 1:1. [:7. co't-fjp~a. zk "C~'! "Cij~ 6sro~ Xpsia.v). , . , , Ot "&., ( ?), , III . . . , 120.

lIf, , ; , - 121. , , , - - : ' (st "C'ij~ v'ij~ otxovO:J.ia.~ .! "Ca.:J.tSia.i;), 122, -

116 . Swoboda. Griechische Volksbeschliisse, S. 131 ff. . Vino-gradov. Griec:hische Epigraphik ... , S. 313 f.

117 . . ( . :., 1953, . 205 .) . (LSCG, 88, . 176) , . , ; . Vinogradov. Griechische Epigraphik ... , S. 314, Anm. 133.

118 '' , , , , , , , [1:~t 6st].

119 . ... , . 102. 120 , , :

Minlls . Scythians and Greeks. Cambr., 1913, . 463; nnu. , . 116; . Vinogradov. Griechische Epigraphik ... , S. 314, Anm. 133.

121 , , Gilbert. . cit., S. 187. ' 122 . 52 y-al 1:[0: XP~(1a't'lX 01 .:'t'0: e]eE{).~ptay,-

78

, , , ; , , . , , . . 123, , , .

, , I. , , . . , , . ([ 1:SLX01tOocL), 124, , , , 125, : - ,

, .

* * * 1\. -

, III . . . - , , , , ,

" , - . n - .

, , , ,

, 1i . , - . , . 128. R , , , -

, Toro, r - . ,

123 ltlJCltu. r , . 116. 124 Milet 1, 3. Nr. 135 = SyH. 3, 273.30-31. 125 Maier F. G. Griechische uuish, 1. Heidelberg, 1959, S. 225, Nr.

69. 32-33. 126 . VinogradolJ. Griechische Epigraphik ... , s. 306-316.

79

. .

, , , , , , , m - . ,: , - , , , ,

m . cil'culus vitiosus, - , , ,

1 . . . R . , R ,

- .

DECREE HONOURING NSRS AND CRITICAL SIUN OF OLIA IN HELLENISTIC

u. G. Vinogradov

The author publishes Olhian decree of the third quarter of the d century . . Despite the severely damaged surface ! the middle part of the stele, the inscrip-tion provides important information the troubled history of Olbia at this time. Anthes-terios had of the Olbian board of Seven (E,,"I"Cloe[oc;) had besides performed several extraordinary services and beneficial acts, most notably his impro-vement of corn allotments (L't[LtCl). Judging available epigraphical sources sitometria, the author finds the Olbian variety to of the rarest: the distribution was long-lasting, affected l needy citizens who received it in equal portions, it was free of charge and took the form both of bread rations and of public meals. Apparently in this connection Anthesterios, at his own expense, addcd to wllOlly constructed public building (storehouse?) the river.

The next lines in the inscription deal with preparations for impending war which required the coopera.tion of the Mixllellenes, in whom the author is inclined to see formerly dependent soldier-fa.rmers plantedalong the borders of the Olbian polis territory for it8 protection. At the time the was published the lli with the Mixhellenes wa8 already being contracted, thanks to gifts sent to them for which Anthesterios paid the cost; little later, in the time of Protogenes, the could simply tl1ese

..

[( u )

, .

, , , , , . , III . . . , , 1.

, . . , , - . , , ,

.

1982 . . , ( ), . , , 12-15 . 2

, , ( , -

1 . . - , 8 , . I . , , .

2 : 5,20 , 2,5-3 . ( 1,60 0,80 ), , , . . . . . . . . . . .

81

,

. , . - , , , , , 30. : , , , , , , , , . . . - , , . , , , , .

111 . . ., . . .

.:

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,,'-, .. _i. .~.~. -':h ,,, . _ .. " . .-.

. , , , - , . - ( 16) , . , , - , . R - I~I~, . . . , R ,

, : R R, , , ( , R . R , .

R , ROTOPblX R . , , , R , I{ ; , - . , . , , RaR R R, , RaRoe- R, R . , ROTopoe , aBTopcRoe , R R . R R , R .

, , , R >, - . , R , III . . . . . . . H~BepOBa, , , R . , , - - 4.

, -, , , , , , , - , . , , , .

. , , !

4 . . l\l. "}, II, 1976, . 173.

, , , , , : , ! , , - , - ( - 60 , - 15 .- . .). : , , ! , , , . , .

, . : , , , , , , , , - . . , , > 5. , - 70- , .

I\ , l , . . , , 6. , . , , , , ,

; , . , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , . .

, > .

, . , . . , , ( , ) , , . . .

- . 27. , :

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un. ~q. . . 11. .- ., 1935, . 213 .

6 .. . (. 69-76).

85

60 . -,; , .

,

, : 25 46 ?'f, - 4 6 7. ~I ~ , V . . . 8. , ,

, . , .

, , 1 . . ., , - . . . - 1 . . .

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1V -1 . ' . . . . 9 - . . , . . , . . , . . 10. ~

. . . . . -

7 . . ll. .- ., 1940, . 28; -,

RR R , . , , 111 . . ., R. ROHTaRTOB, , . . R . , R . .

: , , , III . . . , . 286/5 ., CnapTORa I11, 12. II , R , , 13. R

. , 08_ ". _, _ 241 _, N~ 4. 13 , _ 234; R 20. 14 rpal>08_ "_ _, _ 260 _ .

.,. ... , . 33 . 15 II'J: .

8i

, R . : R , R R .

R R, t . R , . R, ,

, R - R >.

DISCOVERY OF NEW ISTORICAL SOURCE IN NYMPHAEUM

N. L. Grach

In 1982 excavations the site of the Bosporian city Nymphaeum uncovered sheet of polychrome stuccowork fallen from the wall of in shrine of the first half of the 3rd century . . associated with Aphrodite and protectors of ., surface of the fresco (. 15 sq. .), consisting of transverse yellow and red stripes, is thick-ly covered with" graphic drawings and Greek inscriptions. drawings are mostly ! sailing , the inscriptions reflect aspects ! the private and public ! the Nymphaeans in the reign ! Paerisades . Prominent among the objects depicted is tri- named Isis (1.20 . long). drawing provides unique information ! the structure of Hellenistic ship, including details of exterior and interior arrangements and decoration. ! the ship and several of her decorative features point to Egyp-tian origin. drawing was done from1life,~ clearly connoisseur of naval matters. while the lay!at anchor in the harbour the roadstead of the sound. ! hypothesis that the Isis was ambassadoriallship visit to Bosporus {rom Ptolemaic Egypt could help to clarify the longstanding question to the nature ! Bosporo-Egyptian relations and the related question as to the economic condition ! porus in the 3rd century B~ . discovery of this fresco at Nrohffi provides rich new material the history ! the North Black Sea coastal and the Mediter-ranean in the Hellenistic period.

. .

IV . . .

, , . ,

, . , .

~ . . . . 30 , 1

. , 2. 3, . . 4 ( . . . 89).

. 1. . .- ,

; . .- 8[60]; - 10 , - 0,57 , t t, .

2. . .- ; .. ; ; - 8 , - 0,31 , t 1'.

3. . .- ; ..- 8[6]0000.; - 7 , - 0,33 ; ; m .

1 30 . . .- , 16, 1951, . 162 . 2 . .

.- .: . ., 1977, . 149 . , . (Minns . .

Scythians and Greeks. ., 1913, . 559), . . 30 (. ., . 162, . 5) .

4 . . .

89

BI>Jlelll>a 1> Jl , 89

I ( 3 )

. . ., .. . ... ., .. . .. . . . ... . . .. .... .. ... . () , . . IV . . . . 6

.. . .. . . . . ... IV . . . . 7 . .. ... . ., . . . . ... ... .. ., . . . .. :. ... .., .. .. ... ... .. .. .. 8.

. . . .. . .., . .. . .. . ., - . 680.060. . . -10 , - 0,7 , ... . t t.

. . . . . . .. .. .. R. . . . . .. . ., 364-350 . 9 . .... .., . .., .. . . . . .. 10. ., . . . .., . . , ... . , . . ..

.. . . . ..

..R. R, ... .. l . .. .. IV . . . .

. .. ., .. . . ., . .. .. ... ... . . , .., .. ., . IV . . . . 11, . ... . . .. . , ... .. . . . . .. IV . . . . 12

. . lll. . ., . . .. . . . , .... R .. 13. . ~ ., . .

6 30. . ., . 148, . XXXV, N2 12-15. 6 . . ., . 149. 7 . . ,

(nn . . . }{, 1977, . 21) . . 8 43 R:l.

, .

.

9 nn. . ., . 21, . 11, N2 26. 10 , /}

, . -, R , (n. . ., . 22), -, IV . . . 860

1, 14. , 15. 16. , V . . ., IlO , 17. - 18. .

, - 19. , , , {) , .

, , ,

, , . IV . . . , , . , , , . , , 20, . , ,

, V . . . 21. , , . V . . . 22.

, . , , . ,

14 . . , .- , 1950, N! 3, . 176. 15 Sltelav D. . Coinage of the Bosporus V I-Il Centuries . .- In: British

chaeological Roports, International Series (Supplemontary), 46, 1978, . 188. 16 ., . . , , . 177 . 17 . . . . .- ., 1953,

. 168-169. 18 . . 'I V -II . . .

., 1959, . 85-87. 19 . . . .- ., 1949, . 58. 20 Burstein S. . Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea the Black

Sea. University of California Press, 1976, . 5. 21 . . : .- .:

, . 2, 1974, . 41 . 22 .. VI-II . . . .

., 1~63, . 85.

91

, ,

. , 23. , , . .

IV . . . . - 24. , , , . ' . , - , , IV . . . 25

TWO RARE COIN-TYPES FROM THEODOSIA, FOURTH CENTURY . .

. 1. Zolotaryev

... . ~ .-,

The author publishes two very rare coins ! Theodosia, dated in the middle of the 4th century, which have, the obverse and reverse, types borrowed from Chersonesus, phenomenon that is familiar to numismatists acquainted with the coinage of this Bospo-rian city. The author connects it with the economic interests of Heraclea in this part ! the Crimea, which are expressed in Heraclea's military support of Theodosia's struggle to gain independence from the Bosporian tyrants and in the help sent Chersonesus to mother-city Heraclea in her efforts to this end.

23 . YI

R I

, (, 1983, . 1), .

, . - , . .

, , ,

1.

, -, , - 2.

, , , , . , ,

. . , ,

, . , , , 3. , , : saena (, , ), hansa - (, ) 4.

1 mUnl>U . . . ., 1976, . 169. 2 Schmitt R. Dichtung und Dichtersprache in indogermanischer Zeit. Wiesbaden:

1967. 3 Ul> . . R

.- .: . ., 1979. 4 Benveniste . Les noms de l'(is> en iranien.- Paideuma, 1960, . VII,

t.4/6.

9;l

- , , . : , , , (pars pro toto).

. :, - n ( ) - - (., 5.

. ll ' ; - , : . , . 6. , . .

- - . ., , 7.

. . . , .

- 8. . . ,

-, 9. , , , , 10. , . , , , , , , - 11.

: , , , . -, - . , . , .

, (IV, 131-132) , , , , , , , , , , , .

, Q,

. VI, 39, 4; IX, 86, 45; , ; . 6 Jtu",," . . .- .: r. ., 1972, . 72-78; Gonda J.

Stylistic Repetition in the Veda. Amsterdam, 1959. 7 urou. II, . 232 .; Levi-Strauss . Le totemisme aujourd 'hui.

., 1962. r , , -80 r r, . . ( . ., 1978, . 75).

8 en . . . ., 1936, . 35; . . ., 1978, . 47-48, 123.

. 9 E./IU8apeHrool!a. . ., . 65-67. 10 Renou L. Etudes vdiques et panineennes. . . ., 1939, . 45; Gonda J. Re-

marks Similies in Sanscrit Liter'ature. Leiden, 1949; idem. The Epithets in the Rgveda. Gravenhage, 1959.

11 . VI, 51,1; IX, 71, 9; 97, 33; , 30,2; 55,6.

94

, , . . H~: .

, . , , - . : - , , , ~ (. 1, 118,4,5); - , , (. VII, 63, 5; , 168); - , , , 12.

. - - 13; 3- (34-38, 51, 68) ( ) , , , , , ; - (8) () , , , , , , , .

-, , 14. (Herod., IV, 62) (Herod., IV, 9), - , -, 15. . , . ,. , , , , .

16: , . , - , , , ; - , , , , , ; - , , ; - . .

, ( ) . , , ?

- . . : 17. . . ,

12 lt". . ., . 46-47. 13 Gershevitch 1. The Avestian Hymn to Mythra. Cambr., 1959, . 4. 14 lJ . . (. . 21). 15 u . . .- :, . II,

1882, . 199 . 16 l>1 , III

. . n. , . 81. 17 n. ... , . 138, 144; n . ... , . 193 .,

277; n . . . ., 1976, . 48-50,91-93.

95

18. . , - - , .

. , , (U . . R- . ., 1977.-, 1979, . 3, . 312.

21 u . . : . . . . . . . ., 1980; I>U . . .- , 1979, . 1, . 73-74; . .- , . 73-74. , . . ,

,. . . , , 22.

, , : , , . . - , , , : , , , - , .

., , .

~ . - - - , .: - ; - ; - ; , , , ; , , , , , ,' ; : , , , . . 23 - , - .

, , , , 24.

25.

? - , 1980, .N2 1). TPYHOCl{ , , I . . . , IV . . . Il.

22 umun"u . . - . , 1968, . 90-94; Jll,un . . .- 3, . 58-59; n . . ., 1977, .100-110. , , , : - ; - . . (u . . .- .: . ., 1979; n . .- , . 154, 1978).

23 . . . .- ., 1939, . 62-66; . . . ., 1957, . 41 ., 124 ., 145, 175.

24 Agrawala . S. Indian Art. Varanasi, 1965: Asis Sen. Animal Motifs in Ancient Indian Art. Calcutta, 1972.

25 , , , , r, r , nr. .

.

. (IV, 59-62), . , , , . , , , , . . 26, :, .

. : 27, - (, , 12, 13, 90). : , 28, , 29.

: , , . (1, 216) (I, 513) , , : . (1, 37) ( , 1, 31) . : (myhr) ;'( ..

f : :: , - , - , , , . : , R - R, R, R1. ( ) 30.

, Ia. R R: , R 31. , , -' R R .

26 . . . .- .: . , 1977, . 96-119; . . -R 6' .- , . 171 .

27 ,8 . . 3R.- .: r, 1967. ., 1969, . 54.

28 . . 3 HeHOTOp~ .- .: . ., 1966; n Sten. Gods of tne Mitanni People. Cristiania, 1921; m . Mithra and Arya-.- Transactions ! the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, . 41, 1957; Benveniste . Mithra vastes paturages.- JA, 1960, v. 248, . 421-429.

29 RR . . 1. ., 1963, . 518; Justi F. IranischesNamen-. Marburg, 1895, S. 216.

30 Sastri . V. Sun Temples in Western India.- , 1962, v. VIII, '2, . 79-82. 31 Amandry . Un motif scytbe Iran et Grece.- JNES, 1965, v. XXIV,

.N'~ 3.

98

- 32 . , .. (1, 118, 9, 10), {I, 118, 4, 5), (, 63, 5 .); (IX, 71, 9; IX, 97, 33; , 30, 2; , 55, 6), - 33.

: - , , .' 34. - , . , ~ 36.

cer- - , i'r : , , 37. 38.

- 39. . . , .iI 40, 41. , . 42, . : ,

32 ,,U/I,. B.~A. .-..: . ., 1965. . 3. n :. . . , 1975. . IV, 12; .u . . . I. 1979, . 132, 4 ..

33 Dave . The Golden Eagle and the Golden Oriole in the Vedas and the Puranas.-111: XHI India Oriental Conference of Nagpur University, 1946; Vogel J. The Goose in Indian Literature and Art. Leiden, 1962. .

3& , . .- .: ,. , 1876, . IX, .

.,,Ulf.u . . ., 1948, 4; 0/1, :. :.- , 154.1978; nm;. . . () .- . 1948, 4; Waley . Heavenly Horses of Ferg-hana.- History Today, 1955, . 1, 2.

36 umunc.u. ". ., . 29; 8;.n. ... , . 100-101. . . (- ... , . 171-175) JI r r -, - . . . ( 60 .- .: . ., 1978, . 132). f m; -, , . lI .

37 m;.nIJ . .I . m-, 1966, . 127.

38 Duchesne-Guillemin J. Anthropologie religieuse.- Numen, 11, 1955, . 99; Gers-heVitch. The Avestian Hymn ... , . 35.

89 ,,, . . .- , 1962, 115. 40 . . . . 1. - ., 1949, . 37, 179. 41 ,,,. ". ., . 192-195. 42 . Languages ! the Saka.- In: Handbucb der Orientalistik, 1958, . 1,

t. 4, . 133.

4* 99

l 43. : (1, 163, 9, 11) , . -, Jl ( -) . . 44. (sugun) , ;

JI () bliga 41), , 46. . , , ,

, . , , 47. - .

- - 48 - . , - . - , , . . 49 : , 50. , ,

l.~. ( {

, , 61, , - .

(- ( (

, . , . 71 72. , , ,- , . ., . 78 !\ VI-V . . . 74 .

, .

, - , , -, IV . . . 75 , , 76. , !' I ; - , 77 - . , - 78, - -

71 . . 30 . - .: nn . . ., 1975, . 325-327, 330 .

72 ,u . . . 1. , 1957, . 231 .; uu . , . . . .- ., 1951, . 310 .; u, . . XVH . - .: . ., 1973, . 184; . . .- . , 1952, N2 2, . 117 .; . . . ., 1971, . 243,244.

73 uu . . . ., 1978. 74 , . . . ., 1964, . 80, 13. 76 u . . .- .: V

. . , 1971, . 92-94; . .- .: l . ., 1972;; . ... , .68-75.

76 Standacher W. Die Trennung n Himmel und Erde. Tiibingen, 1942, s. 92; Kramrich S. Triple Structure of Creation in the Rg Veda.- History of Religions, . 2, 1, 2. Chicago, 1962, 1963. l\ . - (6,5,1,1-6,5,4,17), - (3,1,6-8), -- (3, 19, 5-7) l\ - - : (' , ; 3 : - 8, - , - , ' - (

, 79, 80 - , JI 81. , , .

:\r . 82, , , . . 83, , . . 84, , . . I 85.

. , . . 86, , ( ) , - , . , .

.

. . -, - 87. . , .

; : , , , , .

. . , -

79 (IV, 72) , l r. , , l - , JI .

n. (Q ... ; Dumont . L'Ashvamedha, descriptiol1 \l sa-crifice 80}enlle] du cJ)eval. dan8 l culte vedique d'apres ]es textes du Yajuveda n. ., 1927; Kirfel W. Der Asvamedha un umdh.- ln: Festschrift W. Sch\l}Jring. Hamburg, 1951; Gonda J. Ancient Inuian ingship { the Religions Point of View. Leiden, 1966, . 110-114.

81 n. ... ; Schroder . Ein altirischer Kronungsritus und das indogermanische Rossopfer.- Zeitshrift celtische Philologie, 1927, . 16; pers W. Pferileopfer und fdkult 1nJogermanen. - 1n: Die Indogermanen ger-manen Frage, . l. Lpz, 1936; Puhvel J. Vedic svmdh n Gaulisch jipomiid~ vos.- Lgug, 1955, v. 31; Le Roux . Rechercl)es sur les elements rituels de l'\tin royale irlaIldaise et ce!tique.- Ogam, , 1963, Dumezil G. La re!igion mi arc]lai-. ., 1966.

82 Farkas. . cit. n"u . . rpeKo-

~(Q 1 V - II 1 . . . - .: . . ., 1973, . 25; 0/1, . .- .: r. . . ., 1978, . 232-240 (. . , -, TpaKTOB1{a , 1971-1972 rr.). { conpeMeHHOMY - , . (.11 u"uu, ... , . 131 .).

84 . . ( ... , .78-82) , ii , l\ )1r l\, .

85 i/" . . i-i .- BcecBiT, 1978, , 2, . 191-204; . , .214-226.

86 ". ... 87 . - JIr ... , . 275.

104 \

r , , ; , J! .

. . , , . . (, , (

93. . . , , . . . , ( ) , - , - , , - (

, . . - . , -, -, , IV . . . 118.

, ,

. . . (, IV . . .) - 99.

, ; , ; .

. . () 100. , -. l,'O , (~, , , , .

, , , , , , . , , , . . . ,

, IV . . .- ' .

, , , JI . , ,

,

98 8;,n . . .- .: VIII - . . ., 1981, . 46-47.

99 u . . .- I\, 1978, . 154, . 39-47; . caKQB , . 13-17; . . . ro I\. -, 1980, . 14-31.

100 8;,n. ... ; 8n . ., n . . r - .- I\, . 170, 1982, . 19-27.

1()7

, 101, 102.

.

3

, ~, . , 1. , , .

.

2. , .

,

, , , , , , . , .

. . . : , / 3. . . . . , - , 4.

, , . . .

1 . . ., 1946, 2; . .- , 1947, 1; . I .- , 1951, 3; u . . .- , XI, ., 1974; uun . . R.- , 1979, 2; . . , .- , 1979, 3; u,ll, . . .- , 1978, 3; ll. . . .- , 1980, 4 .

2 Stevens G. . Tile Standard in the Agora of Ancient Atllens.- Hesperia, XIX, 3, 1950; . . .- - , . IV. ., 1959; Roberts 1. . Determina-tion of the Firing Temperature of Ancient Ceramics Measurement of l nsion.- Archaeometry, 6, 1963; Noble 1. V. Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery. N. ., 1965; Rottliinder R. G. Standardization of Roman provincial Pottery I.Archaeometry, 12, , 1970; uuii . . . ., 1978.

. ... , . 174 . 4 . . I-IV .

, 1970, . 79; u. ., . 101. 5 m-z . . .- , 21, 1907, .92, .1;

!> . . .- , XI, 1974, .36.

169

10-20 , . . . . . . . ,

6. . , , , , - - - . .

, , . , . . , , 7. , aHH~ , , .

, . , , 8. , ' . 700 11000 . , 9. .

. . , ' . . R R 10. 30 R R . , . .

, R . R, . , , , - . , 11.

6 . . , 1903 .- , . 1, . 109, . 16 .; . .- :, 38, 1905, . 30.

7 U.f1,ur;, . . : . . R . . . . . ., 1975, . 12.

8 20-30 R R ceBepHoro ~ .

9 R r R . . .

10 . ., 48, 1912, . 154, . 1.

11 u. . R .- , 1, 1960; n. . R R :. ., 1979. 1977 r. . . .

, - . , , . . , , , .

-. ,

12. , , , 13. m , - , . . 1958 . 7-9 0,5 14 2-3 . . , , .

, , -, , .

1900 .1 3,9 3,0 1,9 22 . , . , 3 : 1 2 : 1, 11-15 . . , . 1905 . 16 , 17 . 18.

. . . 19. m - , . . R . . , , , , , 20. " , , , , ,

. . . .- .: . , 1981, . 111.

12 unu,. ... , .67. 13 n- . . . ., 1927, . 14, 33 ; . .

. - , . XLII, .- ., 1959, . 22, 25 .

14 uu . . 17 .- , 1, 1960, .25.

15 /'!,-u/i,U . . 1900 .- , 2, 1902, . 22.

16 . 1905 .- , 25, 1907, . 159.

17 . ... , . 188. 18 unu, . ., . . IV-VI .

, 1973, 1, . 152. 19 . ... , 175. 20 . . I-IV . . .:

. . . . . . , , 1963, . 11;u ,; ., . . .- 30, 11 (35), 1967, . 275.

111

. 1. l j:

1 -- ! J

21. R 22. ,

,

23. , - , ,

, . 24. . ,

, N~ 46 -1. , R , r -1 .

- . , (. 1), , , , 0,5-1,0 20 3000 , - , 26.

R , . , . - 2'.

, -

. 28. , . . .

21 . . . . aI, . . .

22 . ., . . R R r .- , 1961, .N~ 3, . 40.

2 n . . l\ - .- , 109, 1967, . 149 .

24 . .. . , . 76. 25 n . . m . . , 1948, . 7. 26 Noble. . cit., .83. 27 nn . . R -R

R.- , 129, 1965, . 156; l>uun. . ., . 7. 28 . . RR. . , 1953, . 23;

Singer . 1. History ! Tecbnology. Oxf., 1955, . 261, fig. 235; Noble. . cit., . 131, fig. 78.

2

, , , 29, , cu-

30, , , ,, , R 6R 31. R , 32, R R 33,

, , , ,

. , , R ,

R 34. ,

36. , , 36. - 37. - . , , , , 38.

. . R . , . R , . , . . , R 39.

R RJ\ R , J\ ~ , . : , . . R - 40, - . : . f. R (. 2, 1). , (. 2~ 2) 41.

29 Walters . . History of Ancient Pottery. , 1905, . 208; Cloche . Les clas~es, les metiers, le trafic. ., 1931, . 42.

30 . ... , .12; ultuU.., . . R :.- , 1977, ; 2, . 174.

31 u. ~E. ., . . 23. 2 n .-. et n . Les timbres amphOI'iques de 'lhaso5.- Etudes thasiennes,

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